Jehovah.

subject which was to illustrate his lecture, and by their violence put a stop to the course of lectures.

JEHOSHAPHAT, fourth king of Judah, B C. 915-890, son of Asa, connected by the marriage of their children with Ahab, king of Israel, and was his ally at the battle of Ramoth-Gilead, suffering defeat from the Syrians. He was an ally of Ahaziah, king of Israel, but was unfortunate in a naval venture which he sent on an expedition to Ophir, the fleet never reaching harbor. In alliance with Jehoram of Israel, and the king of Edom, he made a successful campaign against Moab. In the closing years of his reign Jehoram, his son, shared the throne with him. He is celebrated for his successful opposition to the worship of idols, for the respect which he inspired in the minds of contemporaneous rulers, and for the prosperity of a government in which agriculture and commerce were encouraged. Jehoshaphat signifies "Jehovah's judgment.”

JEHOSHAPHAT, VALLEY OF, a valley in which the prophet Joel predicts that God would, after the return of Judah and Israel from captivity, gather all the heathen, and there judge them for their evil treatment of Israel. The prophet may have had in mind the great victory of Jehoshaphat in the wilderness of Tekoah over the hordes of his enemies. Or it inay mean a valley in which some great victory would be won, which should utterly discomfit the ancient enemies of Israel, resembling the victory obtained by Jehoshaphat over the Ammonites, Moabites, and Edomites, 2 Chron. xx. 22-26. Where this valley was we do not know, but in modern times the name is applied to the deep ravine which separates Jerusalem from the mount of Olives, and which was formerly the bed of the brook Kedron. When the name was first given to this spot is not known. Neither in the Bible nor Josephus is there any trace of it. The only name in both for this gorge is Kedron or Cedron. We find the new name first given in the 4th c. by Eusebius and Jerome. Since then the name has been adopted by travelers of all ages and all faiths. Jews, Moslems, and some Christians believe that here is to be the scene of the last judgment. The steep sides of the ravine are crowded with the sepulchers of the Moslems and the Jews, all awaiting the assembly of the last judg ment. This valley is fully described by Robinson in his Biblical Researches.

JEHOVAH (Heb. Yehovah; more correctly, Yahre, Yahŭveh, or Yahŭváh; in poetry, Yah; generally believed to be derived from the verb haya, “to be," though scholars are far from unanimous in regard to its etymology) is one of the names employed in the Old Testament. Its meaning-if the root be haya-is, "He that is." "the Being;" or, since the word contains all the forms of the past, present, and future tenses, the eternal One." It is generally employed to express a different conception of the Deity from that which is contained in the word Elohim (q.v.). The latter appears to be the older term, in use before the Hebrews had attained a national existence, while Jehovah exclusively seems to denote the national God, supreme over all other deities, and who, under this name, had, according to Exodus vi. 3, not "made himself known" to the patriarchs before the time of Moses. That Jehovah is specifically the God of the Hebrews is clear from the fact, that the heathen deities never receive this name; they are always spoken of as Elohim. Moreover, the altars, the sacrifices, the festivals, the tabernacle, the temple, the priesthood, and the prophets, all belong emphatically to Jehovah. Gideon shouts, "The sword of Jehovah and of Gideon, as a Roman warrior would have invoked the aid of Jupiter. In one sense, the term Jehovah is less broad and universal in its application than Elohim, who, in the first verse of the Bible, appears as the creator of heaven and earth, and who is God over all, irrespective of nations; but in another sense, it clearly indicates an advance in religious conception. While Elohim is introduced more as an Almighty Creative Power than a "Being," Jehovah is God in full personal relation to man-he speaks to his creatures, makes covenants with them, becomes their law-giver, and desires their homage and worship. The Hebrew writer3 even run their representations of the Divine personality into what seem to us the extremest forms of anthropomorphism.-Deep reverence for the Deity and the divine name has led the Jewish church to the substitution of Adonai (Lord) in the pronunciation of Jehovah, the latter being voweled by the Masoreths like the former.

A very nice and difficult controversy with respect to the authorship and unity of the Pentateuch, has long been carried on among scholars in connection with these two names. See GENESIS and PENTATEUCH.

