OYSTER GREEN

other molluscs. There are six or eight widely scattered species, all recognized by their stout, brightly colored, compressed bills, and striking black and white plumage, whence the English name of sea pie. The American oyster catcher (H. palliatus) is about 18 in. long.

Oyster Green, marine algæ of the genus Ulva, also called GREEN LAVER and SEA LETTUCE. There are several species of Ulva common to both shores of the Atlantic, the most abundant on the U. S. coast being U. latissima and U. lactuca; from 3 in. to 2 ft. long, and 3 to 12 in. broad; very thin, smooth, and glassy, they appear like very fine bright green silk. The plants are common on oyster beds, and are frequently used by dealers to decorate their heaps of oysters. The plant is the most valuable seaweed for a salt-water aquarium, it being one of the few that will thrive and give off oxygen in the quiet waters of a marine tank.

Oyster Plant. See SALSIFY.
Oyster, Vegetable. See SALSIFY.

Ozark' Moun'tains, series of steep and heavily timbered ridges of S. Missouri, extending into Arkansas and the Indian Territory. They are nowhere of great elevation. They are believed to possess great mineral wealth.

Oze'na, disease of the nose, characterized by a discharge of fetid muco-purulent matter from the nostril. Any case of chronic catarrh of the nose may become ozena if the condition of the patient is depressed. It may depend

PACIFIC OCEAN

upon caries, and may be a symptom of cancer, syphilis, glanders, or scurvy. It often follows scarlatina, or even a severe cold. General tonic treatment, good food, and weak local disinfectants are indicated in simple ozena.

Ozocerite, or Ozokerite (ō-zō-se'rit), brownish-yellow, waxlike fossil resin found in bituminous sandstones. The largest deposits are in Moldavia and in Utah. In combination with India rubber, asbestos, etc., it is used to insulate electrical conductors.

O'zone, modification of oxygen which stands almost if not altogether alone in some respects. Modifications in the physical properties, but not in the substance of solid and liquid substances are common, but those of gaseous bodies are little known, ozone being the only one that has been at all studied. As in the case of all physical changes, when oxygen passes to the form of ozone there is found to be a change of volume. Ozone is formed when oxygen is submitted to various agents and operations. The electric spark and the slow oxidation of phosphorus are two of the most familiar. The that evolved from a mixture of sulphuric acid oxygen formed by electrolysis contains it; also and permanganate of potash. It is found in country and sea airs. It is always readily detectable, when masking odors are absent, by a singular and characteristic odor, which, once perceived, is always recognizable again. It possesses the properties of oxygen in an intensified degree and purifies air and water.

P, sixteenth letter and twelfth consonant of the English alphabet; is the leading or most prominent of the labial mutes; pronounced by closely compressing the lips until the breath is collected and then letting it issue. See ABBREVIATIONS.

Paca (pā'kä), William, 1740-99; American jurist; b. Wye Hall, Harford Co., Md.; became a lawyer at Annapolis, Md.; in Congress, 1774-79 and 1786; signed the Declaration of Independence; in state senate, 1777-79; chief justice of Maryland, 1778-80; chief justice of the state Court of Appeals for admiralty and prize cases, 1780-82; Governor of Maryland, 1782, 1786; in convention of 1788, which ratified the U. S. Constitution; U. S. district judge, 1789-99.

It

Paca (pä'kă), one of the largest of rodent mammals (Calogenys paca), native of S. and Central America; 2 ft. long and generally dark brown with streaks and patches of white. is destructive to sugar cane and other growing crops, burrows in the earth, and is remark ably cleanly in its habits. It is valued as food, but is usually very fat and oily. Its fur is worthless, but its thick skin makes a good

ciated with Malpighi in practice of medicine; made many original researches in anatomy, particularly on the brain and its membranes. His name is perpetuated in the glandula Pacchioni, small rounded bodies adhering to the membranes of the brain along the course of the great longitudinal fissure.

Pachyderma'ta (Greek, "thick skin "), name applied by Cuvier to an order containing the horses, tapirs, pigs, elephants, and related forms, including all nonruminating ungulates. The sea cows, and even the walrus, have been placed in this order," but the members of this heterogeneous group are now distributed in other orders.

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On the N. and E.

leather.

