was 2,763; church edifices, 1446; church property, $5,730,352. The chief denominations are the Baptist, Christian, Congregational, Episcopal, Friends, Jews, Lutheran, Methodist, Presbyterian, Reformed, Koman Catholic, Second Advent, United Brethren in Christ, Universalist, and Unitarian.

The general election is held on the 2d Tuesday in Oct., except in the years of the presidential election, when it occurs on the Tuesday next after the first Monday in November. The governor and lieutenant-governor are elected for 2 years by a plurality of the popular vote. The salary of the former is $3,000 per annum. The legislature consists of a senate of 50 members elected for 4 years, half of them biennially, and a house of 100 members elected biennially. The sessions are biennial, occurring in the even years. Senators must be 25 years of age, representatives 21 years, and the governor and heutenant-governor 30 years. The secretary of state, auditor of state, register of state land office, and superintendent of public instruction are elected for 2 years, and each has a salary of $2,200. The governor appoints the adjutant- and inspector general and the state librarian for terms of 2 years. The supreme court consists of four judges, elected by the people for 6 years, one every second year, and the one having the shortest time to serve is chief-justice. Judges of the district court are elected in single districts for 4 years. The judges of the supreme court receive a salary of $4,000, those of the district court $2,200 per annum. Circuit courts, consisting of a single judge, are held by the district court judges. The constitution prohibits the lending of the credit of the state for any purpose, or the borrowing of more than $250,CCO at any one time, but permits a larger debt to be contracted to repel invasion or suppress insurrection. No corporation can be created by special law, and stockholders in banks are individually liable to double the amount of their stock. The legislature is prohibited from granting divorces or authorizing lotteries. The property right of husbands and wives are equal, each upon the death of the other inheriting one third in value of his or her real estate, while neither is liable for the separate debts of the other. The contracts made by the wife in her own name are enforced by or against her precisely as if she were unmarried. A married woman may sue and be sued without the husband being joined in the action. Women are by law eligible to all offices connected with public schools. The state offers a premium for the planting of forest trees by deducting a certain sum from the taxes of citizens in proportion to the number of trees they may set cut. The amount of property thus exempted from taxation for the years 1879 and 1880 is estimated at nearly $6,000,000. A new state capitol is nearly completed. Its greatest length is 263 ft., and its greatest width 246 feet. It is estimated to cost not far from $2,000,000. The ckctoral votes of Iowa for president and vice-president of the United States have been cast as follows: 1848, 4 for Cass and Butler; 1852, 4 for Pierce and King; 1856, 4 for Fremont and Dayton; 1860, 4 for Lincoln and Hamlin; 1864, 8 for Lincoln and Johnson; 1868. 8 for Grant and Colfax; 1872, 11 for Grant and Wilson; 1876, 11 for Hayes and Wheeler. IOWA, a s.e. co. of Iowa, intersected by the Iowa and the n. branch of the English rivers; 576 sq.m.; pop. '75, 17,456. It is nearly level, well-wooded, and has a fertile soil, much of it prairie. The staple productions are wheat, oats, maize, potatoes, hay, and pork. It is traversed by the Chicago, Rock Island, and Pacific railroad. Bituminous coal is here found. Capital, Marengo.

IOWA, a co. in s. w. Wisconsin; 750 sq.m.; pop. "75, 24.133. It is bounded by Wisconsin on the north. The surface is varied by hills, valleys, and forests, the latter not extensive. The soil is fertile, yielding wheat, maize, oats, and hay. Mines of zinc and copper have been opened, and lead is abundant. A division of the Milwaukee and St. Paul railroad passes along the n. border, and Mineral Point railroad runs to the county seat, Dodgeville.

IOWA CITY, a city in Iowa, United States, formerly the capital of the territorial government, is situated on the Iowa river, 80 m. from its mouth. It is bu It on a succession of plateaux, rising from the river. The first is a public promenade; the third is crowned by the capitol, now the state university. It has also county buildings, and the state asylums, with factories on the river. Iowa City has steamboat navigation to the Mississippi, and is on the Chicago, Rock Island, and Pacific railroad. Pop. '70, 5,914.

