SCARLET FEVER

DOMENICO SCARLATTI (1683-1757) greatest pianist of his time.

SCHEFFEL

was the Tübingen and Berlin; 1843, professor in Theological Seminary German Reformed Church of the U. S. at Mercersburg, Pa.; Prof. of Sacred Literature, Union Theological Seminary, New York, 1870-87; then Prof. of Church History.

Scar'let Fe'ver, or Scarlati'na, an infectious disease characterized by a red skin eruption and a sore and swollen throat. It usually attacks children under ten but many never have it. The poison is probably spread by the secretions of the nose and throat and from the scaling of the skin. The germ is very resistant, and clothing, etc., holds infection for a long

time. Scarlet fever and a disease much resembling it may be communicated by milk. A germ similar to the malarial parasite has been observed in the skin, but not yet satisfactorily identified as the cause of scarlet fever.

After an incubation of a week, its onset is sudden, with vomiting and sometimes convulsions; the fever rises rapidly to 103° or 105°; the tongue is coated with a white fur, and the pulse runs to 120 or 140. On the second day scattered red points appear on the neck and chest and spread with a red rash, but this fades in two or three days. In a week peeling begins, and even the hair and nails may be shed. The principal complications of scarlet fever are: kidney trouble, rheumatism which may involve the heart, deafness, and nervous disorders. The patient should be isolated at an even and well-ventilated temperature, and fed on milk, broths, and fresh fruits with plenty of water. Sponging and even the cold pack will reduce the fever. Cold must be avoided during convalescence. The throat should be sprayed with boric-acid solution. The patient should not be released until peeling is complete, i.e., for six weeks at least. In simple scarlet fever the symptoms are all mild; in the septic type the effects upon the throat may be very severe; while malignant scarlet fever may kill within twenty-four hours.

Scarlet Tan'ager. See TANAGERS.

He was a founder of the American branch of
the Evangelical Alliance; took part in founding
the Presbyterian Alliance in London, 1875, and
Committee. His many writings include a “His-
was president of the American Bible Revision
tory of the Apostolic Church," "
History of the
Christian Church,"
""Creeds of Christendom."

Schaffhausen (shäf-how'zén), canton of Switzerland; bounded N. by Baden and S. by the Rhine. Area, 114 sq. m.; pop. (1905) 42,939. It consists of fertile valleys which slope toward the Rhine. Schaffhausen, the capital, on the Rhine, has manufactures of iron and silk. Pop. (1900) 15,403.

Schamyl (shăm'il), 1797-1871; warrior and prophet of the tribes of the Caucasus. From 1824 to 1831 he took part in the holy war against Russia. A sufi, he claimed to be the elect envoy of God. Twice coming to life when apparently dead, astute and sincere, he made the Circassians recognize his pretensions; during twenty-two years he was their leader against Russia. In 1859 he was captured and carried to Russia. A marvelously handsome man, daring, eloquent, always master of himhe maintained an absolute supremacy over his self, an economical and judicious administrator, lawless followers, who feared him as a wizard

and revered him as a saint.

Scharn'horst, Gerhard Johann David von, 1756-1813; Prussian military officer; b. Bordenau, Hanover; 1801, became director of the military academy, Berlin; after 1807 he took charge of the whole administration of military affairs till 1810, when Napoleon requested his retirement. It was chiefly through his energy and ideas that Prussia in 1813 was able to place an effective army in the field.

Scarron', Paul, 1610-60; French writer of burlesque; b. Paris; was destined for the Church, but spent his youth in dissipation, till overtaken by paralysis. He then took up literature, and developed a brilliant talent for burlesque. His "L'Enéide Travestie," Mazarinade," and especially his "Roman Comique," (translated by Goldsmith), became literary types, and are still read. In 1652 he married Françoise d'Aubigné, afterwards Mme. de Main-vious discovery by Priestley. tenon.

Scha'dow, Rudolph (called also ZENO RIDOLFO), 1786-1822; Italian sculptor; b. Rome; was the oldest son of Johann G. Schadow. He studied with Thorwaldsen and Canova, and became famous at an early age. He was much employed, and perhaps too constant application caused his early death, at Rome. Among his works are the bas-reliefs of the Daughters of Leucippe, Socrates, and Theodata, and that of the tomb of the Marquis of Lansdowne; the statues of St. John the Baptist, Diana, and a Bacchus; a group of the Virgin and Child; and his last work, Achilles Defending the Body

of Penthesilea.