PACTOLUS

of the water surface of the globe; with its dependencies, 55,500,000, or two fifths. Its mean depth is 2,475 fathoms, and it contains about three sevenths of the water of the globe. Counting also the dependencies, the mean depth is 2,285 fathoms, and the ratio of volume five elevenths. The mean depth is also the general depth, three fourths of the bottom lying between the planes of 2,000 and 3,000 fathoms. The greatest known depth (1908) is 5,269 fathoms, 70 m. SE. of Guam. The parts lying N. and S. of the equator are called respectively the N. Pacific and the S. Pacific, and though the assumed dividing line is arbitrary, it coincides approximately with a natural division related to the system of currents. Each part has its own great eddy, set in motion by the planetary winds, and the reverse current which separates these lies but a few degrees N. of the equator.

In the N. Pacific a great current runs W. in the tropics, another great current E. in the temperate zone, and the circuit is completed by a S. current along the California coast and a N. current along the coasts of the Philip pine and Japanese islands. The heat-bearing N. current is known along the coast of Japan as the Kuro Siwa, and is the counterpart of that portion of the N. Atlantic circulation called the Gulf Stream. NE. of the principal eddy is a secondary eddy occupying the Gulf of Alaska. It follows the Alaskan coast from Charlotte Island N., W., and SW. to the vicinity of Unalaska, where it turns to the S. and E. A monsoon current, following the coast of Central America and S. Mexico, runs to the NW. in summer and is reversed in winter. The great eddy of the S. Pacific flows W. near the equator and E. in middle temperate latitudes, where it joins with the circumpolar eddy of the S. ocean and follows the S. American coast N. to Cape Blanco. The return S. current is divided by the islands into many streams, and a distinct eddy is recognized between Australia and New Zealand. This is not a reverse eddy, like that of the Alaskan Gulf, but turns from right to left like the great eddy with which it is associated.

The Pacific is distinguished by the abundance of islands, pelagic and continental. The pelagic, which are of great number, are of small extent, and are the summits of conical volcanic mountains built by submarine eruption from the bottom of the sea. Many of those lying within the tropics are capped or surrounded by coral reefs. The continental islands, containing not only volcanic but sedimentary rocks, are for the most part of greater extent and are grouped about the margin. The first Europeans to discover the Pacific were Balboa and his party, who in 1513 sighted it from the summit of the Isthmus of Darien. Magellan crossed it from E. to W., 1520-21.

Pacto'lus, small stream, barely 10 ft. wide and a foot deep, of Lydia, Asia Minor, which

flows from Mount Tmolus into the Hermus; formerly famous for the gold contained in its mud; was the mythical source of the wealth of Cræsus; but for many centuries no gold has been obtained here.

PÆDOGENESIS

Pad'dle Fish, popular name of a fish of the Mississippi basin; remarkable for having the nose prolonged into a thin, flat, bony, paddleshaped appendage, sometimes about as long as the body; scientific name, Polyodon spathula; called also spoonbill and duckbill catfish.

Paderewski (pä-dě-ref'skē), Ignace Jan, 1860

; Polish pianist; b. Podolia; began to play when three years old; when eighteen was atory; 1884 abandoned teaching; took a course nominated professor in the Warsaw Conservof three years' study at Vienna. He made his début as a professional pianist, 1887, in Vienna; beginning 1891, made several concert tours in the U. S.; composer of many pieces for the piano, including Minuet," "Dans le Desert," "Chants du Voyageur," "Danses Polonaises," etc, and of a successful opera,

"Manru."

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Padua (păd'u-ä), city of Italy; 23 m. W. by S. of Venice; on two branches of the Bacchiglione, just above their confluence with the Brenta; is a triangular inclosure, surrounded by a wall 81 m. in length. The municipal palace contains the Sala della Ragione, said to be the largest vaulted room in Europe. Padua was at one time one of the greatest educational centers of Europe. The university was founded in 1222, but the present buildings date from the close of the fifteenth century. It had in former times students from every part of Europe, their number at times exceeding 15,000. In 1908 it had 1,328 students and auditors. The university library, in the Palazzo del Capitanio, has about 140,000 volumes. The Church of St. Antony (1232-1307) is surmounted by seven cupolas, the center one of which is over the chapel containing the bones of St. Antony. At the beginning of the Christian era Padua was the largest and most prosperous town of N. Italy; was plundered by Alaric and Attila; suffered varying fortunes till it was conquered by Venice, 1405; was given to Austria, 1797, which held it, except 1805-14, till 1866, when it was united to the Kingdom of Italy. Pop. (1901) 82,281.

