STUDIES OF THE INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TEACHERS COLLEGE, COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY NUMBER 2 THE REFORM OF IN FRANCE THE REFORM OF BY I. L. KANDEL, PH.D. PROFESSOR OF EDUCATION AND ASSOCIATE IN THE OF TEACHERS COLLEGE, COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY Published by New York City COPYRIGHT, 1924, BY TEACHERS COLLEGE, COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY First Edition, August, 1924 Press of J. J. Little & Ives Company New York, U. S. A. wahr PREFACE One of the most difficult questions now confronting those who are interested in the readjustment of secondary education to the new needs of modern democracy is to reach a satisfactory definition of the terms liberal education and culture. The accompanying account of the Reform of French Secondary Education initiated by M. Léon Bérard is presented in some detail as an attempt to answer this question made by one of the leading cultural countries of the world. This answer was not framed over night but is the result of vigorous and impassioned discussions lasting over three years. Because the whole field of secondary education was so thoroughly canvassed from every point of view, the International Institute of Teachers College, Columbia University, hopes that a summary and documented account of the progress of the reform will not only be of interest but will be of assistance to the American educator in analyzing the same problems. MAY, 1924 I. L. K. |