PATRIOTIC SOCIETIES IN THE U. S. cause of independence, is eligible to membership. Membership, 55,800. THE GENERAL SOCIETY OF THE WAR OF 1812 was organized in Philadelphia, Pa., January 8, 1891. Membership is open to any male person above the age of twenty-one years who participated in or who is a lineal descendant of one who served during the War of 1812. Membership, 1,000. THE DAUGHTERS OF THE REVOLUTION was organized in New York City, August 20, 1891. It admits to membership any woman more than eighteen years old who is a lineal descendant of an ancestor who was loyal to the colonies, and was in actual service during the Revolution. Membership, 3,000. THE NATIONAL SOCIETY OF THE COLONIAL DAMES OF AMERICA was organized in Wilmington, Del., May 19, 1892. Membership is limited to women (on invitation only) who are descended in their own right from some ancestor of worthy life who came to reside in an American colony prior to 1750. Membership over 5,000. THE SOCIETY OF COLONIAL WARS was instituted in New York City, August 18, 1892. Male descendants of the men who, in military, naval, and civil positions of high trust and responsibility, by their acts or counsel, assisted in the establishment, defense, and preservation of the American colonies, are eligible to membership. Membership about 4,100. THE UNITED DAUGHTERS OF THE CONFEDERACY was organized in Nashville, Tenn., September 10, 1894. It admits to membership the widows, wives, mothers, sisters, and lineal female descendants of those who served honor ably in the army or navy of the Confederate states, or who served in the civil service of the Confederate states, or one of the S. states, or gave personal services to the Confederate cause. Membership, 40,000. THE SOCIETY OF MAYFLOWER DESCENDANTS was organized in New York City, December 22, 1894. It admits to membership any lineal descendant, either man or woman, more than eighteen years old, of any passenger of the Voyage of the Mayflower which terminated at Plymouth, Mass., in December, 1620, including all signers of the compact. Membership about 3,000. THE MILITARY ORDER OF FOREIGN WARS was instituted in New York City, December 27, 1894, as the Military and Naval Order of the United States, but on June 21, 1895, changed its name. It admits to membership commissioned officers who participated in any of the foreign wars as veteran companions, and direct lineal descendants in the male line of the foregoing as hereditary companions. Membership over 1,800. PATRONAGE 1896. It admits to membership any male descendant more than sixteen years old of those who served in the Confederate army or navy to the end of the war, or who died a prisoner while in actual service or who were killed in battle, or who were honorably retired or discharged. THE SOCIETY OF AMERICAN WARS was founded in Minneapolis, Minn., January 11, 1897. It admits to membership, as companions, U. S. officers of the Mexican or the Civil War, and lineal male descendants of colonial or Continental soldiers or civil officers prior to 1783, and of U. S. officers of the War of 1812, the Mexican War, or the Civil War. Membership, 485. THE SOCIETY OF THE ARMY OF SANTIAGO DE CUBA was organized in Santiago de Cuba, July 31, 1898. It admits to membership all officers and men (including acting assistant surgeons and volunteer aids) who participated worthily in the Santiago campaign at any time between June 14 and July 17, 1898. Membership about 500. THE NAVAL AND MILITARY ORDER OF THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR was organized in New York City, February 2, 1899. It admits to membership any man who served on the active list or performed active duty as a commissioned officer, regular, or volunteer, during the war with Spain. Membership about 270. Patripas'sians, or Monar'chians, Antitrinitarians of the ancient Christian Church, who either taught, or were charged with teaching, that God the Father was incarnated and suffered in the person of Jesus Christ. They denied the doctrine of Three Persons in the Godhead, teaching only three manifestations of the One Person. Pat'ronage, in ecclesiastical affairs, the right of making appointments to vacant benefices. In England it is treated exactly like any other piece of property; it may be connected with the manor, and is then called appendant advowson, and it may have been separated from it and belong to a person, in