SCOTT Demonology and Witchcraft" (1830); another | series of "Tales of a Grandfather" (1830), on French history; and a fourth series of "Tales of my Landlord " (1831), containing "Count Robert of Paris" and "Castle Dangerous." In the winter of 1830-31 symptoms of paralysis developed. Abstinence from literary labor was enjoined, and in 1831 he sailed for Italy. After visiting Rome, Naples, and other cities, feeling that his strength was failing, he requested to be conveyed home. He reached Abbotsford, and soon relapsed into insensibility, in which state he died. He had paid upward of £100,000 of his debts, and after his death the claims of all his creditors were fully satisfied. One of the best pieces of biography ever written is the "Life of Scott" by his son-in-law, Lockhart. Scott, Winfield, 1786-1866; American military officer; b. near Petersburg, Va.; was admitted to the bar, but entered the army as a captain, 1808. In 1809, for disrespectful allusion to his superior officer (Gen. Wilkinson), he was suspended by court-martial for one year. In 1812, as lieutenant colonel, he went to the Canada frontier; was taken prisoner at Queenstown; in 1813 was exchanged, and joined the army as adjutant general with the rank of colonel. He was severely hurt by an explosion in the attack on Fort George, but in the autumn commanded the advance in the descent of the St. Lawrence; July 3, 1814, he took part in the capture of Fort Erie. He distinguished himself at Chippewa and at Lundy's Lane, and at the latter battle was severely wounded after having had two horses shot under him. At the close of the war Scott was promoted to be major general. In 1832 he commanded the forces in Charleston during the nullification troubles. He served in the Seminole War, and afterwards in the Creek country. are so called from their harsh cry. They are all inhabitants of S. America, and frequent marshy ground. Screw, a mechanism consisting of a cylinder having around it a projecting thread. Technically it is an inclined plane wrapped around a cylinder with its height parallel to the axis bat-ternal, convex, or male screw, is a cylinder of of the cylinder. One form, known as the exwood or metal surrounded with either a spiral groove or ridge, which makes equal angles with lines parallel to the axis of the cylinder; another, called the interior, concave, or female screw, is a hollow cylinder with grooves around In 1841 he became commander in chief of the U. S. army, and in 1847 was at the head of the army in Mexico. Assembling his troops at Lobos Island, a landing was effected (March 9th) at Vera Cruz, which surrendered, together with the castle of San Juan d'Ulloa. The tles leading to the entry of the City of Mexico (September 14th) practically ended the war. Declining the proffered presidency of the Mexican Republic, Scott, having been superseded by Gen. W. O. Butler, and a court of inquiry ordered in his case, arrived in New York, May, 1848. He was a candidate for nomination in the Whig Convention which nominated Taylor for the presidency. In 1852 he received the nomination from the Whig party, but was defeated by Franklin Pierce, though receiving a large popular vote. In 1855 the rank of lieutenant general by brevet was conferred upon him. Though too infirm to undertake the conduct of the army in the Civil War, Gen. Scott threw the weight of his influence in favor of the Government, and in the exciting events preceding actual hostilities rendered important service. On November 1, 1861, he was retired. at West Point. Died Scourge of God, name given to Attila (q.v.). Scran'ton, capital Lackawanna Co., Pa.; on the Lackawanna River, 107 m. N. of Philadel SCREW PINES is indefinitely extended and its power increased by adding to it a wheel and axle, so arranged that the teeth of the wheel engage in the threads of the screw and are brought round continually while the screw is made to turn in a fixed position against the wheel. This is known as the endless screw. Small screws, answering instead of nails, are known as wood screws. The standard thread in Europe was developed by Sir Joseph Whitworth. The U. S. standard thread, or Franklin Institute standard, was laid down by William Sellers. The screw has been applied to iron piles for forming a secure foundation in loose soil, to mooring chains for vessels, to the raising of heavy weights, to micrometers for microscopes and astronomical instruments (100boo in. can be measured with accuracy by a micrometer screw)-in fact, there is no mechanism so delicate or machinery so ponderous that is not dependent upon some application of the screw. Screw Pines, the Pandanacea, a small family of about eighty species of mostly tropical, erect, or climbing monocotyledonous trees and shrubs. The species are confined to the Old World. They bear some resemblance to the palms, but their strongest affinities are with the aroids. Screw pines bear naked, diœcious, spiked flowers; the stamens are many; the ovaries are compound with many ovules, or (by