JEHOVAH (ante), the name given in the Old Testament to God as revealing himself to man from the beginning of history, and to become incarnate in the fullness of time. After the narrative in the first of Genesis, ascribing the creation of the heavens and carth to God, there is a repeated account of a part of the work, in its particular relations to men, which is ascribed to Jehovah God, who is said to have appeared to Adam, Eve, Abel, and Cain. Afterwards, generally named Jehovah, sometimes God and Jehovah God, he appeared to Noah, exercising sovereign control over men in sending the deluge, in delivering from it, and promising that there should be no repetition of it; and, when the number of mankind had again increased, in confounding their speech so that they were scattered abroad. At and after the calling of Abraham a more particular account of the divine manifestations is given, in which the name most frequently employed is Jehovah; and with it are interchangeably used Lord Jehovah, Jehovah God, Almighty God, and God. Frequently the divine appearance was in human form, receiving the names

Jehovah, Angel Jehovah, and God; and administering providential government in blessing Abraham, delivering Lot, and destroying the cities of the plain. These divine manifestations were repeated to Isaac and Jacob, the latter of whom, at the close of his life, thus summed up the account of them: "God before whom my fathers Abraham and Isaac did walk, the God who fed me all my life long, the Angel who redeemed me from all evil." In the deliverance of Israel out of Egypt a great advance was made in the manifestation of Jehovah. The Angel Jehovali, called also Jehovah and God, appeared to Moses at Horeb, sent him to Pharaoh, performed the mighty works which resulted in the release of Israel, divided the Red sea, gave the law at Sinai, administered in the wilderness the divine government of mercy and judgment down to the death and burial of Moses; brought the people into Canaan under Joshua; and governed them during the times of the judges, kings, and prophets.

The name Jehovah, used thus in the Old Testament, was translated in the Greek version by 'o иvp105 (Lord), which by that fact became familiar to the Jews and was adopted in the New Testament as a title of the divine Redeemer incarnate among men. In this way it came about that in the English version of the Bible the Hebrew name Jehovah was translated the Lord. Concerning the signification of the Hebrew name, derived as it evidently is from the verb denoting being or existence, two opinions are held: first, that it represents the eternal existence of God; and second, that in the Old Testament it pointed forward to his existence as it would be manifested in his coming to be the Redeemer. All admit that its form in the Hebrew Bible--Jehovah-is a modification of the original, resulting from the practice of the later Jews in pronouncing Adonai instead of it, whenever they came to it in the text, and in transferring to it the vowels of the substituted word in order to mark the change. Its proper form is the future of the verb from which it is derived; and its meaning seems to be pointed out by God's own answer to the question of Moses concerning the name by which God should be spoken of to Israel: "Say, 'I WILL BE' hath sent me unto you; and say, moreover, Jehovah, God of your fathers, hath sent me unto you; this is my name forever, and this my memorial unto all generations." This being the meaning of the name, some go further and say that, probably, it was first used by Eve at the birth of her first-born son when she named him Cain, meaning acquisition, and said "I have acquired a man, even him who will be," that is the coming One, the promised deliverer. Such being the origin of the word it was adopted, as those who hold this theory think, by the Lord as a name by which he would be known among men as the Redeemer rhrough all generations. An argument against this view is that the particle prefixed to Jehovah in this text, translated in the English version "from," often has the force of a preposition, and from the beginning of Genesis to the cessation of the deluge is certainly sɔ used ten times. It is therefore possible that Eve may have meant, I have acquired a man with the Lord, that is by his help. The argument for the view is that the prefixed particle often has only a demonstrative force, giving emphasis to the word before which it is placed; and that in the part of Genesis just specified it is so used without question 108 times (49 prior to the particular instance referred to and 59 after it) to give emphasis to each thing brought forward in succession as created or divinely ordered. The proba bility, therefore, so far as the use of the word is concerned, is, it is said, more than ten to one in favor of the view. That Eve supposed her first-born son was the promised deliverer seems to be indicated by her disappointment when, a second having been born, she named him vanity. And if she supposed so, why should it not be thought that the particle prefixed to the "coming One" was intended by her to point him out emphatically, as in the more than one hundred instances which it so much resembles?