Schaff (shäf), Philip, 1819-93; American theologian; b. Coire, Switzerland. Studied at

Scheele (sha'lė), Karl Wilhelm, 1742-86; Swedish chemist; settled in 1777 as apothecary at Köping, near Stockholm, where he died. He discovered tartaric acid, manganese, chlorine, baryta, glycerin, the pigment called Scheele's green, and the coloring matter of Prussian blue, and described oxygen, unaware of its pre

Scheele's (shelz) Green, or Swe'dish Green, arsenite of copper; prepared from arsenious oxide and blue vitriol, and is a yellowish-green powder. Scheele's green is little used in the U. S., being replaced by the more brilliant Schweinfurth green.

Schef'fel, Joseph Viktor von, 1826-86; German poet and novelist; b. Karlsruhe; studied and practiced law for several years. In 1854 he published his "Trompeter von Säckingen," an epic poem of great poetic charm, and in 1858 his great historical novel, "Ekkehard,” a story of the tenth century. Scheffel's artistic description of German life of the past, his delightful humor and true patriotic feeling, led to his being imitated by a host of followers. He became equally popular as a lyric poet, es

SCHEFFER

pecially by his "Gaudeamus" (1868), a collec-
tion of lyrics of quaint and exquisite humor,
many of which became favorite student songs.
Schef'fer, Ary, 1797-1858; French painter;
b. Dordrecht, Holland. He was not in sym-
pathy with either the academic or classic style
of painting taught by his master, nor with that
of the new school of romanticists led by Dela-
croix and Géricault, and he formed a style of
his own, more sentimental than vigorous and
healthy. One of his most noted pictures,
"The
Suliote Woman (1827), is in the Louvre.
Scheldt (skelt), the most important river of
Belgium. It rises in the department of Aisne,
France, and enters Belgium near Tournay;
flows past Tournay, past Ghent and Antwerp.
At the latter point it becomes a noble stream.
As it approaches the North Sea, the islands of
N. and S. Beveland divide it into the W. and E.
Scheldt. Its length is 210 m.

Schelling (shel'ling), Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von, 1775-1854; b. near Stuttgart. Studied at Tübingen and Leipzig; professor at Jena, 1798; at Würzburg, 1803; secretary of the Academy of Arts at Munich, 1808-41; Hegel's successor at the Univ. of Berlin, 1841. Following Fichte and Hegel, the ultimate principle of Schelling's early system was the union of the ideal with the real, of mind with matter. In æsthetic art this union was to be found, and the Beautiful is the highest realization of the Absolute. Later Schelling modified his system by substituting religion for art as the highest activity. Schelling laid great stress on the distinction between Pauline and Johannean Christianity, which he divided into three periods: Petrine, or Catholicism; Pauline, or Protestantism; Johannean, or the Church of

the future.

Schenck (skěnk), Robert Cumming, 1809–90; American diplomat; b. Franklin, Ohio; admitted to the bar; member of Congress, 1843–51; U. S. minister to Brazil, and employed on diplomatic missions in S. America, 1851-54; appointed brigadier general, 1861. At the second battle of Bull Run he was severely wounded, and promoted to be major general in command of the Eighth Army Corps and Middle Department. Resigned, December, 1863, and resumed his seat in Congress, till 1871; appointed minister to Great Britain, 1871-76.

Schenectady (skė-něk'tă-dě), capital Schenectady Co., N. Y.; 17 m. W. of Albany, on the Mohawk River, and in one of the most beautiful portions of its valley; is the seat of Union College. The manufacturing industries are numerous, with large electrical and machine shops. Schenectady is one of the oldest cities in the state. It was settled by Arent Van Curler in 1661, patented in 1684, burned by the French and Indians, who massacred all but sixty of its inhabitants, in 1690; incorporated, 1798. Pop. (1905) 58,387.

SCHILLER

servations on Mars are of note, as well as his conclusion that Venus and Mars, in their rotation around the sun, always present the same face to it as the moon does to the earth.

