cent., about 40 per cent. of the loss being between cover and can and 60 per cent. through the seams of the can. The loss between cover and can could be prevented only by adhesive tape made impervious with melted wax or paraffine. The employment of corks in glass jars or bottles did not afford a tight seal. Dipping the corks in melted wax or paraffine did not prevent loss of moisture owing to the heated air in the corks producing blow holes. A second dipping usually made the corks tight. Fruit jars sealed with a rubber ring and glass cover did not make a tight container. Glass jars with ground glass stoppers prevented drying out only when sealed with melted wax or paraffine. The objection against glass containers is the breakage during shipment. The only effective metal container is a seamless swaged can with cover sealed with adhesive impervious tape; the difficulty of the method is that of making a seamless can of sufficient size.

Diets of various birds and mammals: W. D. RICHARDSON.

The diets of various peoples in the light of the Vitamine doctrine: W. D. RICHARDSON.

The indispensability of milk in the adult diet: W. D. RICHARDSON.

DIVISION OF PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY

F. O. Taylor, Chairman
George D. Beal, Secretary

Cooperation in drug research: F. R. ELDRED. Simple physical and biological models with which to study the penetration and function of drugs: G. H. A. CLOWES.

Western poisonous plant investigations: 0. A. BEATH.

The U. S. P. assay for mercurial ointment: L. F. GABEL.

Alkaloids: M. H. WEBSTER. Alkaloids are the active principles of plants and decomposed animal matter. Research work on alkaloids is intimately connected with the development of synthetic pharmaceutical chemicals and laid the foundation stone upon which the whole structure of organic dyes has been built. Reference is made to the discovery of alkaloids resulting from the search for those principles which differentiate the physiological action of drugs. Practical problems in the isolation and purification are discussed, and an attempt is made to trace these difficulties to alkaloidal functions in plant metabolism. Yields obtained in manufacture are compared with U. S. P. processes and the status of alkaloidal drug assay is viewed

alongside the ideals sought for in all analytical methods and results.

The preparation of vitamine-activated fuller's earth: ATHERTON SEIDELL and R. R. WILLIAMS.

Further studies of the properties of the vitamine of brewers' yeast: R. R. WILLIAMS and ATHERTON SEIDELL.

Chloretone: trichlor tertiary butyl alcohol: H. C. HAMILTON.

Color standards for cottonseed oil: H. V. ARNY. A discussion of the classification of commercial cottonseed oil samples by color and the unsatisfactory character of the methods hitherto employed. A résumé of the work previously done by the author and his pupils on standardized colored fluids and their use in colorimetry. A report on the use of these fluids in matching the color of cottonseed oil: the conclusions being that prime white, choice summer yellow and off summer oils can be matched by proper blends of normal or half-normal acidulated ferric chloride solution, half-normal acidulated cobalt chloride solution and water: the exact figures being given in the paper.

DIVISION OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

I. K. Phelps, Chairman

R. A. Gortner, Vice-chairman and Secretary Capsaicin, the pungent principle of capsicum : E. K. NELSON. Oxidation of methyl capsaicin (formed by treating capsaicin with di-methyl sulphate), gives veratric acid. Hydrolysis of capsaicin gives vanillyl amine (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl-amine) and a decylenic acid. Capsaicin is found to be a condensation product of 4-hydroxy3-methoxy-benzyl-amine and a decylenic acid. The decylenic acid, when hydrogenated, does not produce normal capric acid but an isomer of capric acid.

The relation of the physical properties of organic compounds to their toxicity to insects: WILLIAM MOORE. The results of a series of experiments with a large number of different chemicals show that the toxicity to insects of the vapor of an or ganic compound is correlated with its volatility or boiling point. The reason for this relation is due to the fact that in general a saturated or nearly saturated atmosphere is required before the vapor can gain entrance to the insect. Such an atmosphere is obtained by the use of smaller quantities of chemicals with high boiling points or low volatility. The factor of penetration is sufficient to completely mask the true toxicity due to chemical

structure.