reduction) simple with solitary or few ovules. They send out peculiar roots from various parts of the stem. The long spiny leaves, resembling those of a pineapple, are arranged in a spiral screwlike manner. Many species are cultivated in greenhouses. Screw Propel'ler, a wheel with two or more inclined blades by the revolution of which a thrust is obtained for the propulsion of a ship. Four blades produce less vibration of the vessel than two, and most large vessels are fitted with twin screws, as this permits steering without a rudder and minimizes the seriousness of breakdowns. As many as six screws on separate shafts have been fitted to one vessel. Small screws are used with turbine engines on account of the rapidity of revolution, but screws over 20 ft. in diameter have been fitted to transatlantic liners. Screw propellers are made of cast iron, cast steel, or bronze, the latter being preferred on account of its noncorroding qualities. The principle of the screw propeller was used by the Chinese, and was described by SCUDÉRY or satirical character; and from 1830 to his His Scribes, originally, officers of state who drew up the decrees of kings, wrote their letters, and kept records. Among the Israelites (Ex. v, 6-19, and Num. xi, 16) there were scribes to keep genealogical registers, serve processes, and the like. In Palestine they were chosen from the Levites (I Chron. xxiii, 4; II Chron. xix, 11; xxxiv, 13). From the time of Ezra (fifth century B.C.) they were the copyists and then expounders of the Law. In the New Testament they are generally named in connection with the Pharisees, as they belonged to that party, and were noted for their hypocrisy, ostentation, and arrogance. Scrib'ner, Charles, 1821-1871; American publisher; b. New York; educated at New York Univ. and at Princeton, where he graduated, 1840; studied law for three years, and was admitted to the bar, but never practiced; began the business of book publishing, in New York, in partnership with Isaac D. Baker, in 1846, under the style of Baker & Scribner. In 1850 Mr. Baker died, and the business was then carried on in Mr. Scribner's name and in the name of his sons. The business was incorporated in 1904. Scrip'tures, Ho'ly. See BIBLE; GOSPEL. Scrof'ula, name formerly applied to the hereditary tendency to certain skin diseases and to chronic inflammations of the lymphatic glands. This condition is now regarded as due to local tuberculosis. See KING'S EVIL. Scrophularia'ceæ. See FIGWORTS. of a drachm, 20 grains, the th part of the Scru'ple, in apothecaries' weight, one third pound troy. The Romans gave the name to the Bernouilli. In 1801 John Stevens, an American, constructed a practicable screw vessel, and, under the direction of Ericsson, in 1842,th part of any standard unit of measure. the U. S. S. Princeton was launched-the first man-of-war to be fitted with a screw propeller, and before 1870 the paddle wheel gave way to the screw for general navigation. Scribe (skrēb), Augustin Eugène, 1791-1861; French playwright; b. Paris; studied law; in 1811 his first play, "Les Dervis," failed; achieved his first success in 1816 with "Une Nuit de la Garde Nationale"; from 1816-20 wrote innumerable vaudevilles and small comedies with songs; wrote, 1820-30 about 150 plays, mostly one-act comedies of a sentimental Scud'der, Horace Elisha, 1838-1902; American author; b. Boston. He was editor of The Riverside Magazine, 1867-71, and, 189098, editor of The Atlantic Monthly. He was the author of "Dream Children," "Stories from my Attic," ""The Bodley Books," ""Stories and Romances," "Life of Noah Webster," "Men and Letters," etc. Scudéry, or Scudéri (skii-da-rē'), Madeleine de, 1607-1701; French poet and novelist; b. Havre, France; became conspicuous figures in the literary circle of the Hôtel Rambouillet, SCULPIN and acquired celebrity by her romances, "Ibrahim," ""Artamene,' ," "Ou le Grand Cyrus Clelie," "Alahide," etc., which are long discussions of sentiment and gallantry. After the reunions of the Hôtel Rambouillet had been broken up by the troubles of the Fronde, she formed a salon of her own, frequented by the queen and the princes. Scul'pin, any fish belonging to the family Cottida; distinguished by a rather stout, clubshaped body and large head, the spines with which the head is armed, and a naked or simply rough body; the mouth is quite large. Sculpins are very destructive to other fishes, and are a nuisance to the angler. They are commonly found along the Atlantic seaboard of N. America, the best known being the most S. species, Cottus octodecem-spinosus, and the C. grænlandicus, which is the most common N. of Cape Cod. The name deep-water sculpin, or sea raven, is applied to the Hemitripterus acadianus. On the Pacific coast the name is applied to corresponding species of the same genus. The species are rarely or never used as food except by the Greenlanders and the very poor. Sculp'ture, the art of cutting or carving any substance into images, includes carving, modeling, and