ENGLISH LANGUAGE, per cent
foreign-born able to speak the,
by years in the U. S., 58
FAIRCHILD, HENRY PRATT, iv;
487; 515-517; 519-529
FALENER, ROLAND P., 68, 69
FAMILY BUDGETS, Clothing: ex-
penditure for, in families of un-
skilled laborers, by income and
nativity, 267; increases with
earnings, 266; prices paid for,
by recent immigrants the same
as by native Americans, 265;
race variations insignificant,
266; Deficit: annual, per work-
ing family, by occupations,
1885, 297, 551; Food: expendi-
tures for, by nativity and in-
come, 258, 260, 262; in New
York City, 260; Slav laborers,
standards of, 259; Laborers:
unskilled, classified by nativity
and source of income, New
Jersey, 1885, 550; Massachu-
setts: 1800, 1830, and 1860, 549;
Rent: paid by immigrants as
high as, or higher than, that
paid by native wage-earners,
250; by nativity, 254, 255;
per person, in families without
boarders, the same for native,
and foreign-born, 254, 255;
South Italians: food expendi-
tures of, compared with Ameri-
can families, 258; Surplus: of
income over expenditure, by
country of birth of families,
368; Wage-earners: classified
by occupations, New Jersey,
1885, 550
FARMHOUSE LABOR, Competition:
of, in the clothing industry, in
'40's and '50's, 365; Daughters
of American farmers: working
for less than cost of living, 365
FARMING, (See: Agriculture)
FARM LABORERS, (See: Agricul-
tural laborers)
FATAL ACCIDent rate, (See also:
Fatal Accidents); Anthracite
coal mines: 1870-1909, 528;
decrease simultaneous with in-
crease of employment of Slavs
and Italians, 478; Bituminous
coal mines: 485; collated with
variation of the per cent of
miners of Italian and Slavic
parentage, 472, 555; compared
with railroads, 557; increase
due to exhaustion of mines, 480;
Coal mines: variation by States,
471; by causes and nativity,
474; by length of experience
and nativity, 477; Foreign
countries: compared with U. S.,
469
FATAL ACCIDENTS, (See also: Fatal
Accident Rate; Work Acci-
dents); Coal mines: negligence
of the miners, 480; Railroads:
485; Steel mills: speeding the
cause of, 481
FITCH, JOHN A., 164, 395, 399-401,
405, 411-413, 520, 526, (See
also: Pittsburgh Survey)
FOERSTER, ROBERT F., 515-520,
525-527
FOOD, 256-265, (See also: Family
Budgets); Food: Southern iron
district: expenses of typical
households for, 549; Immigra-
tion Commission's data: 256,
257; Slavs: standards of the,
compared with the U. S. Navy
ration, 257
FOREIGN-BORN, Breadwinners: by
grade of occupation and na-
tionality, 172; immigration and
emigration of, 1915-1919, 559;
increase or decrease of, by occu-
pation and nationality, 1890-
1900, Appendix, Table XI; In-
crease: compared with immigra-
tion, 88; from Scandinavian
countries, compared with immi-
grants from Southern and East-
ern Europe, 1880-1910, 199
FRIDAY, DAVID, 497, 503, 504, 511
GARMENT WORKERS, 362–374, (See
also: Clothing Industry); Jews:
in the cities underbid by Amer-
ican country workers, 372; La-
bor organizations: affiliations of
Jews and Italians with, in New
York City above the average
for the country, 326; more
effective than among other in-
dustrial workers, 373
GERMAN IMMIGRANTS, 2, 3, 8, 12,
15, 52-54, 65, 66, 73, 76–78, 149,
162, 170-172, 180-196, 194,
228-233, 252, 253, 263, 275, 328,
357,368, 369, 370, 374, 385, 395,
401, 414, 436, 442; Colonies: in
the middle of the nineteenth
century, 77; Congestion: in the
settlements in old New York
City, 65; Occupations: 1890-
1900, 170; Pennsylvania: in the
colony of, 76; Tenement houses:
unsanitary, in New York City
colonies of, in the '60's, 232
GERMANY, (See also: German
Immigrants; Northern and
Western Europe); 1, 14, 43, 52,
178-180, 180-196, 255, 262, 267,
268, 355, 356, 386, 520, 545; Ad-
vance: in the wages of farm
labor, 189, 190; Agricultural
progress: 189, 190; in 1895-
1910, 190; Coal: production of,
per cent increase of, 1890-1909,
183; Coal miners: increase of
annual earnings, 1890-1910,
186; Emigration: from, annual
average, 1875-1910, 192; to
countries outside of the U. S.,
1890-1904, 195; net e. from,
180; of unskilled laborers to the
U. S., increasing with the in-
creased immigration to the U.
