inventor shall reside in England at the time of making application; but it is not necessary that his discovery shall have been made in the kingdom. His right to a patent is not impaired if the invention be established on discoveries communicated to him from abroad. No description or specification is required when application is preferred; neither is it essential that the patentee shall practise his invention. England, Ireland, and Scotland, in respect to patents, constitute three distinct kingdoms; and in order to secure a right in all, a separate patent must be obtained for each. If, however, within seven* months after a patent issues, the inventor does not enroll a full specification of his invention in the Court of Chancery, all the privileges it grants are rendered null by a rule of law in force. Patent fees amount as follows: England, $532.40; Scotland, $387.20; Ireland, $653.40; making a total of $1.573. Additional charges are made, in certain cases, which increase the cost of obtaining a patent $30 to $90. The outrage upon Ireland, in thus virtually depriving it of labour-saving discoveries, may be readily explained. England prefers to monopolize the manufacturing industry of the United Kingdom, and chooses that Ireland shall confine itself to the drudgery of the soil.

FRANCE. In the continental states of Europe,

The Lord Chancellor has extended to seven months the time allowed (formerly six months) to patentees to file their specifica tions. [Re Simpson, 21 L. T. Rep., 81.]

full specifications, as in this country, must accompany the application. In some, prolongations and extensions are allowed; but if the invention has been patented outside the dominions, the patent usually terminates with the period for which it was originally issued. French patents are granted for five, ten, or fifteen years, at the option of the applicant; but no applications for extension are entertained by the official bureau. Drawings and copies of the specification must accompany the application for a patent, and a power of attorney be furnished when one party is designated to act for another. Certificates of addition are granted for improvements; but the patent itself expires with the period originally specified. It is required also that the article patented shall be brought into operation within two years from the date of the patent, or otherwise it is proscribed in law. The charges are for a patent for ten years, $196; for fifteen years, $294, payable in advance in annual instalments of $19.60.

BELGIUM.-Patents are granted in Belgium for five, ten, or fifteen years, at the option of the inventor; but no prolongation for any period is allowed. The charges are, respectively, $62.92, $125.84, and $246.84. Two sets of drawings and two copies of the specification must accompany the demand, and a power of attorney be conferred, as in France. If the patent be one of importation, the agent must have the name of the foreign patentee, the exact date, the title, and the number

of years for which it has been granted. Patents of addition can be obtained, the charge for which consists only of the stamp fees, which are trifling. Belgian patents are required to be put in operation within two years after their date, unless a prolongation of the term has been granted, which is sometimes done, when sufficient cause therefor can be shown. A Belgian patent, however, becomes void, if, after obtaining it at home, the inventor or patentee takes out a patent in another country in his own name.

HOLLAND. The patent laws and practice in Holland are essentially the same as those of Belgium. While in the latter it is not arbitrarily necessary that the application shall be made in the language of the country, in Holland it is.

AUSTRIA.-Patents are granted in Austria for one or fifteen years, or for any intermediate number of years. Prolongations are authorized, but patents of addition are not granted. A patent for one year costs 25 florins; for two years, 35 florins; for ten years, 190 florins; for fifteen years, 440 florins. A florin is worth about twenty-five cents of our money; so that a patent for one year costs $6.50, and for fifteen years, $110.00. Payments are demanded at the time of making application; and an annual tax is required to be paid of $4.84. One set of drawings, and one copy of the specification in German, must be deposited, and a power of attorney furnished. Unless the annual tax be paid regularly, the patent becomes

void if not put in operation within the year next ensuing after its date.

PRUSSIA. The term of a patent in Prussia is at the option of the government, and not the inventor; but the usual time for which they are granted is eight years. The cost is nominalrarely exceeding, all fees included, five dollars. One set of drawings, and one specification in German, are demanded, and the patent must issue in the name of a resident, whom the agent will provide, if requested. It is expedient that the patent shall go into operation within six months thereafter; but the government is lenient in enforcing the rule.

RUSSIA. The Russian government grants patents of invention for ten years, but those of importation for periods ranging from one to six years, at the option of the applicant. Prolongations are not usually granted. The charges are:-for one year, $50; two years, $100; three years, $145; four years, $190; and so on in proportion to these rates. Drawings and specifications are required. No patent of addition is ever issued; so that additional improvements must be covered by additional patents. The government reserves the right to grant or refuse patents, and when granted, they must be put in operation within six months thereafter.

BAVARIA.-Bavaria allows patents from two to fifteen years, and prolongations at pleasure. The charges are not fixed by schedule, but relate to the character or nature of the invention. The average

charge is about eight dollars per annum. Drawings and a specification are necessary. Patents of improvement are not granted on the original; but new ones must be obtained, subject to the original fees. Two years is the period within which patents shall go into operation; and such instruments are granted, whether the applicant be a resident or not.

SAXONY.-The government of Saxony exercises its own discretion in limiting the term for which a patent shall issue. The ordinary papers are required to accompany the application, besides a statement setting forth whether the invention has been patented in any other country; and if so, the date of the patent, and the number of years it has to run. Patents of addition are not granted; but improvements on the original may be secured. The invention shall go into operation within one year of the date of the patent. The Patent Office fees average $5 or $50 according to circumstances.

WURTEMBURG.-The government does not grant patents of importation for a longer term than ten years, but the legislature may. Patents may be obtained for any period less than ten years, and subsequently prolonged, provided the application therefor is made six months before the expiration of the original. The government charges are $12.50 or $50.00, according to the nature of the invention, and its apparent utility; but payment is made in annual instalments, the first being re quired at the time of making application. The