which case it is called advowson in gross. In the Protestant Episcopal Church in the U. S. the right of appointing to vacant ecclesiastical positions, such as rectorships or the position of an assistant minister, rests with the vestry as representing the congregation. Sometimes the bishop has a coördinate power with the vestry, or the right to choose one from two or more nominations. PATRONAGE, in political affairs, is the ap THE SOCIETY OF THE CHILDREN OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION was organized in Washing-pointment to the subordinate offices with the ton, D. C., April 5, 1895. Membership is extended to any boy or girl who is descended from a man or woman who with unfailing loyalty rendered material aid to the cause of independence. Membership, 5,800. THE UNITED SONS OF CONFEDERATE VETERANS was organized in Richmond, Va., June 30, distribution of which certain elected or appointed public officials are vested by law; in a body, constitute what is called "the spoils system"; said to have been established in the U. S. as a feature of public office-holding by Pres. Jackson, who was credited with declaring that "to the victor belongs the spoils." PATRONS OF HUSBANDRY Pa'trons of Hus'bandry, secret order having for its object the mutual protection and advancement of the interests of the agricultural classes; originated by O. H. Kelley, of the U. S. Bureau of Agriculture. The first conference relative to organization was held at Washington, November 15, 1867, when Patrons of Husbandry' was adopted as name of order and “grange as that of its constituent bodies and place of meeting; National Grange formally organized, December 4th same year. The saving in money by combining orders and purchasing for cash, encouraging the practice of selling direct to the consumer and buying from the manufacturer, the combining of granges in one or more counties to form mutual fire relief associations-all have aided in improving the financial condition of the members; yet even greater benefits have been derived from the discussion and practice of improved methods of agriculture, the establishment of grange libraries and reading circles, and the great prominence given to educational work. Comparatively early in the history of the order the granges in several of the W. states undertook the control of the railways, elevators, and other commercial enterprises, with indifferent success for the time being; afterwards they succeeded in bringing about more favorable legislation for the agriculturist. Under the National Grange are over 30,000 subordinate granges in forty-four states and territories. See GRANGE. | PAUL I cities; went to Europe, 1861, under the management of Maurice Strakosch; appeared in London, May 14, 1861, as Amina in "La Sonnambula "; triumph instantaneous; later sung in all the principal cities of Europe, Mexico, and S. America. In 1868 she was married to the Marquis de Caux; divorced from him, 1878; married, in Wales, Signor Nicolini, an opera singer, 1886 (d. 1898); 1899 married Baron Rolf Cedarstrom; has a magnificent country seat at Craig-y-Nos, Wales. 66 Pat'tison, Mark, 1813-84; English scholar; b. Hornby, Yorkshire; became rector of Lincoln College, Oxford, 1861; published "Tendencies of Religious Thought in England from 1688 to 1750," Suggestions on Academical Organization, with Special Reference to Oxford"; "Pope's Essay on Man," with notes; a biography of Milton; celebrated "Life of Casaubon," and other works. Pau (po), chief town of Basses-Pyrenees, France, on the Gave du Pau; 600 ft. above sea; 143 m. SSE. of Bordeaux; has fine promenades, commanding magnificent views of the Pyrenees; formerly capital of Kingdom of Bearn and Basse-Navarre, united to France, 1620; has linen, steel, leather, and chocolate manufactures, and active trade in wine, hams, fruit, and flour. Pop. (1906) 35,044. Patronym'ic, proper name formed on the basis of a father's or ancestor's name, and indicating descent. Family names like Johnson, Williamson, Peterson, were originally patronymics attached to the Christian name of an individual for the sake of more precise distinction. The elements Mac- in Irish names and Fitz in English names signify "son of "; similarly the Aramaic Bar- in names like Barab-cated bas, Bartimeus. Very commonly a mere suffix serves the purpose, as in the case of the Greek -ides, as Peleides, son of