If the meaning of Jehovah be the coming One, the deliverer, it explains the declaration of God to Moses that he had been known to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob as God Almighty, but not by his name Jehovah. That they were acquainted with the name as ascribed to God is manifest; but it is also certain that while the Lord had exhibited his great power in providing for and protecting them he had not by any signal interposition made himself known as the deliverer. This he was now about to do, in stretching out for the deliverance of Israel a mighty hand, such as the world had never seen, but which has been held in remembrance ever since. As the fullness of time drew nearer, the prophets gave increased prominence to Jehovah as the coming One: from the comforting words of Isaiah, "Prepare ye the way of Jehovah, behold Jehovah God will come with strong hand;" to the closing words of Malachi, "The Lord whom ye seek shall suddenly come to his temple, even the Angel of the covenant whom ye delight in." When the time had arrived, John the Baptist announced the Lord as the coming One after him; and from the prison sent the inquiry to him, Art thou the coming One? And as, at the beginning. Jehovah himself had promised his coming, so, at the end, he opens the apocalypse with the declaration, "I am he who is, who was, and who is to come, the Almighty;" and closes it with the promise, "Surely I come quickly."

JEHU, eleventh king of Israel, B.C. 883-855; son of Jehoshaphat, and grandson of Nimshi, beginning his military career as one of the guards of Ahab. He was distinguished as a charioteer for his rapid driving, and a certain reckless vehemence of manThe first mention made of him in history is his appearance, with his comrade, Bidkar, on a journey from Samaria to Jezreel, riding in company with Ahab, when he

ner.

hears the warning of Elijah against the murderer of Naboth.

Jellachich.

He is mentioned in the vision at Horeb as the coming king of Israel, who should be an instrument of vengeance upon Israel, but was annointed by a prophet of Elisha in the reign of Ahazialı and Jelioram, when as a commander in the Israelitish army, posted at Ramoth Gilead, at a council of war, there appeared unexpectedly at the door of the tent a disciple of Elisha, who poured the contents of a vial of sacred oil upon his head, announced the prophecy of Elisha that he was to become king of Israel, and that the house of Ahab should fail by his hand, then vanished from their midst. On this suggestion he was proclaimed king with the wildest enthusiasm. He at once appointed Bidkar captain in his place, and having by a strategic movement brought himself face to face with Jehoram on the field of Naboth, killed him by a shot from his bow At that moment he recalls to Bidkar's remembrance the scene of the ride with Ahab, and the warning of Elijah. Riding into the conquered city he caused Jezabel to be thrown from the palace walls, killing her instantly. He required, as proof of the loyalty of Samaria, that the heads of all the royal princes should be brought to him; the next morning 70 human heads lay in a pile at the palace gate. He also slew 42 brothers of Ahaziah, sons of the late king of Judah, whom he met on his way to Samaria. Having made an ally of Jehonadab the Rechabite, he proclaimed a festival, at which he assembled all the ministers and chief adherents of Baal, whom he provided with sacerdotal vestments so that the worshipers of Jehovah might not be confounded with them. The multitude of these idolaters filled the great temple of Samaria, around which, to prevent the escape of any, guards were placed. The chief sacrifice Jehu himself offered in the fervor of his pretended zeal. After he had made himself doubly sure that none except the adherents of Baal were present, he gave the signal to his trusted guards, who, by a sweeping massacre, cut off the chief heathen population of the kingdom. Thus a staggering blow was struck at a form of idolatry which, from its entrance among the Israelites, had been the source of unbounded licentiousness, varied abominable immoralities, and cruel infanticide. But after this Jehu's hostility to idolatry manifestly declined, and for fear of adverse political consequences to himself, he allowed the worship of the golden calves to continue undisturbed. For the measure of right that he had practiced his dynasty was continued through four generations, but because of his imperfect obedience his prosperity was cut short. He died in outward tranquillity and was buried in Samaria. His name has passed into a type of fierce and fiery zeal uncontrolled by the giander forces of rightcousness and the Divine love.

