workmanship of their own Maker, the Almighty, to whom they were to be accountable for them."

182. Examples of worthy Landowners.

The reader will already have discovered these descriptions to apply to Poland, and the various countries now forming the empire of Russia.

Our author says, "Their servile subjects have nothing to hope of their hard masters, and nothing to loose by their destruction." This state may in some degree be compared to that of Ireland, for the Irish peasantry are also in certain points the slaves of their masters, although not to the same extent. Legislation is now occupied in ameliorating the laws of the Irish landlords and tenants, as well as the Irish poor rate, and assisting them with money through labour; but then can the landlords do nothing themselves without being assisted or forced by government? we will believe that, for want of capital, that country is not fitted for manufactures in general; but there are many manufactures which could very well be combined with agriculture, and which produce almost greater real wealth and felicity than those executed by manual labour and machinery in populous districts; we mean those closely connected with agriculture, as brewing, distilling, brick-making, &c. We have known in Germany an individual, originally a merchant, who bought several estates, and erected upon them a model agriculture establishment, with the adjoining branches, as the rearing of sheep and horned cattle, horses, botanical gardens, nursery, a brewery, distillery, steam engine, and rural implements, manufactory, pottery, and many other industrial branches. We can easily conceive that one man could not administer at all these different establishments, not even through clerks, that is, if it should be faithfully done; but he employed other means; he engaged young men of education, knowledge, and energy, (although not possessed of capital,) and entered with them into partnership, (en commandité,) bound them to a central office, and to deliver up the cash to a general bank, from which they could receive the required supplies. By this very simple mode of organization, he not only secured and increased his own fortune, but made that of his directors and a great number of families. This man was a plebeian, and could therefore be reckoned among the aristocracy of money and knowledge; but we have a similar example in an aristocrat from birth, a count in the Silesian

mountains, who followed the same steps on a larger scale, and occupied in his different manufacturing establishments an immense number of individuals. Are such examples not worthy of imitation? But we have no doubt that England possesses likewise land-holders who fulfil, if not all, at least a portion of the task of making their peasants happy by giving them sufficient occupation.

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CONCLUSION.

183. Man in a State of Nature.

The state of man in nature, and the law of nature, are extremely well described by Locke and other authors; from the former we have already given several extracts in preceding notes, but our space does not allow us to quote that work farther, as we otherwise would wish to do.

184. Moderate Monarchy.

[The reference to this Note was inadvertently omitted in the text.] A compound of monarch, aristocracy, and democracy, has been framed by the German States into a new form of government, which gave it originally the title of a composite system. It was afterwards adopted by the Gothic nations; and writers of those days give it the name of "Gothic balance,” (a balance wherein England has sought, more or less, to attain the ideal standard of freedom,) but in modern times it has been universally known and understood by its proper definition of mixed, regulated, or

Moderate Manarchy.

FINIS.

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