or the staff assistant, and insert at the proper location, all amendments and similar material that are used during his turn on the Senate floor.

Finally, the transcript is submitted to the Chief Reporter, and for all intents and purposes at this point, the transcript is ready for printing in the Congressional Record.

Time Factor. Ordinarily, depending upon the fullness of the turn, 30 to 40 minutes have elapsed since the reporter returned from the Chamber.

E. THE CHIEF REPORTER-EDITING PROCESS

Each reporter, upon completion of the review of the typed transcript, submits this transcript to the Chief Reporter. As previously stated, the elapsed time at this point is approximately 30 to 40 minutes. The Chief Reporter reviews each turn submitted by the reporters in sequence. Since the reporters work in 10-minute turns, they have a knowledge of only one-seventh of the proceedings that occur in the Senate Chamber, and it is the Chief Reporter who must check for the continuity and proper flow of the transcript as it is collated and assembled for the Government Printing Office. One of the principal functions at this point is to assure that the transcript reflects the action that the Senate has taken on amendments, bills, resolutions, and other measures coming before it.

1. Editing. A further review is made by the Chief Reporter of steps that have been thus far engaged in by each reporter with respect to grammar, spelling, and sentence structure, as well as obvious misstatements by Senators.

2. Rule Conformity. Again, at this point, there is careful ascertainment that the transcript accords with the requirements of the GPO Style Manual, the Rules of the Senate, and also the standard reporter's form book.

The Chief Reporter must confer from time to time with the Parliamentarian when the reporter has a doubtful passage in the transcript or has some question on rulings by the presiding officer.

3. Inserted Material. There must be assurance that all pages of matter ordered to be printed in the Record are physically in the Record.

4. Headlines. A review is made of the headlines which have been provided by the reporters to make certain that the appropriate headlines have been used and also that the shortest possible headline has been used.

5. Shifted Material. A constantly recurring request is that certain material be relocated at a specific point in the Record, perhaps in connection with a matter that was previously before the Senate or which it is known will be before the Senate at a later hour. This is most likely to occur when there is a lull in the proceedings while the Senate is awaiting the arrival of a Senator or trying to reach agreement on a certain procedure. When that happens, it is not uncommon for a Senator to seek recognition, speak on a matter that is not then germane to the business before the Senate, and request that the remarks appear at another location in the Record. These requests may relate to one paragraph of proceedings or dozens of pages of proceedings, and in order to insure the proper

flow of the proceedings in the Record, many pages must be carefully checked to accommodate the shift. It is one of the most difficult time-consuming operations for the Chief Reporter.

6. Placement of Certain Material in the Record. Each day the majority leader states a program of Senate action for the next day. The Chief Reporter has a standing request from the majority leader that regardless of the point at which the program is given, it shall always appear just prior to the adjournment of the Senate as the last item of Senate proceedings. During the course of the day, a Senator may make a statement explaining his vote or why he did not vote on a certain question and request that his remarks appear immediately after the vote. A place must be provided in the Record for the shifting of this material.

7. Germane Additional Statements. Under the additional statement rules adopted by the Senate in February 1970, in his discretion the Chief Reporter may place germane additional statements in the Record at a point where the Senate is discussing a certain piece of legislation. For instance, if the Senate has before it for consideration an amendment relating to water projects under the public works bill, during the session of the Senate, Senators will submit statements to the legislative clerk in the well of the Senate with a request that they be placed before the vote on the amendment. These statements are brought to the Chief Reporter by the staff assistant, and they accumulate on the Chief Reporter's desk. The accumulated statements are located in the Record just prior to the expiration of the time on the amendment and before the vote. Each of these statements receives a cursory examination for grammar, spelling, propriety, and the relativity to the matter being discussed. These statements may comprise one page or dozens of pages by as many as a dozen Senators. With the passage of a bill, the Chief Reporter is likely to receive germane additional statements for placement in the Record prior to third reading and after action on all amendments. The same procedure is followed as described above.