Studies of the chemotherapeutic type upon insecticides and fungicides: C. L. ALSBERG.

The absence of fat-soluble: A "vitamine" in glandular fats: A. D. EMMETT and G. O. LUROS. Fat extracted from the pancreas, thymus and suprarenal glands with acetone and ether was incorporated in a diet that was complete for normal growth in rats, except for the absence of the "fatsoluble A" accessory. Comparing the effect of these rations with that obtained with control group where a normal diet and one lacking in fatsoluble A were fed, it was found that none of the three glandular fats contained this accessory or "vitamine." The use of the desiccated thymus in the therapy of rickets would therefore seem to bear no relation to the presence of the fat-soluble A, as has been claimed by some.

The nutritive value of peanut and soy bean flours as supplements to wheat flour: C. O. JOHNS, A. J. FINKS and MABEL S. PAUL. Bread containing 75 per cent. wheat and 25 per cent. of peanut or soy bean flours, together with a suitable salt mixture and butter fat, produced normal growth when fed to albino rats. These diets contained approximately 18 per cent. of protein. Normal growth was also obtained when the total protein content of the diet was only 11 per cent. Controls were made by using wheat bread as the only source of protein and the growth was one third to two thirds normal, this diet containing 11 per cent. of protein. The investigation is still in progress.

A volumetric method for the detection and estimation of neutralizers in dairy products: L. W. FERRIS. By the use of picric acid and a standard hydrochloric acid solution the inorganic salts are separated from the milk proteins and the ratio of the alkalinity of these salts to the inorganic phosphoric acid is determined. This ratio is fairly constant for normal dairy products and is increased by the presence of neutralizers, the increase being in proportion to the amount of neutralizer present. The ratio is determined on samples of normal and neutralized products and a formula given for calculating the amount of neutralizer in a given sample.

Carbon monoxide-a respiration product of kelp: SETH C. LANGDON. It was determined that the carbon monoxide in the floater of the Pacific Coast kelp, Nereocystis luelkeana, is a by-product of respiration and not an intermediate step in photosynthesis. This was accomplished by substituting gases of known composition for those nor

mally present in the kelp and then by analysis noting any change in composition. Carbon monoxide was formed only when oxygen was present in the substituted gas. It was formed both in the light and in the dark. Carbon monoxide was not formed within plants which had been killed nor was it formed when macerated kelp is allowed to decompose or undergo autolysis. This formation of carbon monoxide within a living plant is unique. The effect of X-rays on the length of life of Tribolium confusum: WHEELER P. DAVEY.

The occurrence of gossypol in different varieties of Cottonseed: C. L. ALSBERG, E. W. SCHWARTZE and E. T. WHERRY.

Criticism of the Eckert method of determining nitrogen by the Kjeldahl method in nitro derivatives: I. K. PHELPS.

A discussion of the accuracy of the determination of nitrogen in organic substances by the Kjeldahl method: I. K. PHELPS.

The

Do mold spores contain enzymes? (By title.) NICHOLAS KOPELOFF and LILLIAN KOPELOFF. query "Do mold spores contain enzymes'' has been answered in the affirmative by the experimental data herein presented. The spores of Aspergillus niger heated to 63° C. for 30 minutes and shaken with sterile sand, caused a decrease in polarization and in increase in reducing sugars in a 10 per cent. sterile solution in 3 hours, and continued the same changes throughout the 4-day incubation at 45° C. These results were corroborated when a 20 per cent. sugar solution was similarly inoculated. Spores heated to 100° C. caused no change (neither did an inoculation with sterile distilled water) proving that the activity mentioned above was enzymatic in nature. The enzyme present exhibited activities identical with invertase, consequently the spores of Aspergillus niger contain invertase. Among the practical applications of this phenomenon the deterioration of manufactured cane sugar and certain transformations in the soil are especially significant.