Padu'cah, capital of McCracken Co., Ky.; at junction of Ohio and Tennessee rivers; 48 m. NE. of Cairo; in a coal, iron, agricultural, and hardwood region; is principally engaged in manufacturing, agricultural, and river trade; contains U. S. Govt. building, Illinois Central Railroad Hospital, St. Mary's Academy (Roman Catholic), separate high schools for white and colored pupils, shipbuilding plant, extensive tobacco warehouses and factories, and manufactures of furniture and farming implements. Pop. (1906) est. at 22,464.

PÆSTUM

PAIN

Pæstum (pěs'tŭm), modern Italian, PESTO, ancient town of S. Italy; on the Gulf of Salerno; 40 m. SE. of Naples; originally a Greek colony from Sybaris, called Posidonia; was afterwards taken by the Lucanians, who named it Pastum; then by the Romans, and was finally burned by the Saracens in the ninth century. The ruined walls form a pentagon 3 m. in circumference; one of the E. gates still exists, and an old street of tombs is traceable beyond the ruins of another. Three very ancient Doric temples remain in a good state of preservation. The largest, that of Neptune, is pure in style, 196 ft. in length and 79 ft. in width, with a peristyle of 36 fluted columns.

Paez (pä-ěth'), Francisco, 1564-1620; Spanish Jesuit missionary; 1588 was sent from Goa to direct a mission in Abyssinia, and on the voyage he and a fellow missionary, Montserrat, were made prisoners by an Arab pirate and carried to Sana, capital of Yemen. There they passed seven years, and were ransomed 1596. In 1603 he reached Massowa, where he learned the native language, and met with such success that the Abyssinian King, Za-Denghel, wrote to the pope and to Philip III of Spain for more missionaries. Father Paez discovered the sources of the Abai, the E. upper branch of the Blue Nile.

Paganini (pä-gä-në'nē), Nicolo, 1784-1840; Italian violinist; b. Genoa; gave, when nine years old, his first public concert in his native city; was first violinist to the Princess Eliza of Lucca, sister of Napoleon; 1828-33 made a concert tour from Vienna through Germany, to Paris and London, astonishing everyone by his extraordinary playing; compositions, of which the Carnival of Venice" is one of the most famous, include a sonata, "Napoleon," composed for one string.

Pa'ganism, name for heathenism, now used as a general term including all polytheistic religions in opposition to Christianity, Judaism, and Mohammedanism; in the Middle Ages it also included Mohammedanism. In Germany it is also applied to tendencies within Christianity itself which are deemed polytheistic in their nature, such as the worship of the Virgin and the saints in the Roman Catholic Church. Pagès (pä-zhās'). See GARNIER-PAGÈS. Paget (păj'ét), Sir James, 1814-99; English surgeon; b. Yarmouth; 1836 became a member and, 1843, a fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons; assistant surgeon, surgeon, and consulting surgeon to St. Bartholomew's; surgeon to the Prince of Wales; vice chancellor of the Univ. of London; president of the Royal College of Surgeons; his "Lectures on Surgical Pathology" passed through many editions.

Pago'da, name applied to a great variety of towerlike, many-storied buildings in the E.

In

Pago Pago (pä'gō pä'gō). See PANGO PANGO. Pahlavi, or Pehlevi (pā'lā-vē), mediæval Persian of Sassanian times (226-651 A.D.); in a broader sense, Persian from the period of the Achæmenide to the rise of the modern language after the Mohammedan conquest. medieval Oriental literature the appellation Pahlavi, owing to the greatness of the Parthian sway, is sometimes extended to denote anything ancient Persian. The restricted usage, however, limiting the application of the name to the language and writings of the Sassanian Zoroastrians down to the ninth century is the more correct, and is in modern times the general one. The Pahlavi is preserved in the form of inscriptions and in a written literature about as extensive as the Old Testament, and extending between 226 A.D. and 881 A.D. It is indispensable for the study of Zoroastrianism. The language, though it is Persian, presents a strong non-Iranian appearance; there is a curious admixture of Semitic (Aramaic) words

and Iranian elements. One of the chief literary monuments of the language is the Pahlavi version of the Avesta.

Pailleron (pä-ye-rōn'), Edouard Jules Henri, 1834-99; French poet and dramatist; b. Paris; began life as a notary's clerk, but, 1860, appeared as an author with a volume of satiric verse, "Les Parasites," and a one-act comedy, "Le Parasite." He continued to write successfully for the theater, at first in verse, pro"Le Mur mitoducing, among other pieces, yen," ""Le Dernier Quartier," "Le Monde où l'on s'amuse," ""Les Faux Ménages," 99 66 Hélène," L'Âge ingrat." His greatest success made by Le monde où l'on s'ennuie." He was elected to the Academy, 1882.

