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1715 Under Louis XV., Ruinous Scheme of Law,

146,824,181

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1831 Under Louis-Philip, Périer's Ministry. (M. Jodot,)

INCOME OF THE INHABITANTS AT DIFFERENT PERIODS.

197,362,038

732,000,000

531,444,000

572,451,495

589,500,000

889,210,000

922,711,602

1,484,306,493

Francs.

1698 Under Louis XIV.

1,092,000,000

1780 Under Louis XVI. according to Ch. Dupin,

4,011,000,000

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The total income of the inhabitants of France, after deducting taxes and imposts, is estimated at 6,600,000,000 francs.

In consequence of the invasions of 1814 and 1815, the Holy Alliance extorted from France more than 1500 millions of francs. The law of the 27th of April, 1825, granted an indemnity of more than 1000 millions to emigrants; that of 30th April, 1830, granted also a considerable indemnity to the colonists of St. Domingo. The sum which France has paid since 1815 is estimated at more than 3000 millions.

An Estimate of the Amount of the Products of the Soil and of the Entire Industry of France, together with the Average Portion possessed by each Individual.

[From the "Bulletin de la Société de Géographie," Nov. 1829.]

Net Income of Financial Property,

Surplus of the Gross Produce or Income of all such as are employed in cultivation, comprising Direct Products, as Horses, Cattle, Wool, Milk, &c.

Francs. 1,531,508,000

3,118,770,000

Income, Salaries, or Emoluments of all Persons employed in Commerce and Manufactures, comprising all the Professions, except such as are paid by the Government,

1,746,511,000

Total Income, without deducting Imposts, Taxes, &c. 6,396,789,000 Population of the Kingdom, by estimate, Jan. 1, 1829, 32,252,000

The total income, if equally divided among the inhabitants, would give to each individual 198 francs and 33 centimes a year, or 54 centimes 6-10ths a day, if this income were not subject to impost or taxes. This amount not being equally distributed, the population may, in order to exhibit all the gradations of wealth and poverty, be divided into the 12 following classes, of which the first six comprise only 2,252,000 individuals, and the other six, 30,000,000.

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From this table it appears, that of the inhabitants of France, 22,500,000, (comprising the last three classes) are compelled to provide for all the necessaries of life with 8 sous, 6 sous, and 5 sous respectively a day. It would hardly be believed to be possible, were it not proved to be a fact, that 7 millions of French people eat little or no bread [i. e. wheaten bread]. Barley, rye, buckwheat, chesnuts, dry pulse, a moderate quantity of potatoes, and water are the only means of subsistence of this part of the population, who are under the necessity of making use of stubble and heath for warming them

selves. In case of a great dearth, as in 1817, public charity, and in the spring, the food of animals. are the last resources of this unfortunate multitude, of whom only the most robust survive so great privations. If we state the necessary daily expense of each individual at a half a franc, there would be a deficiency of the actual income, for the whole population, of 1,400,529,000 francs.

GOVERNMENT.

The government of France is a constitutional monarchy. The legislative power is vested in the King, a Chamber of Peers, nominated by the King, and a Chamber of Deputies, elected by the people. For the Constitutional Charter, see the American Almanac for 1831.

Chamber of Peers. The rights of the Peers were formerly hereditary ; but, in 1831, their hereditary rights were abolished by an act which was passed in the Chamber of Deputies, on the 18th of October, by a vote of 386 to 40; and in the Chamber of Peers, on the 28th of December, by a vote of 103 to 70. The Peers are now nominated by the King, and hold their office for life; their number is unlimited. The Chamber of Peers, as stated in "Almanach National pour l'Année 1832," consists of 259 members, including Princes, Dukes, Marquesses, Counts, Viscounts, and Barons. There are besides, 33 Peers, who have not taken their seats; 13 who abdicated their seats on the 9th of January, 1832; and 49 who had before taken their seats, but refused to take the oath required by the law of the 31st August, 1830.

Baron Pasquier, President of the Chamber of Peers.

The Chamber of Deputies is composed of 430 members. The members of the present Chamber were elected, in July 1831, under the new electoral law, by which every Frenchman who pays a direct tax of 200 francs, is authorized to vote.

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KINGS OF THE HOUSE OF BOURBON.

Henry IV., the Great, accession 1589|(France declared a Republic, 1792)

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KING AND ROYAL FAMILY.

LOUIS PHILIP, King of the French; of the Branch of Orleans, and descended from a brother of Louis XIV; b. Oct. 6, 1773; King of the French, Aug. 9, 1830; m. Nov. 25, 1809, MARIA AMELIA, daughter of Ferdinand, late King of the Two Sicilies, b. April 26, 1782: Issue:

1. FERDINAND, Duke of Orleans, Prince Royal; b. Sept. 3, 1810.

2. Louise; b. April 3, 1812; m. Aug. 9, 1832, Leopold, king of Belgium. 3. Maria; b. April 12, 1813.

4. Louis Charles, Duke of Nemours; b. Oct. 25, 1814.

5. Clementina; b. June 3, 1817.

6. Francis, Prince of Joinville; b. Aug. 14, 1818.

7. Henry, Duke of Aumale; b. Jan. 16, 1822.

8. Anthony, Duke of Montpensier; b. July 31, 1824.

Sister of the King.

Eugenia Adelaide Louisa, Mad. d'Orléans; b. Aug. 23, 1777.

[THE KING AND FAMILY excluded by the Declaration of the Chamber of Deputies of the 7th of August, 1830.

CHARLES X., King of France and Navarre; Most Christian Majesty ; b. Oct. 9, 1757; succeeded his brother Louis XVIII, Sept. 16, 1824; crowned at Rheims, May 29, 1825; m. Nov. 6, 1773, Maria Theresa, sister of the King of Sardinia, who died at Gratz, June 2, 1805: Issue:

LOUIS ANTHONY, Duke of Angoulême, Dauphin; b. Aug. 6, 1775; m. June 10, 1799, Maria Theresa (Dauphiness), daughter of Louis XVI., b. Dec. 19, 1778.

Louisa Maria Theresa, (daughter of the late Duke of Berri, next brother to the Dauphin); b. Sept. 21, 1819.

Henry, Duke of Bordeaux (grandson of France, a posthumous son of the late Duke of Berri); b. Sept. 29, 1820.]

VIII. PRUSSIA.

Prussia, which was first erected into a kingdom in 1701, was originally a small state; but it was much enlarged during the long reign of Frederick the Great; and it has since received large additions, particularly at the time of the settlement of the affairs of Europe by the Congress of Vienna, in 1815; since which period, it has ranked as one of the five Great Powers of Europe.

The Prussian States consist chiefly of two parts, entirely separated from each other, the larger one lying in the northeast of Germany, and the smaller one in the west. The kingdom is divided into ten provinces. The two provinces of East Prussia and West Prussia comprise Prussia Proper; the province of Posen is formed of the Prussian part of Poland; the other

seven provinces are all included within the limits of the late German Empire. The western part of the kingdom includes the three provinces of Westphalia, Cleves-Berg, and Lower Rhine.

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