IOWA CITY (ante)'s the capital of Johnson co., and was, 1839-57, the capital of Iowa territory and state; pop. '74, 9,000. It is 54 m. from Davenport, and 120 m from Des Moines, and connected with these by the Chicago, Rock Island, and Pacific railroad. The city is built on a high plateau 150 ft. above the river, and surrounded by hills. The Iowa university, established 1860, and occupying the building formerly used as the capitol, has 4 departments, 600 students, a library of 6.500 volumes, and is open for both sexes. The city contains two national banks, a savings bank, 3 academics, a high school, 15 churches, a foundry, a paper-mill, manufactories for carriages, plows, pumps, cigars, linseed oil, and alcohol, and has also a number of flouring mills. There are also several newspapers, one of which is in the Bohemian language.

IOWA COLLEGE, at Grinnell, Poweshick co., Iowa; organized in 1848, under the auspices of the Congregationalists. It comprises preparatory, academical, normal, medical, and law departments. Professors in 1878, 15; students, 120. President, Geo. F. Magoun, D.D.

Ipecacuanha.

IOWA RIVER, a river of Iowa rising in Fiancock co. Flowing s.e. 300 m., it empties into the Mississippi. It is navigable for small vessels 80 m. to Iowa city.

The

IOWA STATE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, at Ames, Story co.; organized in 1869, with an endowment of 204,309 acres of land, appropriated by act of congress of July 2, 1862; annual income, $41,000. The college farm contains 873 acres, of which 60 acres are included in the lawn and ornamental grounds. The main college building is four stories high above the basement, 150 ft long by 112 ft. deep through the wings. In the basement are dining-hall, kitchen, laundry, experimental kitchen and laundry, printing-office, and armory. The laboratory is of brick, two stories high, and 70 by 41 feet. Another brick building is devoted to botany and veterinary science, and behind it is the veterinary hospital and dissecting room. The library contains 6,000 volumes. museum occupies a large room in the main building. It includes mounted specimens of a few mammals: several hundred birds (mounted), representing the avian fauna of the state; a large collection of reptiles, in alcohol; a few fishes; and a small but typical collection of invertebrates. A set of the "Ward models," illustrating the principal larger fossils, and a cabinet of mineralogical specimens, are of service in the study of geology. There are, besides, the following collections in the process of formation: A seed collection; an entomological cabinet; sets of the eggs and nests of birds; the brains of vertebrates; skulls of mammals; and skeletons of vertebrates. Each department is well supplied with apparatus. Women are admitted to all the courses of study. Number of professors in 1880, 13; other teachers, 9; students, 284; alumni, 165. All male students are required, unless excused by the proper authority, to wear the prescribed uniform, attend all military exercises in their respective classes, and become members of the college battalion. President, A. S. Welch.

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY, in Iowa City, was organized in 1847, with an endowment by congress of two townships of land; to which was added in 1878, by the state, $20,000 annually. Its annual income, from all sources, is $51,000. The campus embraces an area of 10 acres, on which are placed the three principal college buildings. Besides these, there are, outside the campus but on land owned by the university, an observatory, hospital, and homeopathic medical college. There is a large laboratory for physical science, with a select apparatus of excellent quality; a laboratory for natural science, with a dozen good microscopes; a cabinet, not large, but select in the department of corals, and birds of Iowa. The library contains about 15,000 volumes. Number of professors in 1880, 22; lecturers and instructors, 18; students, 540; alumni, 1231. Women are admitted to all the courses of study. There is no gymnasium, but regular military drill and instruction. There is a law department, with two professors. The medical department embraces instruction in both the allopathic and homeopathic schools. President, J. L. Pickard, LL.D.

IOWAS, a tribe of American Indians of the Dakotah family, called Iowas by some of the Algonquins, but known among themselves by the name of Pahucha. In 1700 they lived on the Mankato river, Minnesota, numbering 1500, and often at war with the Osages and other tribes. At different times treaties have been made with them by the United States, by one of which, 1836, they were removed to the w. bank of the Missouri above Wolf river. They have been greatly reduced by intemperance, war, and disease. By a treaty, 1861, they ceded to the United States all but 16,000 acres. The remnant of this tribe, numbering now only 225, is under the charge of the Friends, who have a school of over 60 pupils and an orphans' industrial home.