Schiedam (sche-däm'), town of the Netherlands, province of S. Holland; on the Schie, 24 m. W. of Rotterdam. Principal industry is gin, and large herds are fed from the refuse of the distilleries. Pop. (1907) 30,000.

Schil'ler, Johann Christoph Friedrich von, 1759-1805; b. Marbach, Würtemberg; 1780, he became a surgeon in the army. In 1781 his play, "The Robbers," produced a universal impression, as the time was ripe for a revolt against French classicism. The Duke of Würtemberg, fearing the effect of the work, which idealized brigandage, ordered the author to adhere to his profession. Schiller nevertheless remodeled the play, was arrested, escaped, and for a year remained in concealment. He then at Mannheim, and remained there till 1785, held the position of dramatic poet to the theater when he went to Leipzig, and then to Dresden, where he stayed till 1787, and wrote the trag the Netherlands," and many lyrical poems. In "Don Carlos," the sketch "The Revolt of edy 1787 he went to Weimar, where he met Charlotte von Lengefeld (who became his wife in 1790), Herder, Wieland, and Goethe. The meeting with Goethe has a special interest from the friends, disliked each other at first sight. fact that these poets, destined to be such

In 1789 he became Prof. of History at Jena, and in 1791 finished his "History of the Thirty Years' War," according to Carlyle "the best historical performance which Germany could literary periodical called The Hours, which boast of." Goethe coöperated with him in a had a great success, and stimulated by Goethe he wrote his finest lyrics and ballads. In 1800 he completed his triple drama on the history of Wallenstein-" Wallenstein's Lager," Die Piccolomini," and "Wallenstein's Tod." Between 1799 and 1801 he produced the dramas, "Marie Stuart," Die Jungfrau von Orleans," and "Die Braut von Messina," and "Das Lied von der Glocke," besides many other exquisite poems. In 1804 he completed "Wilhelm Tell," the last and one of the noblest of his dramatic works.

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His friendship with Goethe drew upon both the bitter hostility of most of the secondary authors of Germany, and many attempts were made to estrange the friends. The splendid rhythm, rhetoric, and artistic completeness of form of Schiller's "Das Lied von der Glocke," and his classical ballads bore down all narrow

criticism, and secured his fame as a poet in the universal judgment of the German people. For some time he wrote almost all night, tak-' ing stimulants, which undermined his health.

He died at Weimar. The unselfish devotion of which takes no note of his early irregularities; his life to his art is recognized with a fervor and without ever having made the slightest Schiaparelli (skē-ä-pä-rěl’lē), Giovanni Vir- profession of democracy he is everywhere celeginio, 1835- Italian astronomer; b. Pied-brated in Germany as the poet of the people. mont; director of the observatory at Milan, The explanation of this fact must be sought 1862, and is best known for his discovery of the for in the sincerity of his nature, no less than relation between comets and meteors. His ob- in the persecution of which he was temporarily

SCHISM

the object. Carlyle says of him: "He was a high ministering servant at truth's altar, and bore him worthily in the office he held."

Schism (siz'm), a division in the Church on points of worship and discipline. A schismatic is one who separates himself, or improperly cuts off others, from the Church. The New

Testament word refers to differences rather than divisions. Some of the chief divisions, either voluntary or forced, are the Ebionite (second and third centuries), Novatian (251 A.D.), Miletian (305), Donatian (311), Arian (first under Damascus, 355; second under Miletian, 361), Nestorian (428), Monophysite (482). The great schism between the East and West (abt. 880) arose from hierarchical rivalry, between Pope Nicholas I and Photius, Patriarch of Constantinople. Their mutual excommunication dates 1054. The papal schisms concerning the election of popes were 963, 1159, 1164, 1168, 1178, and the great schism, with rival courts at Rome and Avignon, 1378–1429.

Schist. See CRYSTALLINE SCHISTS.

Schlegel (shla'gėl), August Wilhelm von, 1767-1845; German critic and poet; b. Hanover. Lectured at Jena, 1796-98, and was professor there, 1798. Lectured in Berlin, 1801. Traveled several years with Mme. de Staël. In 1818 was Prof. of Art and Literature at Bonn, and died there. His translation of Shakespeare is still the classic German version. In 1798 he founded the Athenäum, a periodical which became the chief organ of the romantic school, which opposed the extreme classicism of Goethe and Schiller. While Schlegel's own poetic attempts, though perfect in regard to form, lack the true poetic spirit, he is to be mentioned among the founders of the study of German antiquities, of Sanskrit and comparative philology. His best work, besides his translations, is his "Vorlesungen über dramatische Kunst und Litteratur."

