pletion in 1884. Under the style of director, Sir William Flower succeeded Sir Richard Owen, and he retired in 1898. For the next decade Sir E. Ray Lankester was director, and he was followed by Sir Lazarus Fletcher early in 1910.

DR. J. D. FALCONER, lecturer in geography in Glasgow University, has been granted further leave of absence in order that he may act at the first director of the Geological Survey of Nigeria.

UNIVERSITY AND EDUCATIONAL

NEWS

A GIFT of $50,000 from Lieutenant Howard H. Spaulding, has been made for the physiological laboratory building fund of Yale University. The principle of this fund may be used by the university at any time in its discretion for the construction of a physiological laboratory and meanwhile the income is to be used annually in meeting the expenses of the department of physiology.

MR. GEORGE BONAR, president of the Dundee Chamber of Commerce, has given £25,000 for commercial education in University College, Dundee.

THE Royal Edinburgh Asylum for the Insane has offered an endowment of £10,000 towards a chair of mental diseases in the University of Edinburgh.

PLANS for the introduction of a course on public health and industrial medicine in the college of medicine of the university of Cincinnati are being made by Dean C. R. Holmes. The course has the support of the United States Public Health Service and it is planned to conduct it on the cooperative basis somewhat like that used in the college of engineering.

PROFESSOR HAL W. MOSELEY has been promoted to be associate professor of chemistry in Tulane University, New Orleans, La.

PROFESSOR E. O. HEUSE, formerly instructor in physical chemistry at the University of Illinois, and later professor of chemistry at Monmouth College, Monmouth, Ill., has been

appointed professor of chemistry and head of the department at Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas.

DISCUSSION AND CORRESPONDENCE

APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY

TO THE EDITOR OF SCIENCE: At the close of his interesting address on "Scientific Personnel Work in the Army," Professor Thorndike remarks: "Making psychology for business or industry or the army is harder than making psychology for other psychologists, and intrinsically requires higher talents." It is well that a man should believe whole-heartedly in his own work and magnify it accordingly. But it is a pity to draw comparisons of this sort.

con

Reduced to its lowest terms, Professor Thorndike's question is: Which is the harder taskmaster, one's employer or one's science? And he decides unequivocally in favor of the employer. I should rather say: It depends! For Professor Thorndike, the employer is a creature of iron, who demands an adequate solution of a given problem by a fixed and early date, and who has no grain of sympathy with unsuccessful work and the unsuccessful worker. It is possible, however, that the employer might extend the date: even if he had not the good will, he might be obliged to. It is possible also that he might sympathize with the unsuccessful work, enter into it, and find in it something worthy of commendation and even of publication. Conscience, on the other hand, is for Professor Thorndike an easy mistress; she allows you yourself to ask the questions for which you proceed to find answers. That sort of conscience seems to me to pertain to the dilettante rather than to the man of science. To the scientific investigator the whole front of his science is one great problem, and he plunges in where the obscurity is thickest. He may hesitate between two or three calls: experimental psychologists have, in recent years, been divided on the question whether the problem of perception or the problem of thought is the more insistent: but Professor Thorn

dike's notion of "ten thousand" possible directions of activity is pure illusion.

The relations of pure and applied sciencenot that I like those terms-are extraordinarily complex. No one, so far as I know, has ever worked them out with the fulness the subject deserves. It lies on the surface, however, that applied science furnishes its counterpart with a vast number of appliances and procedures which represent standardizations and short-cuts of method, and that pure science on its side furnishes applied science with ideas. If anyone doubts the latter part of this statement, I refer him to the address by my colleague, Professor Nichols, printed in SCIENCE of January 1, 1909. There are, in point of fact, all manner of mutual depend

ences and mutual relations, and there is no clean-cut antithesis of conscience and employer.

I believe very strenuously in pure science. But I think I see that there is no end of work to be done on both sides of the line that Professor Thorndike draws. I wish him more power to his elbow; and I wish him graduate students as talented, ingenious, adaptable and persistent as our colleges can provide. Only I think it foolish to tell these students how superior they are to their fellowstudents in the other field: because-apart from the question of fact-they will do better work in a spirit of humility. Surely there is enough downright, sweating labor for all of us, and surely it is waste of time to argue about priority of talent.

E. B. TITCHENER

THE PUBLICATION OF ISIS

TO THE EDITOR OF SCIENCE: The publication of Isis, an international quarterly devoted to the history and philosophy of science, was brutally interrupted in 1914 by the German invasion of Belgium. As I have no direct way of reaching all those who at that time had subscribed to Volumes II. and III., I would be grateful to you if you would kindly insert this account of the future projects of the journal.