The influence of ammonium hydroxide on the oxidation of acetone and on the acetone yield from the oxidation of butyric acid (by title): EDGAR J. WILTZEMANN.

The biological test for determining the fertilizer needs of a particular soil or crop: R. P. HIBBARD and S. GUSHBERG.

The quantity and composition of ewes' milk: its relation to the growth of lambs (by title): RAY E. NEIDIG.

An experimental study upon the impregnation of cloth with pediculicocidal substances: W. MOORE

and A. D. HIRSCHFELDER. Substances were tested by placing 1 gram on a piece of underwear cloth 6 x 8 cm. and wearing next to the skin. Small strips were cut off every 12 hours and placed in a glass vessel with lice and eggs. When 100 per cent. were killed in 24 hours the substance was regarded as active. Of 170 substances previously tested cresol was found to be the best, but killing properties lasted only 24 hours when worn. Mono-, di- and tribrom cresols were prepared. Dibrommeta cresol was active for 10 days and dichlor monobrom meta cresol for 13 days and the sodium salts of tribrominated crude cresol lasted 15 days. These outlasted any substances thus far used in practise.

ORGANIC DIVISION

Lauder W. Jones, Chairman

H. L. Fisher, Secretary

The use of sulfur chlorides and chlorine for the production of organic acid chlorides from organic acids: ROGER ADAMS.

Synthesis of chlorine derivatives, III.: R. R. RENSHAW and C. E. GREENLAW.

Trimethyl phosphine and certain of its derivatives: R. R. RENSHAW and F. K. BELL.

Trimethyl arsine and its selenide: R. R. RENSHAW and G. E. HOLM.

Phenylimido phosgene and some reactions of formanilide: W. LEE LEWIS and G. A. PERKINS. Phenylimido phosgene was prepared in 95 per cent. yields from thiocarbanilide by chlorinating in carbon disulphide or carbon tetrachloride solution. Phenylimido phosgene itself may be used as a solvent for the thiocarbanilide on chlorinating. No difficulty was experienced with ring chlorination and Nef's method of adding water to the reaction mixture before purification was found unnecessary. With a view to obtaining phenylimido phosgene from formanilide, it was found that chlorination in the presence of sulphur chlorides led to the formation of 2-4 di-chlor formanilide. In the presence of thionyl chloride chlorination of formanilide yields phenylamido chloroform. The ammono-carbonous and ammono-carbonic acids: E. C. FRANKLIN.

The reaction between dimethyl sulfate and benzene: OLIVER KAMM and S. D. KIRKPATRICK.

Contribution to the study of the relationship between chemical constitution and physiological action: OLIVER KAMM.

A study of some of the carbohydrates of the corn cob: R. R. RENSHAW and W. J. SUER.

The occurrence of melezitose in honey: C. S. HUDSON and S. F. SHERWOOD.

The chemistry of electrical insulators: H. C. P. WEBER.

The estimation of mercaptans: R. L. KRAMER and E. EMMET REID.

Alcoholysis as a factor in the determination of saponification values: A. M. PARDEE and E. EMMET REID.

1, 2-dicholoroether: E. A. WILDMAN and HAROLD GRAY. In the preparation of 1, 2-dichloroether by direct chlorination of ether it has been found that the process may be readily carried out if two precautions are observed: (1) In order to prevent the material catching fire spontaneously the ether must be at first cooled with an ice and water bath and the chlorine passed in very slowly. (2) To facilitate the escape of the hydrogen chloride formed in the reaction it is practically essential to agitate the mixture violently. Otherwise it tends to accumulate and then suddenly escape with sufficient violence to blow the contents out of the flask.

Aromatic ethers: J. M. JOHLIN. This paper outlines new methods for making aromatic ethers which are symmetrical, and for certain non-symmetrical aromatic ethers which have not been made heretofore.

THE AIRPLANE IN SURVEYING AND MAPPING

THE airplane, while not a product of the war, owes its present prominent place to the war, and but for the war its development would have been retarded many years. It had few practical uses from the time the Wright brothers first flew their machine at Fort Myer, Va., in 1909 until 1914. It was a plaything to amuse the holiday crowd.