Peleus; Philippides, son of Philippos. In Teutonic the suffix -ingas or ungas is used similarly. It survives in modern English family names and place names like Manning, Billings, Buckingham. Patroons', Dutch settlers in the colony of New Netherland (afterwards New York), who on certain conditions as to colonizing enjoyed manorial rights over their lands. To obtain the privileges of a patroon it was necessary to plant a colony of fifty persons over fifteen years of age on lands selected for the purpose, and within four years after notice was given of intent to colonize. The rights of these proprietors were of a semifeudal nature, and the colonies were governed by the same laws as the feudal manors of the United Provinces. Paul, name of five popes, who follow: PAUL I, d. 767; b. Rome; succeeded his brother Stephen II, 757; was an able prelate and strengthened the papal authority. PAUL II (PIETRO BABBO), 1418-71; b. Venice; became cardinal, 1440; succeeded Pius II, 1464; noted for his hostility to the spirit of the Renaissance and his persecution of the Humanists. PAUL III (ALESSANDRO FARNESE), 1468-1549; b. Canino; succeeded Clement VII, 1534; published a brief condemning slavery, 1537; excommuniHenry VIII of England, 1538; approved the order of the Jesuits, 1540, and the convocation of the Council of Trent, 1545. PAUL IV (GIOVANNI PIETRO CARAFFA), 1476-1559; b. Capriglio; Archbishop of Chieti, 1507; nuncio to London; later had high public office at Madrid; Archbishop of Brindisi, 1518; founded the Theatines, 1524; cardinal, 1536; succeeded Marcellus II, 1555; joined France in war for conquest of Naples from Spain, 1555-57; strove for the elevation of his family; hated by the common people of Rome on account of his austere rule. PAUL V (CAMILLO BORGHESE), 1552-1621; b. Rome; became legate to Spain and cardinal, 1596; succeeded Leo XI, 1605; pontificate marked by the interdict laid on Venice, close of the Molinist controversy, establishment of the Congregation of the Oratory and the orders of the Ursulines and the Visitation, and by great activity in the work of missions in the heathen regions. Pat'ti, Adelina Maria Clorinda, 1843Paul I, 1754-1801; Czar of Russia; b. St. opera singer; b. Madrid, Spain; brought to Petersburg; son of Peter III and Catharine II; U. S. in infancy; when nine years old appeared succeeded on Catharine's death, 1796; immediat a concert in New York City, with remark- ately set about to reverse her policy in every able success; November 24, 1859, she made her particular. In 1799-1800 his troops served in début in opera at the Academy of Music, New Italy and Switzerland against France; but, York City, appearing as Lucia; made profes- 1800, he embraced the cause of Napoleon, and sional visits to Boston, Philadelphia, and other challenged to personal combat any prince who PAUL, SAINT PAULIST FATHERS refused to join him in a league against Great | the house of St. Lazarus, 1632, became an inBritain. Meanwhile the puerilities and tyran- stitution of great importance. nies of his rule begot a strong popular discontent, and he was murdered in his bedchamber by his nobles. Paul, Saint, abt. 1-67; apostle to the Gentiles; b. Tarsus, Cilicia; called SAUL up to Acts xiii, 9, and thereafter PAUL without explanation; was a Benjamite and a Pharisee; also a free-born Roman citizen; learned the trade of tent making; was sent to Jerusalem, where he studied under the great Gamaliel, grandson of Hillel; probably returned to Tarsus, and was dwelling there during the term of Christ's public ministry. After the death of Christ he was again in Jerusalem; became the leader of the persecution which was raging against the Christians; was given by the chief priests authority to proceed to Damascus to stamp out the heresy in that region; on the journey was converted by a vision which changed the course of his life; spent the next three years in retirement in Damascus and Arabia; then returned to Jerusalem, but was forced to flee to Tarsus; soon established himself at Antioch and made that city the starting point of his missionary tours, in company with Barnabas, John, Mark, and others. In these journeys he crossed the Mediterranean and the Egean many times; went by land through Syria and the whole of Asia and S. Europe; established churches in nearly every prominent city of Asia Minor and of Greece; in Ephesus, Thessalonica, Athens, Corinth, preached