S., from Southern and Eastern
Europe, 192, 193; Foreign-born:
by country of birth, 1880-1900,
545; engaged in gainful occupa-
tions, 1900, 545; population of,
180; Immigration: to, exceeds
emigration from, 180; to G. from
Southern and Eastern Europe,
181, 520; Industrial expansion:
182, 520; Iron: production of,
1880-1910, 183; Labor: con-
dition of, improved, 185; de-
mand for, increased, 185; Mi-
gration: of workers from Rus-
sian Poland to G., 181; Rail-
road mileage: growth of, and
freight traffic, 1890-1900, 184;
Trade-unions: 189; member-
ship of, 1890-1910, 187
GREAT BRITAIN, 1, 14, 17, 52, 179,
385, (See also: British Immi-
gration; English and Welsh;
Northern and Western Europe;
United Kingdom); Immigra-
tion: from, rise in 1897-1907,
213; Living conditions:
im-
provement of, 214; Real wages:
1850-1900, 215
HALL, PRESCOTT F., 41, 42
HAYNES, JOHN RANDOLPH, 462,
464, 469, 480, 481
HEBREWS, (See: Jews)
HOFFMAN, F. L., 465, 466, 471,
474, 476, 477
HOLMES, JOSEPH A., 467, 468
HOME OWNERSHIP, 274-283, (See
also: Apartment Houses); Ages:
of home owners, 279-281; Bos-
ton: 1845-1900, 277; Cities:
with population of 50,000 and
over, percentage of native white
in, 278; Decreasing: with the
growth of urban population,
282; with the increase of land
values, 278; Irregularity of em-
ployment: a bar to, 274; New
immigrants: not long enough in
the U. S. to have acquired
homes, 282; Labor disputes:
handicap in, 174; Laboring
classes; not accessible to, 283;
Old immigration: 277; Real
estate: value of, 278-279; Ten-
ancy: in Boston, 1790, 1845,
1890, and 1900, 276; Thrift:
and h. o., 276
HOURS OF LABOR, 311-317, (See
also: Clothing Industry); Agri-
culture: 110; American mill
hands: native, in the ante-
immigration period, 311, 312;
Cotton mills: h. o. 1. reduced in,
315; Massachusetts: 1872-1903,
313; New immigration: 314;
New York City: reduction of,
compared with remainder of
the State, 316, 317; Reduction:
contemporaneous with immi-
gration, 27; Sewing women: in
the middle of the nineteenth
century, 363; Steel industry:
shorter hours for foreigners
than for English-speaking skilled
and semi-skilled employees, 314
HOUSING CONDITIONS, 241-256,
(See also: Congestion; Tene-
ment Houses); Cause: of bad
h. c. economic, not racial, 247;
Germans: unsanitary h. c. of,
in the past, 230-232; Immigra
tion Commission: tendency to
shift the blame to the tenant,
249; Improvements: by Italians
and Jews, 66; Irish: unsanitary
h. c. of, in the past, 230-232;
Italian district: improved h. c.
in the, 66, 234; Jewish districts:
improved h. c. in the, 66, 234;
Landlords: responsibility of,
247; Native white: New Eng-
land working girls in the '40's,
241; sewing women, squalid
h. c. in the past, 231; unskilled
laborers in Southern mill towns,
246; Old immigration: cellar
population in New York City,
230; Massachusetts towns, h. c.