JEISK, or EISK, a. t. of Russia, in the country of the Kuban Cossacks, or Black sea Cossacks, on the eastern shore of the sea of Azov, 60 m. s. w. from Azov. It stands on the shore of a small land-locked bay, into which flows the river Jeisk. It was founded by imperial ukase in 1848, with a view to its being a trading sea-port, and an entrepôt for the agricultural produce of the surrounding country. Considerable privileges were guaranteed to its inhabitants and it has rapidly sprung into importance. Pop. '67, 28,070.

JEJEEBHOY, SIR JAMSETJEE. SEE JEEJEEBHOY, ante.

JEJUNUM, that portion of a small intestine which is situated between the duodenum and the ileum, and forming about one-third of the length of this portion of the intes tinal tract. It derives its name from the fact that in post-mortem examinations it is almost always found empty (Lat. jejunus, empty). The mucous membrane of the whole of the small intestine is very vascular, but that of the jejunum is more vascular than that of the ileum, and its coats are also rather thicker. The mucous membrane of this whole tract is also increased in surface by the existence of partial cross bands called ralculæ conniventes, but these are much more developed in the jejunum than in the ileum or in the duodenum. In the jejunum these valves increase the mucous surface to double what it otherwise would be, the folds occupying between one-third and one-half of the circumference, and from one-third to one-half an inch wide. See ILEUM.

JELALABAD', a t. of Afghanistan, stands near the Cabul, in a fertile plain, which is separated from Peshawur by the famous Khyber Pass. It thus occupies a commanding position on the grand route between India and Central Asia. Pop. about 3,000. The place acquired a historical interest during the Afghan wars, having been heroically held by sir Robert Sale (1841-42), notwithstanding the fatal disasters of the first expedition, till it was relieved by the triumphant advance of the second. See AFGHANISTAN.

JELATOM', JELATINA, or ELAT MA, a t. of Rusisa, in the government of Tambov, is situated 158 m. n. of the town of that name, on the left bank of the Oka. Woolen cloths, vitriol, and sulphur are here manufactured. Pop. '67, 7,376.

JELETZ', a town of Russia, in the government of Orel, is situated 110 m. e.s.e of the town of that name, on the Sosna. In the vicinity are extensive iron-mines, and the town has become famous for its wheaten flour, which is exported throughout the whole of Russia. Pop. '67, 30,182.

JELLACHICH DE BUZIM, JOSEPH, Baron, a distinguished Austrian general, and Ban of Croatia, was b. at Peterwardein in 1801. His father, the descendant of an old Croatian family, was a general in the Austrian service, and attained some celebrity in the Turkish wars, and in those of the French revolution. The baron was early

Jeuner.

employed in military service on the Turkish frontier, and distinguished himself by his courage and skill. He succeeded also in winning in a high degree the confidence of the Croatians, so that in 1848 the court of Vienna was glad to appoint him Ban of Croatia, in order to secure the support of the Slavonian Croatians against the Magyars of Hungary, and he took a very active part in the suppression of the Hungarian rebellion. He not only displayed talents for government and military command, but also for poetry. He died at Agram, June, 1859. A collection of his poems was published at Vienna in

1850.

JELLY-FISH. See ACALEPHÆ, ante.

JE LUM. See JHELUM.

JEMAP PES, a village of moderate size, not far from Mons, in the Belgian province of Hainault, which has acquired a historic celebrity from the victory won here by the French republicans, 40,000 strong, under Dumouriez, Nov. 6, 1792, over the Austrians, who were in nearly equal force. By this victory, the way into Belgium was opened to the French, and the spirits of the army and of the people greatly elevated by the first great victory of their raw levies over the disciplined and experienced Austrian troops. Pop. about 5,000.

