dies, or even to China, including detached charts of the isles, coasts, and harbours, which may be visited from choice or necessity. In like manner the African Pilot presents charts necessary for a voyage to the Cape: and there are Pilots for the British coasts, the Baltic, Mediterranean, West Indies, &c. Each chart may also commonly be had apart, and is often accompanied with sailing directions, as well as the Neptunes and Pilots, in a detached octavo form. The Dutch are careless navigators, and the best charts are the English and French. Yet the Dutch, in the sixteenth century, seem to have been the first inventors of the collections called Neptunes, Flambeaux, Colonncs de la Mer, See*

The most celebrated French name is that of M. D'Apres de Mannevilettc, whose Neptune Oriental, or Survey of the Indian ocean, &c. is highly and deservedly esteemed by all seamen. The charts of Bellin, Engineer of the French Marine, 1737....1767, chiefly relate to the Atlantic, and their estimation is principally confined to France. His Neptune General fills two or three thick folio volumes. Bellin also published a small maritime atlas, in 5 vols, and a separate description of Guiana and its shores. His Neptune Francuit presents the coasts of France, Spain, England, Holland, &c.f

In England the Neptunes and Pilots are always composed of detached charts, by various authors and observers. Mr. Dalrymple, in his zeal to promote geography and navigation, has published a prodigious number, perhaps a thousand, detached charts of isles, harbours, coasts, straits, shoals, he. chiefly in the Oriental world. Among other works may be mentioned the

American coasts, or Atlantic Neptune, by Des Barres, 1776, (too full of neology;) the various Pilots published by Mount and Davidson, Murdock's Atlantic ocean, published by Faden, Mackenzie's chart* of the shores of Scotland and Ireland, Huddart's chart of the Western isles, Captain Ross Donnelly'* of Ferroe, the Orkney's, Shetland, &c. 1797, which may be compared with Lowenorn's chart of the Shetland isles, 1787. Of the English coasts there are various charts, and it might be rash to indicate a preference. For the present pur. pose it will be sufficient to commemorate a few others.

Arrowsmith's chart of the Pacific 9 sh. And of the Asiatic islands, 4 sh. The Indian ocean, 4 sh. The South sea Pilot, 28 sh.

Mr. Faden has also published several charts of great reputation, as:

Parts of the Bailie, 1802, from Nordenanker and Wybe. Gulf of Finland, by Captain Goff, 1785, 4 sh. Gulf of Florida; Windward passage; Malespina's coast of South America, 1802; Gulf of St. Lawrence, 4 sh. Coasts of Labrador and Newfoundl md, by Lane; Bay of Brest, &c. 1802: with several by La Rochette, drawn from the best materials.

Some valuable charts have been published by Laurie and Whittle, successors to Mr. Sayer; and by others, such as Steel, Moore, Mount and Davidson, Gilbert, Heather, &c. whose reputation can only be justly estimated by seafaring men. Even in a small collection the charts of several islands, as th« Azores, the Bermudas, the Canaries, &c. will be found interesting.

The coasts of Spain, published at Madrid, 1798, by Tofino, may be considered as an accession to European geography; and the same

astronomer has given charts of some parts of Barbary.

These hints may suffice for the geographical student, but it may be added, under this department, that there are several voyages, chiefly published in France, professedly undertaken for the purpose of improving astronomy and geography: such are the voyages of Bouguer, 1749; Chabart, 1753; Courtanvaux, 1768; Cassini, 1770;* but particularly the Voyage par orJre du Hoi, by De la Crenne, Borda, and Pingré, Paris, 1778, 2 vols. 4to. abounding with important observations, which have radically improved the geography of several countries. The voyage of Kerguelen to Iceland, Greenland, Shetland, Norway, &c. Paris, 1771, or Amst. 1772, 4to. may also be mentioned in this class.

It is to be wished that travellers, instead of overwhelming us with ridiculous voyages to the Levant, would examine the geography of such countries as are little known, in which case they would contribute infinitely more to the stores of modern knowledge.

These few observations on hydrography may be considered as introductory to a brief list of the circumnavigations, and more general voyages, which cannot well be arranged under particular countries.

The voyage of Magalhaens round the world was the first, for it would be ungenerous to deny the title, because that great navigator was slain in the Philippines. Pigafetta, who accompanied Magalhaens, drew

up an account of this memorable voyage in Italian, which has recently been published in a splendid manner. But for general use the French translation, Paris, an. 9, 8vn. will be found iateresting.

The voyages of Sir Francis Drake, London, 1653, 4to.

Dampier's voyages round the world, London, 1729, 4 vols. 8vo. including Wager's voyage.

Gemeli Carreri's voyage round the world, Naples, 1699, 6 vols. He was a lawyer, and left his country from some domestic uneasiness. That he really performed this voyage seems now admitted; but the book is trifling, and a voyage round the world is no longer a matter of wonder.

Anson's voyage round the world. Cook's voyages, with those of Dixon, Portlock, Vancouver, Bougainville, La Perouse, Sec

To enumerate the collections of voyages would be infinite. The French Histoire General des Voyages is more amusing than accurate, and cannot admit of quotation or reference, as the originals must be consulted. The Novus Orbia of Grynxus is the oldest collection; which was followed by those of Ramusio, Hakluyt, and Purchas. Bergeron's curious collection appeared 1630, 8c. 8vo. reprinted at Leyden, 1742, 2 vols. 4to. In 166J Thcvenot published his first volume, which was followed by two others. Ray's collection, 1693. 8vo. Harris's collection appeared in 1705, 2 vols. fol. being a good general history of voyages: it was afterwards improved by Dr.

Campbell, 2 vols. fbl. 1744. 1748. Stevens's collection of translations, 2 vols. 4to. 1711. Voyages from the Harleian Library, 2 vols. fol. 1745. Churchill's collection, 6 vols, fol. 1752, new edit. Astley's collection, 4 thick vols, in 4to. rare and valuable, 1745; the editor is called Green in some catalogues, certainly a man of great learning and industry. De Brosses Navigations aux Terres Australes, Paris, 1756. 2 vols. 4to. translated by Callander, Edin. 1766, 3 vols. 8vo.

There are several modern English collections; by Salmon, 2 vols. foX. 1755. Guthrie, 7 vols. 8vo. 1767, &c. Those by Hawkesworth and Dalrymple are in superior estimation. To which may be added the recent collections by Dr. Mavor. In German is the Sammlung, &c. a collection of the best and newest travels, Berlin, 1765.....1782, 23 vols, large 8vo. In Spanish the Viagero Universal, already mentioned; but this last is rather a history of voyages..