The war changed this situation. The allies and the central powers almost immediately saw the great importance of the airplane in battle and the best brains and energy of the warring nations were given to the problem of making the airplane perform what a few years ago would have been considered miraculous things.

War planes were made for various purposes, which I need not enumerate. But the most important thing done from the airplane was photographing the enemies' lines to obtain many kinds of military information, such as positions of batteries and ammunition dumps, changes in trench systems, troop movements, etc.

The same methods, with some modifications, are now being considered in connection with the mapping of extensive areas by various organizations of this country. In fact, some work has already been done and experiments are being carried on which promise excellent results.

There is so much misinformation regarding surveys and maps, that it seems appropriate for me, as the head of the oldest map-making bureau of the government, to present the mapping situation to this congress, both for your information and as a matter of record.

Surveying and mapping have long histories and the development of the methods now employed took centuries. But the method of airplane surveying has developed like a mushroom. To what extent is it applicable to our needs? This I shall endeavor to show.

In collecting data for a map those surveying methods must be adopted in any particular case that suit the requirements. If one should wish only a route map running from one village to another, it would be perfectly satisfactory to use a compass for direction and the pacing of a horse or the readings of an odometer on a wheel for the distance between the two points. But maps are usually not so simple as that.

TYPES OF MAPS

There are several types of high grade maps needed in this country. One must be made along the coasts to show the location of the actual shore line and the character of the ground immediately back of the coast in order that the navigator may be able to locate himself from topographic features along the shore, should he be driven off his course during a storm. In addition the depths of the water and all obstructions to navigation must be indicated on this map or chart, and the elevation and shape of the ground on islands and near the shore line must be shown by contours.

A second class consists of maps on which the features other than elevations are shown in their correct horizontal positions. This type of map would be practically the same as the third type where the area covered is very level like the coastal plain of Louisiana.

The third class covers maps of the interior or of large islands on which all features, cultural and natural, are located in their proper horizontal positions and contours are shown to give the elevations of the ground and the shape of the hills, ridges, valleys, etc. would be used by engineers in laying out railroads and highways, and in conducting various classes of engineering work.

This map

These three classes of maps are the ones in which we are most directly interested.

The map which shows the horizontal positions of cultural and natural features on the surface of the earth, but no contours, can be made more rapidly than the one which requires contouring. All that is needed in the former case is some method of obtaining the direction and distance between each two fea

tures in the area to be surveyed. The usual method of making such a map is by compass and chain, transit and tape, transit and stadia, or by the plane table. These methods are all very closely allied and such accuracy as may be demanded may be obtained by varying the methods used.

MAPS CONTROLLED BY FIXED POINTS

In any event there must be within the area to be surveyed, if it is a large one, a number of control stations. These control stations consist of triangulation stations placed on the highest parts of the ground or traverse stations along the roads, accurately located in latitude and longitude and accurately and substantially marked with concrete or rock in order that they may be recovered and identified by the surveyors or engineers who may wish to see them.

There are now many thousands of such stations in the United States, established principally by the Coast and Geodetic Survey, available for the fundamental control of surveys and maps. From these stations control of the same or of a lower grade of accuracy may be extended in any direction for the immediate control of topographic maps.

OVERLAPS, GAPS AND OFFSETS TO BE AVOIDED It is readily seen that without the fundamental control, which extends over the whole area of the United States, there would be great confusion. If the control in any one state is not properly coordinated and correlated with that of any other state near it, the result will be that when different topographic surveys and maps are joined there will be overlaps, gaps and offsets which cause no end of trouble and confusion to the cartographer and map maker. When there is a single system of control for the whole country we avoid this unfortunate condition.

3,000,000 SQUARE MILES, LESS THAN ONE HALF

MAPPED

There is to-day only about 40 per cent. of the 3,000,000 square miles of the United States mapped both as to horizontal positions of the