IPECACUAN HA, the name both of a very valuable medicine and of the plant producing it. The piant (cephaëlis ipecacuanha) belongs to the natural order cinchonacea, and grows in damp shady woods in Brazil and some other parts of South America. It is somewhat shrubby, with a few oblongo-lanceolate leaves near the ends of the branches, long stalked heads of small white flowers, and soft dark purple berries. The part of Ipecacuanha used in medicine is the root, which is simple or divided into a few branches, flexuous, about as thick as a goose-quill, and is composed of rings of various size, somewhat fleshy when fresh, and appearing as if closely strung on a central woody cord. The different kinds known in commerce (gray, red, brown) are all produced by the same plant; the differences arising from the age of the plant, the mode of drying, etc. Ipecacuanha root is prepared for the market by mere drying. It is collected at all seasons, although chiefly from Jan. to March; the plant is never cultivated, but is sought for in the forests chiefly by Indians, some of whom devote themselves for months at a time to this occupation. It has now become scarce in the neighborhood of towns.

Various other plants, containing emetine, are used as substitutes for true ipecacuanha. The ipecacuanha of Venezuela is produced by sarcostemma glaucum, of the order asclepiadea, and to this order belongs tylophora asthmatica, the root of which is found a valuable substitute for ipecacuanha in India.

It is in the bark of the root that the active principle, the emetine, almost entirely lies. and in good specimens it amounts to 14 or 16 per cent; the other ingredients, such as fatty matters, starch, lignine, etc., being almost entirely inert. Emetine is represented by the formula C37H27NO,o. It is a white, inodorous, almost insipid powder, moderately soluble in alcohol, an ! having all the characters of the vegetable alkaloids. It acts as a

Leland.

violent emetic in doses of one-sixteenth of a grain or less, and is a powerful poison. The incautious inhalation of the dust or powder of ipecacuanha-as in the process of powdering it will often bring on a kind of spasmodic asthma.

In small and repeated doses-as, for instance, of a grain or less-ipecacuanha increases the activity of the secreting organs, especially of the bronchial mucous membrane, and of the skin. In larger doses of from 1 to 5 grains it excites nausea and depression, while in doses of from 15 to 30 grains it acts as an emetic, without producing such violent action or so much nausea and depression as tartar emetic.

Ipecacuanha is useful as an emetic when it is neccesary to unload the stomach in cases where there is great debility, or in childhood. As a nauscant, expectorant, and diaphoretic, it is prescribed in affections of the resipratory organs, as catarrh, hoopingcough, asthma, etc.; in affections of the alimentary canal, as indigestion, dysentery, etc.; and in disorders in which it is desired to increase the action of the skin, as in diabetes, febrile affections, etc.

Besides the powder, the most useful preparations are the wine of ipecacuanha-of which the dose to an adult as a diaphoretic and expectorant ranges from 10 to 40 minims, and as an emetic from 2 to 4 drachms-and the compound ipecacuanha powder, commonly known as Dover's powder (q.v.). To produce the full effect as a sudorific, a dose of ten grains of Dover's powder should be followed by copious draughts of white-wine whey, treacle-posset, or some other warm and harmless drink.

IPHIC RATES, an Athenian general conspicuous in the first half of the 4th c. B.C. He is distinguished for his improvements in military tactics, especially for the light oval target instead of the round heavy buckler of earlier use. A common mode of warfare among the Greek states, who were often at war, was by sudden incursions into each other's territories, and rapid retreats. Iphicrates, seeing that safety required light armor, organized a body of soldiers carrying a light target, and from it called Peltastæ. Their discipline and efficiency were such that but few of the heavy-armed infantry dared to meet them. With these he attacked a Spartan corps near Corinth, 392 B.C., and totally destroyed it. This was followed by successive victories, and his military career was very brilliant. In the Hellespont and with the Persians in Egypt he served with high distinction. After the peace of Antalcidas he married the daughter of Cotys, king of Thrace, and formed an alliance with him against the Athenians for the posseson of the Thracian Chersonesus. Subsequently the Athenians pardoned him, and ave him a joint command in the social war. Though accused by one of his colleagues of misconduct, he was honorably acquitted. He lived after this quietly in Athens, where he died at an advanced age.

IPHIGENI A, in Grecian legend, a daughter of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra, or, according to others, an adopted daughter of Clytemnestra. Her father, having offended Diana, vowed to make atonement by sacrificing to the goddess the most beautiful thing born within the year. This happened to be Iphigenia. Agamemnon long delayed the fulfilment of his vow, but at length the Trojan expedition drew on, and the Greek fleet being detained in Aulis by a calm, the seer Calchas declared that Agamemnon must keep his promise. When Iphigenia was brought to the altar, however, she disappeared, and a hind lay there in her stead, Diana herself having carried her off in a cloud to Tauris, where she became her priestess, but was afterwards recognized by her brother, Orestes, who carried her, along with the image of Diana, to Attica. The legend is of post-Homeric origin. It has, however, been much wrought into Grecian poetry, and afforded many subjects to painters and sculptors. In modern literature it has been again employed with great power of genius and poetic art by Goethe in his Iphigenia auf Tauris.