sometimes to groups in the market places, sometimes to assemblies of philosophers. On his return from his third journey; he was arrested in Jerusalem on the charge of profaning the temple by bringing Gentiles into the sacred courts, and of plotting against the Mosaic religion; was saved only by Roman officers from destruction by the mob; suffered a tedious imprisonment; then appealed to the emperor's court; and at last was forwarded as a prisoner to Rome, where, for two years he awaited trial, dwelling in his own house and preaching without molestation. This is the end of all historical record concerning the apostle. Inferences from some of his epistles make it probable that his first trial resulted in an acquittal; tradition says that he then set forth on another missionary journey, which was interrupted by his arrest and his second imprisonment at Rome, where he finally suffered martyrdom. All these rest on very uncertain foundations. Paul, Saint Vin'cent de, 1577-1660; saint of the Roman Catholic Church; b. Pony, Gascony; took orders, 1600; captured, 1605, by pirates on a voyage from Marseilles to Narbonne; carried as slave to Tunis; escaped, 1607; appointed chaplain to the ex-Queen Margaret of Valois, and, 1622, chaplain to the galleys at Marseilles; went, 1627, to Paris; established and managed charitable institutions, hospitals, asylums, etc., and founded religious fraternities, the Lazarists and the Sisters of Charity; beatified, 1729; canonized, 1737. His order of the Priests of the Mission, confirmed by Parliament, 1631, and settled in Pauld'ing, James Kirke, 1779-1860; American author; b. Pleasant Valley, N. Y.; became associated with Washington Irving in the authorship of Salmagundi, 1807; second series of Salmagundi, 1819, written by Paulding alone; became secretary of Board of Navy Commissioners, 1814; Secretary of Navy, 1838-41; writings include "The Dutchman's Fireside," a novel, and "Life of Washington." Paulding, John, 1758-1818; American palutionary War, being three times taken pristriot; b. New York; served through the Revooner; was one of the captors of Maj. André, for which service he received from Congress a silver medal. Pauli (pow'lē), Georg Reinhold, 1823-82; German historian; b. Berlin; lived in Great Britain, 1847-55; appointed Prof. of History at Bonn, 1855, Rostock, 1857, Tübingen, 1859, whence, for criticizing the policy of the government of Würtemberg, he was removed to Marburg; took similar place at Göttingen, 1870. His works include "King Alfred and his Position in English History," Pictures from Old England," and a continuation of Lappenberg's "History of England." 66 Church; originated in Armenia in the middle Paulicians (pâ-lish'ǎnz), sect of the Eastern Samosata, where lived Constantine Silvanus, of the seventh century, in Mananalis, near its founder, a preacher. They held that the soul proceeded from God, but the body from of Mary, and opposed Mariolatry, the doctrine the evil one; denied the perpetual virginity of the atonement, and the church view of the sacraments. Their founder put an inordinate value on the Pauline epistles. They rejected the Epistles of Peter, because he had opposed Paul, the Revelation, and all the Old Testament. After their founder their great man was Sergius, murdered for his faith's sake, 835. After it had spread quietly in Armenia for about two centuries, the Empress Theodora, 842-857, undertook to suppress the sect. Some fled to the Saracens, others to the Bulgarians, and in Bulgaria remnants of the sect were found as late as the sixteenth century. Pau'line Epis'tles, The, letters written to churches and individuals by the Apostle Paul. 1. Number, Order, and Date.-It is the common opinion that thirteen of these epistles have been preserved to us. From about the fifth century to the Reformation era the Epistle to the Hebrews was also reckoned as a Pauline epistle, making fourteen. This opinion arose in the Eastern Church, and at length became prevalent chiefly through the great influence of Jerome and Augustine. Paul'ist Fa'thers, or Congrega'tion of St. Paul the Apos'tle, missionary society of priests in the Roman Catholic Church, founded in New York City, 1858, by Rev. Isaac Thomas Hecker, and approved by Pope Pius IX. The common view respecting the order and approximate dates of the epistles may be shown by the following grouping, which is not |