ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA

A

DICTIONARY

OF

ARTS, SCIENCES, LITERATURE AND GENERAL

INFORMATION

ELEVENTH EDITION

VOLUME VII

CONSTANTINE PAVLOVICH to DEMIDOV

NEW YORK

THE ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA COMPANY

1910

Ref
AE
5

•E36
1910a
V.7

Copyright, in the United States of America, 1910,

by

The Encyclopædia Britannica Company.

INITIALS USED IN VOLUME VII. TO IDENTIFY INDIVIDUAL

CONTRIBUTORS, WITH THE HEADINGS OF THE

ARTICLES IN THIS VOLUME SO SIGNED.

A. B. F. Y

A. Bo.

ALEXANDER BELL FILSON YOUNG.

Formerly Editor of the Outlook. Author of Christopher Columbus; Master-singers; Dance (in part).
The Complete Motorist; Wagner Stories; &c.

A. Ca.

A.E. J.

A. F. P.

A. G.

A. Go.

A. H. J. G.

A. E. P.

A. J. B.

A. J. B.

A. J. E.

A. L

A. Mv.

Curia Romana;

Curve (in part).

{

Vicar of Halifax and Prebendary of Lichfield. Author of An Introduction to the Creeds.
Creeds and the Te Deum; Niceta of Remesiana; &c.

ARTHUR ERNEST JOLLIFFE, M.A.

Fellow of, and Tutor and Mathematical Lecturer at, Corpus Christi College, Oxford. Continued Fractions.
Senior Mathematical Scholar, 1892.

ALBERT FREDERICK POLLARD, M.A., F.R.HIST.Soc.

Fellow of All Souls' College, Oxford. Professor of English History in the University
of London. Assistant Editor of the Dictionary of National Biography, 1893-1901.
Author of England under the Protector Somerset; Life of Thomas Cranmer; &c.
MAJOR ARTHUR GEORGE FREDERICK GRIFFITHS (d. 1908).

H.M. Inspector of Prisons, 1878-1896. Author of The Chronicles of Newgate;
Secrets of the Prison House; &c.

Chaplain, Oxford Diocesan Mission to the Deaf and Dumb. Late Normal Fellow,
National Deaf Mute College, Washington, U.S.A. Author of The Mental Develop Deaf and Dumb.
ment of the Orally and Manually taught Deaf; The Pure Oral Method of necessity a
Comparative Failure; &c.

ALFRED JOSHUA BUTLER, M.A., D.LITT.

Fellow and Bursar of Brasenose College, Oxford. Fellow of Eton College. Author Copts: The Coptic Church. of The Ancient Coptic Churches of Egypt; The Arab Conquest of Egypt; &c.

ARTHUR JOHN BUTLER, M.A. (1844-1910).

Formerly Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, and Professor of Italian Language Dante.

and Literature, University College, London. Author of a prose translation of
Dante's Divine Comedy; Dante and his Times; &c.

ARTHUR JOHN EVANS, M.A., D.LITT., LL.D., F.R.S., F.S.A.

Fellow of Brasenose College, Oxford. Keeper of Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, 1884-
1908. Hon. Keeper since 1908. Made archaeological discoveries in Crete, 1893:
excavated the Palace of Knossos. Author of Through Bosnia on Fool; Crelan
Pictographs and Prae-Phoenician Script; and other works on archaeology.