IPOME'A, a genus of plants of the natural order convolvulacea, differing very little from the genus convolvulus. The species are numerous. They are mostly natives of warm countries. Some of them are often to be seen in flower-gardens and hot-houses, being very ornamental, and readily covering trellises with their twining stems, large leaves, and large beautiful flowers. The roots of some of them yield a resinous substance, which possesses properties resembling those of jalap, and the true jalap (q. v.) plant itself has sometimes been referred to this genus.

IPSAMBUL'. See ABOUSAMBUL.

IP SICA. See MODICA.

IPSUS, a t. of Phrygia, Asia Minor, near, as is supposed, the modern village of Bulavadin, and noted for the battle, 300 B.C., in which Antigonus and his son Demetrius were overthrown by Alexander's four generals, Ptolemy, Seleucus, Cassander, and Lysimachus. Ipsus was the seat of a Christian bishop in the 7th and 8th centuries.

IPSWICH, a t. of Essex co., Mass., 27 m. n.e. of Boston, on the Ipswich river and the Eastern railroad; pop. '80, 3.699. It has 6 churches, a savings-bank, a girls' school of high character, established 1828; an insane asylum, a public library, a high school, a classical academy established 1650, factories for boots, shoes, and hosiery; also planing, saw, and grist mills. The Indian name is Agawam.

Ireland.

IPSWICH, a market t., parliamentary and municipal borough, and river-port of England, capital of the co. of Suffolk, is agreeably situated on the river Orwell, at the foot of a range of hills, 68 m. n.e. of London. The older portions of the town consist of narrow and irregular streets, some of the old houses of which are ornamented with curious carved work. It contains numerous churches and benevolent institutions, a town-hall, a mechanics' institution, with about 700 members; and a working-men's college, with 200 members. Of its educational establishments, the principal is the grammar-school, founded by cardinal Wolsey, and endowed by queen Elizabeth. It has an income from endowment of £116 6s. 8d., has six scholarships, exclusive of an Albert scholarship, founded as a memorial of the late prince consort, and two exhibitions at Pembroke college, Cambridge. There are large iron and soap factories, breweries, corn-mills, and ship-building docks. In 1875, 4,450 vessels, of 340,113 tons, entered and cleared the port. The exports are chiefly agricultural produce, and agricultural implements and machinery; imports, wine, coal, iron, and timber. The town can be approached by vessels of 500 tons. It sends two members to the imperial parliament. Pop. 71, 42,947. Ipswich was pillaged by the Danes in 991, and again in 1000.

IPSWICH,. a t. of Queensland, Australia, on the Bremer; pop. "71, 5,092. It has a number of churches, a grammar-school and a hospital, and is a place of increasing business importance.

IRAK-A’JEMI, a large province of Persia, is bounded on the n. by the provinces of Azerbijan, Ghilan, and Mazauderan, and on the e. by Khorasan. On the s. and w. the boundaries are not definitely laid down. In the extreme n. are the Elburz mountains, and throughout the province are several other chains, all of them running ficm se to n.w. A great portion of the surface of the province consists of elevated table-lands, but there are also numerous fertile valleys traversed by rivers. Many of the rivers of Irak-Ajemi are swallowed up by sandy tracts into which they flow. The chief towns of the province are the capital Telieran and Ispahan.

IRAK-A'RAPI, a district in Turkey in Asia, the ancient Babylonia (q.v.), comprises the ruins of the ancient cities of Babylon, Seleucia, and Ctesiphon. During the last 250 years of the caliphate this was the poor remnant of their once wide dominion which remained to the successors of Mohammed.

IRAN, the modern native name of Persia. See ARYAN RACE.

IRANIC RACES AND LANGUAGES. See PERSIAN LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE, ante.