8. Nongermane Additional Statements. In addition to the germane statements mentioned above, all nongermane additional statements are delivered from the Chamber to the Chief Reporter by the staff assistant who makes notations as to the proper place in the Record and noting requests for printing, subject matter, headlines, etc. These statements are collected by the Chief Reporter and given a cursory review for appropriateness and subject matter. As they accumulate, the Chief Reporter transmits the statements to the transcribing room where the transcribers, when they are not working on transcript, review the statements, supply proper headlines where necessary, supply the speaker's name, mount the statements on legal-size paper, and process any inserted material. Thereafter, the statements are collected at the desk of the GPO clerk, who makes a log of such statements so they can be located during the day, should the need arise, or to determine on a subsequent day whether a certain Senator submitted a statement on a specific subject matter. The GPO clerk also insures that one of the reporters, when time is available, makes a final review of all such statements for content and propriety. Thereafter, the GPO clerk

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delivers the statements to the Government Printing Office for inclusion in the Congressional Record.

As heretofore noted, effective March 1, 1978, all statements or insertions which are not spoken on the floor are identified by the use of a "bullet" symbol, i.e., .

9. Paper Size. The great majority of these statements which are prepared in the offices of Senators are submitted on 81⁄2- by 11-inch paper. Since the transcript is supplied to the Government Printing Office on legal-size paper each of these statements must be mounted to legal-size paper by stapling the statement to a separate sheet of paper.

10. Acceptability of Inserted Material. At times material which Senators have requested to have printed in the Record is of a poor quality, is unreadable, has pages missing, or is cut off at the top, bottom, or sides. The Chief Reporter must assure that all material accepted for the Record is workable copy.

11. Questionable Remarks by Senators. From time to time, a reporter may be uncertain as to a word or phrase used by a Senator, perhaps because of congestion in the Senate Chamber, because of a mishearing, or because the remarks seem out of context with the known position of a Senator on a certain issue. In that case, the reporter will make a check in the margin of the doubtful area and the Chief Reporter will confer with a Senator or his aide to make certain that the transcript accurately reflects what was intended by the Senator.

12. Prohibited Remarks. Under the Rules of the Senate "no Senator in debate shall, directly or indirectly, by any form of words impute to another Senator or to other Senators any conduct or motive unworthy or unbecoming a Senator. No Senator in debate shall refer offensively to any State of the Union. No Senator shall introduce to or bring to the attention of the Senate during its sessions any occupant in the galleries of the Senate." (Rule 19.) The Chief Reporter must be watchful and alert while editing the transcript, and if there should be reference in this regard, he must confer with the Parliamentarian of the Senate.

13. Log. The Chief Reporter maintains a log of action taken by the Senate on amendments and other measures that come before it so that instant reference can be made for location of matter in the transcript. (See exhibit B.)

14. Sequence and Flow. Since the Chief Reporter must have an overall picture of what is going on in the Senate Chamber, it is necessary that he review each 10-minute segment in sequence. Therefore, when a reporter's turn is delayed if there is parliamentary action during that turn, there is a temporary cessation in the editing process. However, when this occurs, the Chief Reporter is able to read ahead that copy which contains only colloquy among Senators. The cause for the reporter's delay might have been occasioned by inability to get the Senator's manuscript, a particularly complicated turn during the 10 minutes in the Chamber, inability to get promptly a vote tally, an amendment, a conference report, or other inserted material. On occasion, in order to expedite the copy, the reporter will submit the turn with a dummy page covering the unavailable material so that the transcript may continue to flow smoothly.

15. Inquiries. The Chief Reporter constantly answers inquiries

with respect to the Congressional Record transcript during the day. Such inquiries may come from the Parliamentarian, the legislative clerk, Senate aides, Senators, the press, and also the public. From the Chief Reporter's log and recollection from editing and reviewing the transcript, the Chief Reporter is able to answer such inquiries. If the inquiry relates to the most recent action of the Senate, and if it is necessary, the Chief Reporter will inquire individually of the reporters for information from the turn currently in the transcription process.

16. Votes. Each vote is doublechecked in the Office of the Official Reporters so that all 100 Senators are accounted for and to make certain that those who did not vote are shown on the Democratic and Republican announcements.

17. Time Element. The Chief Reporter may spend as much as 5 to 10 minutes reviewing each turn submitted by the reporters so that the total time elapsed from the moment the reporter returned from the Chamber until this turn has been finally edited by the Chief Reporter is approximately 45 minutes. The transcript is now available for aides and Senators for review. In some instances, the reporter's turn may have resulted in only one page or no pages of transcript during his 10 minutes on the floor due to a quorum call

or a recess.

