DIAGRAM LIST OF DIAGRAMS I. Immigration and business conditions, 1880-1910 III. Monthly immigration and emigration, from July, 1907, PAGE 87 89 91 105 IV. Relative per capita production of coal, agricultural V. Average number of male wage-earners employed in VI. Per cent unemployed VII. Per cent unemployed at any time during the year, and per cent of foreign born in fifty leading occupations, 1900 118 122 133 VIII. Ratio of unemployment in bituminous coal mines, 1902, 134 139 X. Average number of days worked in the bituminous coal XI. Days of employment in organized trades in the state XIII. Production of pig iron in Germany, the United States, 141 144 184 184 XIV. Emigration from Germany to all countries outside of the United States, and per cent of Southern and Eastern European immigration to the total immigration to the United States, 1890-1904 . . 195 XV. Increase of Scandinavians and of Southern and Eastern Europeans in a group of eleven western states and in the remainder of the United States, 1880-1910. 197 DIAGRAM XVI. Net emigration from the United Kingdom, by destina- XVII. Per cent ratio of home owners and tenants to all families, sions, 1890 PAGE 214 280-281 XVIII. Average daily wages of railroad employees, 1891-1909. 304 XIX. Medians of relative cost of living and average of biennial medians of relative wages, 1861-1865. 308 XX. Labor-union membership in the state of New York, number of immigrant breadwinners destined for the state of New York, and combined imports and exports through the port of New York, 1897-1910 336 XXI. Male union membership in the states of New York and Kansas, 1900-1909, per cent ratio to the number of industrial wage-earners in 1900 340 XXII. Number of persons employed in bituminous coal mines, 1880, 1889, and 1907 420 XXIII. Per cent of bituminous coal mined by machine, 1900 and 1910, compared with per cent ratio of Southern and Eastern European miners to all miners, 1900; and with per cent ratio of Southern and Eastern Europeans to the total population, 1910, for the principal states 429 433 XXIV. Coal production by months, in Illinois, 1906–1910 469 XXVI. Fatal accident rates in coal mines, 1889-1908, and percentage of miners of 'Slavic and Italian parentage in 1900, in the principal states 472 XXVII. Fatal accident rates in anthracite coal mines, 1870-1909 479 XXVIII. Fatal accident rates per 1,000 employees on railroads and in coal mines, 1889-1908. XXIX. Indices of physical production for agriculture, mining, and manufacture, 1899-1919 MAPS Per cent ratio of native white children under five years of age, born of native mothers, to native white females fifteen to fortyfour years of age in cities of less than 25,000 inhabitants and rural territory, 1900 485 496 Facing 227 Production of coal in states with an annual output of not less than 1,000,000 tons 416-417 Immigration and Labor PART I SUMMARY REVIEW T is the purpose of this review to state briefly for the benefit of tie busy reader the results of our inquiry into the various phases of the immigration question. Such a summary must necessarily be dogmatic in form. Every proposition is advanced here, however, merely as a theorem, whose demonstration is presented in its proper place, in another part of the book. It is recognized on all sides that the present movement for restriction of immigration has a purely economic object: the restriction of competition in the labor market. Organized labor demands the extension of the protectionist policy to the home market in which "hands"—the laborer's only commodity—are offered for sale. The advocates of restriction believe that every immigrant admitted to this country takes the place of some American workingman. At the inception of the restrictionist movement, in the 80's and the early 90's, they were avowedly opposed to immigration in general. The subsequent decline of immigration from the British Isles, Germany, and the Scandinavian countries and the increase of immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe have diverted the attack from immigration in general to "the new immigration" from Southern and Eastern DIAGRAM XVI. Net emigration from the United Kingdom, by destina- XVII. Per cent ratio of home owners and tenants to all families, sions, 1890 PAGE 214 280-281 XVIII. Average daily wages of railroad employees, 1891-1909. 304 XIX. Medians of relative cost of living and average of biennial medians of relative wages, 1861-1865 . 308 XX. Labor-union membership in the state of New York, number of immigrant breadwinners destined for the state of New York, and combined imports and exports through the port of New York, 1897-1910 336 XXI. Male union membership in the states of New York and Kansas, 1900-1909, per cent ratio to the number of industrial wage-earners in 1900 XXII. Number of persons employed in bituminous coal mines, 1880, 1889, and 1907 XXIII. Per cent of bituminous coal mined by machine, 1900 and 1910, compared with per cent ratio of Southern and Eastern European miners to all miners, 1900; and with per cent ratio of Southern and Eastern Europeans to the total population, 1910, for the principal states 340 420 429 433 XXIV. Coal production by months, in Illinois, 1906–1910 469 XXVI. Fatal accident rates in coal mines, 1889-1908, and percentage of miners of 'Slavic and Italian parentage in 1900, in the principal states 472 XXVII. Fatal accident rates in anthracite coal mines, 1870-1909 479 XXVIII. Fatal accident rates per 1,000 employees on railroads 485 XXIX. Indices of physical production for agriculture, mining, and manufacture, 1899-1919 MAPS Per cent ratio of native white children under five years of age, born of native mothers, to native white females fifteen to fortyfour years of age in cities of less than 25,000 inhabitants and rural territory, 1900 Facing 227 Production of coal in states with an annual output of not less than 1,000,000 tons PART I SUMMARY REVIEW IT is the purpose of this review to state briefly for the benefit of the busy reader the results of our inquiry into the various phases of the immigration question. Such a summary must necessarily be dogmatic in form. Every proposition is advanced here, however, merely as a theorem, whose demonstration is presented in its proper place, in another part of the book. It is recognized on all sides that the present movement for restriction of immigration has a purely economic object: the restriction of competition in the labor market. Organized labor demands the extension of the protectionist policy to the home market in which "hands"-the laborer's only commodity-are offered for sale. The advocates of restriction believe that every immigrant admitted to this country takes the place of some American workingman. At the inception of the restrictionist movement, in the 80's and the early 90's, they were avowedly opposed to immigration in general. The subsequent decline of immigration from the British Isles, Germany, and the Scandinavian countries and the increase of immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe have diverted the attack from immigration in general to "the new immigration" from Southern and Eastern |