JE'NA, a t. in the grand-duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, and formerly the capital of the duchy of Saxe-Jena, is mo. beautifully situated in a romantic valley at the confluence of the Leutra with the Saale. Pop. 75, 8,903. It derives celebrity chiefly from its university, but also from the great battle fought here between the French and the Prussians. --The university of Jend was founded about the year 1547 by the elector John Frederick of Saxony, who intended it to supply the place of Wittenberg as a seat of learning and of evangelical doctrine. It soon acquired a high reputation. The imperial authorization was obtained, after some delay and difficulty, in 1558. It is the university of the minor Saxon states, and is supported by contributions from them all. Its library contains upwards of 200,000 volumes. The most flourishing period of the university was that of duke Karl August, a zealous patron of art and science, 1787-1806 A.D. To have obtained academic honors in Jena used to be no small recommendation to employment in other German universities, and many of the most distinguished ornaments of other universities have been students of this. Some of its professors were among the first and most successful supporters of the philosophy of Kant. Fichte founded a new school of philosophy here in 1794, and the names of Schelling and Hegel are also connected with Jena. The brothers Schlegel, Voss, Fries, Krause, and Oken have added to its celebrity in literature and science. The faculty of medicine, as well as those of theology and law, has reckoned many distinguished names. The most eminent theologians in recent times have belonged to the liberal school. There are in all about 70 professors and lecturers, and under 500 students. The Jenaische Literaturzeitung, under the auspices of the university, is one of the most valuable literary and scientific journals.

The great battle of Jena was fought in the neighborhood of the town Oct. 14. 1806. The Prussian army, numbering about 70,000 men, was under the command of the prince of Hohenlohe; while the French, commanded by Napoleon, amounted to 90.000. The former were completely defeated. On the same day, Davout defeated the aged duke of Brunswick at Auerstädt, with 30,000 French against 60,000 Prussians, and these two battles decided for a number of years the fate of the Prussian kingdom and of the n. of Germany. The loss of the Prussians on that eventful day and in the conflicts of the preceding days amounted to 50,000 killed, wounded, and prisoners, besides the loss sustained by the Saxons, their allies. The French gave out their loss to be 7,000, including 270 officers.

JENGIS KHAN. See GENGHIS KHAN, ante.

JENISEI. See YENISEI, ante.

JENKINS, CHARLES J., b. S. C.. 1805; received his education at the university of Georgia, and Union college, Schenectady, N. Y. He was elected a member of the Georgia legislature in 1830, and was speaker when his party was in power. Although a Jeffersonian democrat, he supported Harrison for the presidency in 1840, and Clay in 1844. He was appointed in 1860 to fill a vacancy in the supreme court of the state, and held the position during the rebellion. He took a prominent part in the state convention called by president Johnson, in 1865, and was elected governor of the state under the new constitution, retaining the office until 1868, when he was superseded, under the reconstruction acts, by gen. Ruger of the U. S. army.

JENKINS, THORNTON A., b. Va, 1811; entered the U. S. navy in 1828 as a midshipman, and rose to be rear-admiral in 1870; retired from active service, 1873. He served with the Mediterranean, African, and North and South Atlantic squadrons, until 1845, when he was deputed to investigate the light-house systems of Europe. Out of this investigation grew the law of 1852, framed by lieut. Jenkins, and under which the light-house board has been ever since administered. After serving on the coast of South America and in Central America, and in Mexico during the war with that country, Jenkins was promoted to a captaincy in 1862, and did good service during the rebellion. He had an important post at the battle of Mobile bay, and was highly commended in the report of admiral Farragut. In 1865 he was chief of the bureau of navi

gation; 1869–71, naval secretary of the light-house board; 1871-73, in command of the East India squadron. In 1876 admiral Jenkins had charge of the exhibit of the U. S. navy department in the centennial exhibition at Philadelphia.

JENKS, JOSEPH, d. 1683; b. England; a metal-worker, supposed to have been the first founder and inventor in America, having settled in Lynn, Mass., in 1645. He worked in brass and iron, but experimented in mechanics in different directions, and is recorded as having received a patent in 1646 for an application of water-power to mills. He also invented a saw-mill and a fire-engine. He is said to have made the dies for the pine-tree money issued in Massachusetts in 1652. Jenks had his foundry on the Saugus river at Lynn, and in 1667 was there engaged in wire-drawing, and appears on the records as an applicant to the general court for aid in his business.