18. Copies of Transcript Pages Furnished to Certain Senate Officials. The Chief Reporter has standing directions and/or requests to furnish copies of pages of the transcripts, as follows:

(a) Announcements of changes in votes or positions on votes. Whenever a Senator rises on the floor of the Senate and announces that had he been present, he would have voted in a certain way on a vote, or announces that he was incorrectly recorded at the desk and requests his vote be changed in a certain way, the Chief Reporter sends a copy of the announcement to the bill clerk, the Republican Policy Committee, and the Democratic Policy Commit

tee.

(b) Program. Whenever the Senate sits into the evening hours and there is a possibility that the Record may not be available promptly at 8:30 a.m. the next day, the Democratic Policy Committee has requested that before the transcript is finally delivered to the Government Printing Office a Xerox copy of the program be delivered to their office in the Capitol so that they, in turn, may be better able to perform their policy functions in the morning, should the Record not be promptly delivered.

(c) Rereferrals of bills. A copy of each unanimous-consent agreement affecting the rereferrals of bills is sent to the bill clerk to provide an alert to orders affecting the processing of bills.

(d) Votes. A copy of all vote tallies is delivered to the bill clerk to assist in the computer data entry process.

19. Corrections of the Record. Under the rules of the Senate, Senators are permitted to make corrections in the Record. This is done by unanimous consent in the Senate Chamber, either live by rising on the floor of the Senate, or by submission of an additional statement which has been signed by the Senator.

In addition, the Chief Reporter assumes responsibility for typographical errors in the Record, although many of such errors are

attributable to the Government Printing Office through jumbled type or dropped lines of type. It is customary for Senators' offices to call the Chief Reporter and to request that the permanent Record be corrected to eliminate a misplaced comma, an incorrect spelling, jumbled type, a missing line of type, and other printing or typographical errors. When such requests are received, the Chief Reporter asks the caller to circle the incorrect word, sentence, or paragraph in the Record and to send the page from the Record to the Chief Reporter, who, in turn, forwards the page to the Bound Record Section of the Government Printing Office. There, the correction is physically made in the permanent Record of the Senate, which is published some 12 months subsequent to the daily Record. Occasionally typographical, reporting, or printing errors occur in such a way as to misstate a Senator's position or attribute remarks to him that were not his. In this instance, the Chief Reporter prepares a note for the Record and in the third person, and editorially speaking, states for the Record the error that was made.

This note is printed in the Record as the last additional statement of the day so that Senators' offices will always know where to find the correction. In addition, the Bound Record Section of the Government Printing Office also knows to look in this spot for such statements.

The Bound Record Section of the Government Printing Office, when such notes appear, physically makes the change in the permanent Record of the Senate and eliminates the note that was printed in the daily Record. (See exhibit C.)

F. THE LOGGING AND DISTRIBUTION PROCESS

As the Chief Reporter completes the review of the transcript, it is passed to the special assistant who makes a written log of every speaker who has spoken on the floor of the Senate, all action taken by the Senate, and a notation of the transcript page where measures are called up. (See exhibit D.)

1. Continuity Scan. The special assistant scans each page of the transcript as the logging process continues for one further check on continuity of the transcript.

2. Distribution. It is the special assistant who receives requests from Senators, aides, and committees, for transcript of floor proceedings. By reference to this log, the special assistant is able to instantly hand to those entitled to the transcript the remarks of proceedings requested.

3. Votes. It is the special assistant who further checks each vote to account for all 100 Senators and to assure that an announcement has been provided covering absent Senators by the secretaries for the majority and minority.

4. Delivery to GPO. The accumulated transcript of the Senate session is collected by the special assistant and at 5:45 p.m. each day the Senate is in session the first delivery of the transcript is made to the Government Printing Office by the GPO clerk. Subsequent deliveries are made as transcript accumulates until all the transcript has been supplied to the Government Printing Office. If certain pages of the transcript are in the possession of a Senator, an aide, or a committee, a blank page is inserted to account for the transcript pages that are not included.