66

was

it

Pain, sensation of discomfort caused by disturbances of the sensory nerves which cause overexcitement. Any of our sensations may become painful if the stimulus is sufficiently strong and prolonged; moderate light does not prove of discomfort to the normal eye, but if intense the pain may be severe. Pain may be caused by mechanical, thermal, chemical, electrical, or other means, but it is generally due to injuries, or to disorders of nutrition, or to inflammation. There are many varieties: may be sharp and shooting, as in neuralgias; sharp and intermittent, as in colic; sharp, severe, and constant, as in peritonitis; dull and gnawing, as in inflammation of the bowels; throbbing, as in toothache; burning, as in inflammations; pressing or boring, as headaches, etc. Some nerves are infinitely more sensitive than others. The exquisiteness of the pain when the nerves of the teeth or ear are affected is not equaled by that produced in any other part of the body. Irritation of a sensory nerve at any part gives rise to sensations of pain which are referred to the peripheral distribution of that nerve; thus people who have suffered the loss of arms or legs often experience pain just as though the sensations were

PAINE

actually coming from the parts that have long since been amputated; in such cases the cut ends of the nerves in the stump are excited, and the sensations thus produced are referred by the mind to the parts formerly supplied by their fibers.

Pain invariably indicates an abnormal condition, and it is one of the most potent means of nature to warn us of disordered states. Pain is relieved by various methods, the first and most important being the removal of the cause. The use of the hot-salt bag is often efficient in relieving toothache, pain in the els, etc.; cold is similarly but less successfully resorted to. The use of anesthetics, narcotics, etc., is dangerous, except in the hands of a phy

sician.

PAINTING

66

sylvania Magazine; published, January 10, 1776, his celebrated pamphlet Common Sense (120,000 copies were sold in the first three months), which advocated independence and a republican government. During the Revolutionary War Paine published The Crisis, a periodical which had great influence in maintaining the spirit of the army and of the people. He was secretary to the Committee of Foreign Affairs, 1777-79; dismissed and censured by Congress for revealing diplomatic secrets in a controversy with Silas Deane; went to France with Col. Laurens, whom he aided in negotiating a loan, 1781; received from Congress a grant of money, from the State of New York an estate at New Rochelle, and from Pennsylvania £500 as rewards for his services. He published in London, 1791-92, in reply to Burke, his "Rights of Man," a vindication of the French Revolution; was made a citizen of France and elected to the National Convention, 1792; usually acted with the Girondists; opposed the execution of the king. The faction of Robespierre imprisoned him, December 28, 1793. While in prison he finished his "Age of Reason." Narrowly escaping the guillotine, Paine again took his seat in the convention; resided nearly two years in the family of James Monroe, then Minister to France. He returned to the United States, 1802; was cordially received at Washington, Philadelphia, and New York, and by Jefferson at Monticello, but insulted by the Federalists at Trenton and elsewhere; and deprecated by the religious public on account of his deism, passed his closing years in retirement. He was buried at New Rochelle, where a monument was erected by

varnish.

The vehicles determine the character of the paint: there are oil paints and water colors. The most common vehicle is linseed oil, especially valuable on account of the property it possesses of oxidizing to a resinous body, which holds the paint in a firm waterproof For many purposes paints are prepared with the aid of water as a vehicle, glue or gum being added to make the pigments adhere after the evaporation of the water. Such paints can only be used for interior work, walls, and ceilings, for coloring pictures, maps, fully prepared pigments ground in a small etc. Artists' colors are composed of very carequantity of very fine oil, and put up in metallic tubes. Luminous paint is made by mixing with the ordinary articles some phosphorescent powder, which emits light in the dark.

Paint'er's Cream, mixture of mastic, lead acetate, nut oil, and water, applied by artists to unfinished oil paintings to prevent drying during the interruptions of the work. It is applied with a brush and washed off with water.

Paint'ing, as a fine art, consists of drawing, invention, relief, perspective, and color (in the modern artistic sense), and history shows that its development has taken place in the abovementioned order. Drawing consists not only in outline, but in the correct form of any surface expressed by the pencil or brush. It is form, as distinct from color. Invention is the method with which the artist disposes his figures in order to explain his meaning, to tell his story -the variety of gesture, pose, expression, drapery, and accessory. Relief is that management of light and shade which gives the pictured figure the appearance of standing out from its surroundings and background. Perspective is the application of geometry to the art in representing streets, buildings, galleries,