The sixth part of Isis was in the press in Brussels when war broke out. It will appear

as soon as circumstances permit, but I fear this will not be until next autumn. The publication of Volume III., however, will take place soon after, perhaps in 1919, but at the latest in the early part of 1920. The undertaking in its original form met with encouraging support from many quarters; I may be permitted to mention for example that it is for my work in connection with it that the Prix Binoux was awarded to me by the Académie des Sciences of Paris in December, 1915. Yet after four years of work and thought the weaknesses of Isis are very obvious to me and I shall endeavor to correct them. Of course, the latter part of Volume II., as well as Volume III., which had already been prepared for publication in 1914, will not greatly differ from

1

Volume I. But from Volume IV. onward considerable changes will be made. It is my ambition to make Isis the main center of information in all matters pertaining to the history and philosophy of science and the international organ of New Humanism.1

Some of the features which I propose to introduce are as follows:

Instead of publishing in four languages an effort will be made to use only French and English-chiefly, and perhaps exclusively, the latter. Articles written in other languages will be translated into English. More illustrations will be added and will consist mainly of portraits, facsimiles of manuscripts and of rare books. The bibliographical section will contain a larger number of short critical notes. Moreover, from Volume III. or IV. onward I hope to share the editorial responsibilities with other scientists, chiefly with Dr. Charles Singer, of Exeter College, Oxford, who is known as a historian of medicine and a medieval scholar.

The new Isis will only publish shorter articles. The longer and more monographic ones would be included in Singer's Studies in the

1 Those who are not already acquainted with this movement to humanize science and to show its relationship to all other aspects of human life and thought, will find an explanation of it in Scientia, Bologna, March, 1918, or in the Scientific Monthly, New York, September, 1918.

History and Method of Science. The first .volume of this work was issued by the Oxford University Press in 1917. I understand that the second volume is now ready for the press and Dr. Singer tells me that he hopes to share with me the editorial responsibilities of the third and succeeding volumes. Thus, Isis and the Studies would be supplementary one to the other, and between them would provide suitable outlet for new work on the history and philosophy of science.

GEORGE SARTON CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASHINGTON

A STEADY CALENDAR

If

TO THE EDITOR OF SCIENCE: The interruption of our recent scientific meetings by the coming of Sunday in the middle of the (Christmas) week-a reputed impossibility that happens every five or six years-is one of the many inconveniences that we half-consciously endure as the result of inheriting a varying calendar from the unscientific past. in adopting any one of the many improved calendars that have been proposed, we should annually sacrifice upon the altar of reason a single day in ordinary years and two days in leap years, as extra days without week-day names, then Christmas and New Years would always fall on the same day of the week; and by waiting to begin the sacrifice until those holidays come on a Saturday or a Monday, the scientific meetings of the last five days of the year, which have become so well established among us, would never thereafter be broken in half by an interrupting Sunday. Home celebrations and scientific meetings would both profit by the change. How can we best bring it about?

CAMBRIDGE, MASS., January 4, 1919

W. M. DAVIS

SCIENTIFIC BOOKS Forced Movements, Tropisms and Animal Conduct. By J. LOEB. Philadelphia. 1918. Pp. 209, 42 figs.

The scope and character of this volume are in large part explained by the fact that it is

offered as one of a series of monographs in which it is proposed to cover the field of recent developments in biology. The announced titles of the volumes scheduled to follow this first number deal, not so much with rational divisions of the science, as with those particular phases of physiology that have been the subjects of investigation at the hands of the respective writers. This general plan, already justified by its success in the treatment of modern advances in physical and biological chemistry, and in human physiology, necessarily results in a less closely coordinated system of monographs when applied to physiology proper the latest of the sciences to acquire a realization of the analytical significance of quantitative methods of thought.

The first volume of the proposed series, then, endeavors to present within the space of some 170 pages a concise statement of the theory of tropisms, their origin in forced movements under various forms of activation, and their importance for the analysis of animal conduct, including that of Homo. Much of the matter discussed is, of course, no longer new; about half the content of the book is already familiar from the author's similar article in Winterstein's "Handbuch," and other publications; but as a compact, clear, and characteristically vigorous statement of the essential quantitative data upon which the tropism doctrine now rests, the book is welcome and in the main satisfying. In the introductory section it is pointed out that tropistic phenomena, depending upon the orientations of the animal as a whole, rather than the segmental reflexes, must be made the starting point for the analysis of conduct; that these tropistic orientations must first be studied in the behavior of bilateral animals; and that the key to the understanding of tropisms lies in forced movements initiated through differential tensions in symmetrical contractile elements of the body, not in the distinction of "pleasure" from "pain." It is only on such a basis, so far as we know, that quantitative laws may be deduced adequate for the description of behavior. This procedure is illustrated partic

Geotectonic adaptation through retardation of the earth's rotation: CHARLES R. KEYES. (Read by title.)