casting. The images may be either insulated figures, technically called the "round," | or figures attached to a background from which they are raised, and designated, according to the degree of the "relief," as it is termed, altorelievo, basso-relievo, and mezzo-relievo, or of figures which, without projecting from the face of the original ground, have their outlines sunk into it, and are rounded on the principle of basso-relievo. This last method occurs chiefly in Egyptian sculpture, and may be termed relieved intaglio. For carving, porphyry, basalt, granite, marbles, alabaster, ivory, bone, and wood have been used from a remote period, the three first named being used by the Egyptians, while the Greeks worked chiefly in marble. The white Parian marble from the island of Pharos was most esteemed; next to it came that from Mts. Pentelicus and Hymettus. The finest Italian marble still comes from Carrara. For modeling, clay, stucco, plaster, and wax were used, and images of baked clay (terra cotta work) were multiplied by means of molds of the same material, into which the soft clay was pressed. Terra cotta was used for a variety of purposes besides statuary, the objects formed from it being generally small and painted, and of a hardness, produced by the action of fire, almost equal to stone. The metals employed in casting are gold, silver, iron, tin, copper, lead, and their compounds. Electrum, formed of gold and silver, was used in the Homeric age, but the composition called bronze has always been preferred. Metal statues were not always cast, but in early ages, at least, were made of hammered plates fastened by rivets, a method adopted in the colossal statue of Liberty in New York harbor. Michelangelo would begin upon the marble block with no model or guide before him, and work rapidly and furiously knocking off large SCULPTURE chips. In modern sculpture, however, it is customary for the artist to make a full-sized model in wet clay, changing it, reconsidering it, sometimes throwing down the whole model and building it up again. From the model a plaster cast is made; and this is the artist's work, the statue or the bust which the French sculptor sends to the Salon. The sculptor may retouch his plaster cast, in which case it becomes the original work. When the plaster is to be copied in marble it is set beside the block, and a marble cutter makes a rough copy, aided by the pointing machine, which enables him to assure himself of the exactness of every measurement. A process much used during the Middle Ages was making the mold from an original model finished in wax upon a core of a coarser material. The mold was made being applied in coats, the first coats in a upon this model in a single piece, its material semiliquid state. The liquid bronze was poured into the mold, and between it and the core, melted the wax, and took its place; the mold, of course, had to be broken to pieces in order to remove the hollow bronze casting. This process, called à cire perdue, has been used in modern times, but commonly a piece mold allows of successive castings. Greek sculpture was brought to perfection by the innate genius of the people, their religion, and their social and political institutions. The sculptures of the best period were almost exclusively public, and intended for the moral or religious improvement of the people, or as an incentive to noble deeds. When these motives ceased to predominate sculpture began to decline. Greek sculpture is divided into a semimythic or archaic period, a period of grandeur and power, and a period of refinement or physical beauty, and a period of decline. The stiffness of the archaic period are lost in the grandeur and ideal beauty of Phidias and his contemporaries, Hegias, Pythagoras of Rhegium, Calamis, Ageladas, Agoracritus and Alcamenes, Myron, and Polycletus, who are known mainly by their statues of gods and heroes, and their historical groups for the temples, porticoes, theaters, and gymnasia. Of these, Phidias, Myron, and Polycletus, all scholars of Ageladas of Argos, were the most famous, and their works exhibited the dignity and almost passionless tranquillity characteristic of a heroic age, and of the lofty purposes for which its artists labored. Phidias of Athens, associated with the noblest monuments and sculptures of the era of Pericles, is placed at the head of all the sculptors of antiquity for sublimity and severe beauty. Polycletus, the head of the Argive school as Phidias was of that of Athens, rivaled him in every department of his art except the representation of gods, in which Phidias was never equaled. Polycletus's statues of athletes were considered the perfection of manly beauty, and a spear bearer was so accurately proportioned as to be a standing model. The prosperity and luxurious habits of the people developed a period of refinement or sensuous beauty, beginning abt. 400 B.C., during which Scopas, Praxiteles, and Lysippus flourished, and the art was brought almost to perfection in respect |