SCHMALKALDEN

and allowed diversity as to doctrines and modes of worship. The fundamental point of view of his system is this: Religion is not a knowing nor a doing, but a feeling-a feeling of the universal life of the Infinite, and of the

dependence of the Ego upon it. Hence religion begins with the feeling of dependence. Reflection upon this feeling gives rise to descriptions of it, and hence the statement of religious principles and dogmas. All religions are historic and positive. Among these Christianity holds a unique place, inasmuch as in it is found the reconciliation with the Infinite, hence the very essence of religion itself.

The most important of his writings are: "Discourses on Religion," "Monologues," " Outlines of a Critique of Previous Systems of Ethics," "Translation of Plato," "The Christian Faith according to the Principles of the Evangelical Church," "Theological Encyclopædia."

Schleswig-Holstein (shlaz'vig-hol'stin), province of Prussia; formerly the Danish duchies of Schleswig, Holstein, and Lauenburg; bounded N. by Denmark, S. by the Elbe, E. by the Baltic, and W. by the North Sea, which are connected by the Kaiser Wilhelm Canal; area, 7,273 sq. m. A slightly elevated ridge stretches through the center of the province, sandy and covered with heath in Schleswig-marshy and covered with forests in Holstein. The soil affords excellent arable land, and forests are numerous. To the W. the ground is so low that it is protected by dikes. The chief occupations are agriculture and cattle breeding. The province is important to Prussia, partly on account of the harbor of Kiel, the only one available for naval purposes, on the coast of Germany, and because of the fitness of the inhabitants for maritime occupations. Pop. (1903) 1,504,248; capital, Schleswig; pop. (1900) 17,909.

Schley (sli), Winfield Scott, 1839- ; American naval officer; b. Frederick Co., Md.; in the Civil War engagements which led to the capture of Port Hudson; 1884, commanded the Greely Arctic relief expedition; as rear admiral served under Sampson in the war with Spain.

Schlegel, Friedrich von, 1772-1829; German poet and critic; b. Hanover. Lectured in Jena, 1801; in Paris, 1802; then settled in Vienna. Schlegel pointed to Greek art as the model of artistic perfection, and praised Goethe as the "dawn of true art and beauty." Later, with his brother August Wilhelm, in the Athenäum Schliemann (shle'män), Heinrich, German he was a zealous advocate of romanticism. His archæologist; b. Neubuckow, Mecklenburgown poems are of little value; but he opened Schwerin. Family misfortunes compelled his the way for the study of Sanskrit in Germany entrance into commercial life, but after amasswith his book " Ueber die Sprache und Weisheit ing a fortune in Russia he devoted himself to der Inder." Toward the end of his life he rep- archæological study. He began in 1870 to exresented the pernicious elements of romanti-cavate in the Troad on the hill of Hissarlik, cism. He advocated the reëstablishment not and the work was only brought to a close in only of the papal hierarchy, but also of media- 1892. Schliemann's belief in the historic reality val feudalism, and the injurious effects of his of the Homeric epic has to a certain extent and his associates' influence in this direction been vindicated, and his first success was folwere only gradually overcome. lowed up by excavations at Mount Athos, at Mycena, Ithaca, Tiryns, and Orchomenos. The only of great intrinsic value, but they revoludiscoveries at Mycenae, in particular, were not tionized the prevalent ideas of the prehistoric civilization of Hellas, and threw a flood of light upon the rise and development of Greek art. He published many accounts of his work.

Schleiermacher (shli'er-mü-cher), Friedrich Ernst Daniel, 1768-1834; b. Breslau; brought up with the Moravian Brethren, and completed his course at Halle; was a chaplain in Berlin, and, 1804, Prof. of Theology and Philosophy at Halle; 1809-34, Prof. of Theology at Berlin. He labored to effect a union of the Lutheran and Reformed churches on the broad basis that demanded unity in the spirit of Protestantism

Schmalkalden, or Smal'cald, town in the province of Hesse-Nassau, Prussia; 19 m. SW.