Late Mississippian orogenic movements in North America: FRANCIS M. VAN TUYL and RAYMOND C. MOORE. (Read by title.)

Post-glacial uplift of the New England coastal region: HERMAN L. FAIRCHILD. (Read by title.) Topographic features of the Hudson Valley and the question of post-glacial marine waters in the Hudson-Champlain Valley: JAMES H. STOLLER. Subterranean "chalk-streams' of northern France: EDWARD MOORE BURWASH. (Read by title.)

The relative efficiency of normative and modal classifications of igneous rocks: EDWARD B. MATHEWS.

Pegmatite, silexite and aplite dikes of northern New York: WILLIAM J. MILLER.

Magnetic iron ore deposits of Clinton County, New York: WILLIAM J. MILLER.

High grade clays of the United States: H. RIES. Occurrence and origin of white clays at Saylorsburg, Monroe County, Pa.: F. B. PECK. (Read by title.)

Oil geology in relation to valuation: RALPH ARNOLD. (Read by title.)

Rock products and the war: G. F. LOUGHLIN. Manganese ore as a war mineral: D. F. HEWETT. World view of mineral wealth: JOSEPH B. UMPLEBY.

Internationalization of mineral resources: C. K.

LEITH.

Commercial control of the mineral resources of the world: JOSIAH E. SPURR.

The economic limits to domestic independence in minerals: GEORGE O. SMITH. Imperial Mineral Resources Bureau, London, England: WILLET G. MILLER. (Read by title.) Some problems of international readjustment of mineral supplies as indicated in recent foreign literature: ELEANORA F. BLISS. (Introduced by C. K. Leith.)

War time development of the optical industry: F. E. WRIGHT.

Geologic and present climates: MARSDEN MANSON.

(Introduced by E. O. Hovey.) (Read by title.) Conditions of deposition of some Tertiary petroliferous sediments: AMADEUS W. GRABAU. (Read by title.)

Phosphate rock an economic army: R. W. STONE. Prevailing stratigraphic relationships of the bedded phosphate deposits of Europe, North Africa and North America: AMADEUS W. GRABAU. (Read by title.)

Principles in the determination of boundaries: A. P. BRIGHAM.

Geographic descriptions of army cantonments and of United States boundary regions: M. R. CAMPBELL. (Read by title.)

The Signal Corps school of meteorology: OLIVER L. FASSIG. (Introduced by N. M. Fenneman.) The American topographer in the rôle of artillery orientation officer: F. E. MATTHES.

A method of aerial topographic mapping: FRED H. MOFFIT.

Mexican petroleum and the war: E. W. SHAW. (Read by title.)

American mapping in France: GLENN S. SMITH. Military mapping-a plane table: ALAN BATEMAN. (Read by title.) \

The sand chrome deposits of Maryland: JOSEPH T. SINGEWALD, Jr.

The Cartersville potash slates, their economic relation to chemical and industrial post-war development: T. POOLE MAYNARD. (Read by title.)

The anticlinal theory as applied to some quicksilver deposits: JOHAN A. UDDEN.

Crystalline graphite deposits of Alabama: WILLIAM F. PROUTY. (Read by title.)

Evidence as to the age of the semi-crystalline and crystalline rocks: WILLIAM F. PROUTY. (Read by title.)

Contributions to the origin of dolomite: W. A. TARR. (Read by title.)

The magnesite industry: R. W. STONE.

Although the number in attendance at the meeting of the society was not as great as at some of the eastern meetings there were about one hundred and twenty-five members and guests registered. The papers presented were interesting and valuable, and the days were crowded with events.

Luncheon was secured each day, together with the American Association for the Advancement of Science and other affiliated societies, in the Machinery Hall of the university.

Friday evening was occupied with the subscription smoker at which was held a round table discussion, presided over by Professor Bailey Willis, "Cooperation in Geological Instruction" led by Professor Herbert E. Gregory and participated in by Professors George F. Kay, Charles P. Berkey, J. C. Merriam and William M. Davis.

on

The annual dinner of the society held jointly with the Paleontological Society and the Association of American Geographers was held, under the chairmanship of President Whitman Cross, at the Southern Hotel on the evening of Saturday. Ad