in, 243; rear tenements in New
York City, 233; shanty dwell-
ers in Massachusetts in the
'70's, 244; unsanitary tene-
ments in Boston, 241, 242
HOWARD, EARL DEAN, 185, 186,
189, 190
HUNGARIANS, (See: Magyars,
Slavs)
HUNGARY, 98, 100
HUNTER, ROBERT, 40, 45
ILLINOIS, II, 134, 135, 300, 301,
319, 334, 428-431, 433, 447, 448,
453, 471, 472, 473, 484, 534,
535, 538, 539, 540, 554, 557
ILLITERACY, immigration from
Bulgaria, Greece, Russia, and
Servia compared with popula-
tion of same countries, 71;
Italian: statistics of, 80; Sta-
tistics: 70, 80
IMMIGRANT COLONIES, Irish and
German in middle of nineteenth
century, 77
IMMIGRANTS, Connections: in the
U. S., 94; Farmers: number of,
negligible at all periods, 67;
Imported: myth of, 3, 99;
Occupations: per cent distribu-
tion by, 1861-1910, 67; Old:
majority unskilled, 67; Skilled:
proportion of, same for last half-
century, 67
IMMIGRATION, Annual average: by
occupations, 1861-1910, 503;
Assisted: 96; Breadwinners,
immigration and emigration of,
559, net i. of, 1915-1919, 498;
Business conditions: and, 1880-
1910, 87; Compared: with emi-
gration, 88, 546; Decline of,
493, 498; Monthly average:
compared with immigration,
1907-1909, 92; Objections: to,
40; Old: compared with New,
61-81; distribution, before
1840, 63; indentured servants,
immigrants a century ago
mostly, 62; Opposition: to, by
organized labor antedates new,
78; to quantity not quality, 79;
Quality of: European opinion,
72; Immigration Commission,
conclusion of, 72; intellectu-
ally average immigrant above
average of countrymen at home,
70; standard not lowered, 69;
Restriction of, probable effects
of, 487-492; 511; Tractability:
of old and new, 346; Volume:
how regulated, 93
IMMIGRATION COMMISSION, Con-
clusions: of the, 49, 72; contra-
dicted by its statistics, 325
INDUCED IMMIGRATION,
firmed tales of, 391
INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITY, Immigra-
tion: and, 86; Population: and,
for the past twenty years, 82
INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS, Commis-
sion on, 493, 494, 500
IRELAND, 2, 14, 17, 43, 65, 178,
179, 210, 215-221, 244, 245,
550, 551, (See also: Congestion;
Irish; Northern and Western
Europe; United Kingdom);
Emigration: from, 1851-1908,
216; decreasing since 1860, 216;
by destination, 1876-1908, 217;
Farm laborers: rise in wages of,
219; Housing: in rural areas,
1861-1901, 219; Land reform:
effects of, 217, 218; Recent
progress: 217-219
IRISH, 12-14, 17, 25, 52, 54, 57,
64-67, 69, 73, 77, 149, 161, 166,
169-172, 178, 179, 210, 212,
229-232, 244, 247, 252, 253, 255,
260-263, 267, 275, 290, 295, 328,
355, 356, 357, 364, 365, 374, 385,
386, 394, 395, 401, 414, 415, 425,
436, 437, 442, 447, 449, 545, 546,
(See also: Ireland); Congestion:
in the settlements of New York
City in the past, 65; Farm
work: reluctance of the early
immigrants toward, 66; Immi-
grant colonies: in the middle of
the nineteenth century, 77; Oc-
cupations: in the U. S., 1890-
1900, 169; Pauperism: in Bos-
ton, 1837-1845, 356; Standard
of living: of early immigrants,
64; Sweatshops: in the '50's,
364; Tenement houses: unsani-
tary, in the I. colonies of New
York City in the '60's, 232
IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY, (See
also: Iron and Steel Workers);
Expansion: of, 158-160; Tech-
nical revolution: in the, 399
IRON AND STEEL WORKERS, 394-
413, (See also: Aristocracy of
Labor; Rolling Mills; Un-
skilled Laborers); Amalga-
mated Association: of, common
laborers barred, 411; decline
due to substitution of ma-
chinery for skill, 412; Birds of
passage: by race, 75; Crowding
out: of English-speaking work-
men by immigrants, none, 395;
Earnings: in the Pittsburgh and
Southern districts. 408; Eight-
hour day: demand of the em-