IRBIT', a district t. of the government of Perm, castern Russia, since 1775; founded (1635) by Russian emigrants. The town is situated on the rivers Irbit and Nitza, in lat. 57° 35′ n., and long. 62° 50′ e., is 1760 m. distant from St. Petersburg, and contains (1867) 4,244 inhabitants. It is remarkable for its extensive fair, the largest in Russia, after that of Nijni-Novgorod. The fair takes place annually from Feb. 27 till the end of Mar., has been instituted for more than 200 years, and attracts about 10,000 merchants and visitors from Russia, Siberia, Persia, 'Bokhara, etc. The principal goods are cloths, silk stuffs, brocades, sugar, coffee, china, and hardware from Russia; tea and nankeen from China, through Kiachta; furs and fish from Siberia; cotton stuffs from Bokhara, etc. The whole quantity of goods brought to market is valued at £6,500,000.

IREDELL, a co. of w. North Carolina; 600 sq.m.; pop. '80, 22.672. It is drained by branches of the Gadkin, and is well-wooded, hilly, and fertile. The staple products are grain, cattle, wool, and tobacco. Gold is found. It is traversed by the Western railroad. Capital, Statesville.

IREDELL, JAMES, 1751-99; b. England, of Irish ancestry. He emigrated to North Carolina at the age of 17, was admitted to the bar in 1770, made deputy attorney-general in 1774. judge of the state supreme court in 1777. He was attorney general of North Carolina, 1779-82; and judge of the United States supreme court from 1790 until his death. He was a man of ability and learning: In 1791 he published Iredell's Revisal of the Statutes of North Carolina. His judicial opinion in the case of Chisolma vs. Georgia" is said to contain the germs of the doctrine of state rights as subsequently developed. He died in Edenton.

IREDELL, JAMES, 1788-1853: son of James; b. N. C. He graduated at the college of New Jersey in 1806, and was admitted to the bar. For 10 years he was a member of the legislature, and twice speaker of the lower house. In the war of 1812 He commanded a company of volunteers at Norfolk, Va. In 1819 he was chosen judge of the superior court; in 1827 was governor of the state; and U. S. senator in 1828-31. For many years after this he was a reporter of the decisions of the state supreme court, and published 13 volumes of law and 8 of equity reports. In 1833 he was one of a commission to collect and revise the state statutes. He published also a treatise on the law of executors and administrators.

IRELAND, an island forming part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, lies between lat. 51° 26 and 55° 23′ n., and long. 5 20 and 10° 26' west. It is washed on the n., w., and s. by the Atlantic, and on the e. by a strait, called at different

places the North channel, the Irish sea, and St. George's channel, which separates it from the larger island of Great Britain. Its greatest length, from Fair head in Antrim to Crow head in Kerry, is 306 m., but its greatest meridional length is not more than 225; its greatest breadth, between the extreme points of Mayo and Down, is 182 m., but between Galway bay and Dublin it is not more than 120. The total area is about 32,524 sq m., of which 15,464,825 acres are arable land; 4,357,338 acres are uncultivated; 316,597 are covered with wood; 49,236 are occupied by towns of 2.000 inhabitants and upwards; while the lakes and waters of the country cover 627,464 acres Pop. '71, 5.412,377. Ireland is divided into four provinces of Ulster, Leinster, Munster, and Connaught, which again are subdivided into 32 counties. The following table exhibits the area of the different provinces and counties, the number of inhabited houses, and the pop. in 1861 and 1871 (as at first published):

Physical Aspect.-Ireland is of oblong form, and, like Great Britain, the eastern coast is comparatively unbroken, while the w., n., and s. are deeply indented. It is an undulating or hilly country-less rugged than the Highlands of Scotland, and not so tame as the eastern section of England. Its hills are more rounded than abrupt, and lie not so much in ranges as in detached clusters round the coasts. These mountain tracts rarely extend more than 20 m. inland, and they seen to form a broad fringe round the island; while the interior appears as a basin composed of flat or gently swelling land. The principal ranges are the Mourne mountains in Down, which attain their highest elevation in Slieve Donard, 2,796 ft. above the sea; the mountains of Wicklow, which rise to a height of 3,039 ft.; and Macgillicuddy Reeks in Kerry, which, in the peak of Carran-Tual, the loftiest point in Ireland, reach 3,414 feet. The purely flat or level portions of the island, with the exception of some fine tracts of fertile valley-land ia Kilkenny, Tipperary, and Limerick, consist mainly of bog or morass, which occupies, according to Dr. Kane, 2,830,000 acres, or about à seventh part of the entire super