JENNER, EDWARD, the discoverer of vaccination, was b. at Berkeley, in Gloucestershire, on May 17, 1749, and was the third son of the rev. Stephen Jenuer, vicar of the parish, and rector of Rockhampton. His scholastic education being finished, he was removed to Sodbury, near Bristol, in order to be instructed in the elements of surgery and pharmacy by Mr. Ludlow, an eminent surgeon there; and on the expiration of his term with this gentleman, he went to London, in the 21st year of his age, to prosecute his professional studies under the direction and instruction of the celebrated John Hunter (q.v.), in whose family he resided for two years. Under Hunter's superintendence, he became an expert anatomist, a sound pathologist, a careful experimenter, and a good naturalist. The influence of the master exerted a lasting effect on the pupil; and Hunter's letters, which Jenner carefully preserved, evince the affectionate feeling and community of tastes which subsisted between them. On leaving London Jenner settled at Berkeley, where his sound professional knowledge and kindly disposition soon acquired for him a large amount of practice. In 1788 his well-known memoir, On the Natural History of the Cuckoo, appeared in the Transactions of the royal society, containing the results of investigations begun at the request of Hunter. A few years afterwards, the fatigues of general practice having become irk some to him, he resolved to confine himself to medicine, and with that view he obtained the degree of M.D. from the university of St. Andrews.

The discovery of the prophylactic power of vaccination, by which the name of Jenner has become immortalized, was the result of a prolonged series of observations and experiments. His attention, whilst he was yet a youth, was forcibly attracted to the nature of cow-pox in the following manner: He was pursuing his professional education in the house of his master at Sodbury, when a young country-woman came to seek advice. The subject of small-pox being mentioned in her presence, she observed: "I cannot take that disease, for I have had cow-pox." This was before the year 1770. It was not till 1775 that, after his return to Gloucestershire, he had an opportunity of examining into the truth of the traditions respecting cow-pox; and it was five years later before he began clearly to see his way to the great discovery that was in store for him. In the month of May, 1780, while riding with his friend Edward Gardner, on the road between Gloucester and Bristol, "he went over the natural history of cow-pox; stated his opinion as to the origin of this affection from the heel of the horse [when suffering from the grease]; specified the different sorts of disease which attacked the milkers when they handled infected cows; dwelt upon that variety which afforded protection against small-pox; and with deep and anxious emotion, mentioned his hope of being able to propagate that variety from one human being to another, till he had disseminated the practice all over the globe, to the total extinction of small-pox."-Baron's Life of Jenner, p. 128. Many investigations regarding the different varieties of cow-pox, etc.. delayed the actual discovery for no less than 16 years, when at length the crowning experiment on James Phipps (see INOCULATION) was made on May 14, 1796, and Jenner's task was virtually accomplished. This experimnet was followed by many of the same kind; and in 1798 he published his first memoir, entitled An Inquiry into the Causes and Effects of the Varioia Vaccina. Although the evidence accumulated by Jenner seemed conclusive, yet the practice met with violent opposition until a year had passed, when upwards of 70 of the principal physicians and surgeons in London signed a declaration of their entire confidence in it. His discovery was soon promulgated throughout the civilized world. Honors were conferred upon him by foreign_courts, and he was elected an honorary member of nearly all the learned societies of Europe. Parliament voted him, in 1802, a grant of £10.000, and in 1807 a second grant of £20,000; and in the year 1858 a public statue in his honor was erected in the metropolis. His latter days were passed chiefly at Berkeley and Cheltenham, and were occupied in the dissemination and elucidation of his great discovery. He died of apoplexy at Berkeley in Feb., 1823.

JENNER, Sir WILLIAM, b. England, 1815. He was professor of pathological anat omy at University college, London, and professor of clinical medicine in the same institution for many years. In 1861 he was named physician in ordinary to the queen. He was a personal friend of the late prince consort, whose death-bed he attended. He was made a baronet in 1858, and K.C.B. after the recovery of the prince of Wales in 1872. He has published Gulstonian Lectures, but his fame will probably rest upon his Identity and Non-identity of Typhus and Typhoid Fevers.

U. K. VIII.-18