ployers, in the '80's resisted, by
the Amalgamated Association,
410, 411; Highly paid men:
small fraction of the force in the
past, 395; Hours of labor:
shorter for unskilled foreign-
ers than for English-speaking
skilled and semi-skilled, 314;
Machinery: skill displaced by,
399; Months of employment:
native and foreign-born male,
by per cent distribution, 127;
Race: 1880, 1890, and 1900,
159; 1890-1900, in the prin-
cipal cities of the Middle West,
160; and skill, 402; Racial
stratification: 402, 403; Skilled:
earnings in Eastern and South-
ern mills, 407; proportion of,
162; Sunday work: general
rule before period of New Im-
migration, 409; Twelve-hour
day: insisted on by piece work-
ers in the '80's, 410, 411; Un-
skilled: proportion of, 162;
Wages: 403; in 1884, 396; in
1880-1908, 398, 553; by occu-
pations, 1880-1908, 397; of
skilled men higher in Pittsburgh
with, than in the South with-
out, immigrant competition,
405; of skilled men in the Pitts-
burgh mills reduced since 1892,
403, 404; vary inversely with
the ratio of recent immigrants,
408
IRREGULARITY OF EMPLOYMENT,
migratory worker the product
of, 435
ITALIANS, 3, 7, 15, 16, 20, 22, 32,
37, 43, 47, 65, 72, 79, 80, 85,
91, 99, 120, 162, 170-172, 193,
200, 201, 209, 234, 237, 238, 240,
253, 255, 258-263, 267-269, 290,
326, 328, 345, 349, 351, 355,
356-359, 368-371, 374, 385, 386,
388, 391, 394, 428, 437, 442, 443,
449, 450, 453, 458, 484, 545,
546, (See also: South Italians);
Housing conditions: improved
by, 66; improved in the I.
district, 234; Illiteracy: statis-
tics, 80; Labor organizations:
affiliation of clothing workers
with, above the average for the
country, 326
ITALY, 32, 69, 72, 93, 181, 349, 350,
358, 359, (See also: Italians);
Labor organizations: 349; agri-
cultural, 350; Strikes: of agri-
cultural laborers, 350
JENKS AND LAUCK, 43, 44, 65, 68,
84, 85, 126, 163, 164, 173, 245,
247, 248, 250, 251, 271, 272, 273,
275, 280, 285, 287, 288, 290, 302,
303, 346, 351, 360, 371, 458, 460
JENKS, JEREMIAH W., (See: Jenks
and Lauck)
JEWS, 3, 20, 25, 32, 65, 66, 71, 72,
228, 234, 238, 240, 253, 280,
326, 328, 351, 356, 362, 363, 368,
369, 370, 371, 372, 374, (See
also: Russians); Housing con-
ditions: improved, in the J.
districts, 66, 234; Labor organi-
zations: affiliation of J. clothing
workers with, in New York
City above the average for the
country, 326; Underbidding: of
J. by American country work-
ers, 372
LABOR, condition of, has not de-
teriorated in the U. S., 23
LABOR AGENTS, before the immi-
gration era, 119
LABOR ARISTOCRACY, (See: Aris-
tocracy of Labor)
LABOR COMPETITION, Immigrants:
do not undercut union wages,
378; Southern white: keeping
down the wages of immigrants
in the North, 381
Labor market, immigration and
the, 82-102, 498-500; mobility
of labor, 499-500
LABOR ORGANIZATIONS, 325-352,
(See also: Coal Mines; Cotton
Mills; Garment Workers; Iron
and Steel Workers; Woolen
Mills); Bituminous coal mines:
445; Coal miners: non-English-
speaking, affiliated with, 352,
353; union of, recognized by the
Steel Trust, 453; Date of organi-
zation: in principal industrial
States, 334; Ephemeral: previous
to 1880, 330; Garment workers:
Jewish and Italian, union affilia-
tions above the average for the
country, 326; Growth: since
1890, 333; Immigrants: discrim-
ination against, 347; Immigra-
tion: effects of, on 1. o., 376, 377;
Machinery: effect upon craft
unions, 351; Membership: na-
tivity, 552; and immigration,
New York State, 552; in the
State of New York, and im-
migration to the State of
New York, 1897-1910, 336;
foreign-born predominating in
the '80's, 330, 331; proportion
of industrial wage-earners or-
ganized, 340, 553; race not a
factor, 327; rising and falling
with rise and fall of immigra-
tion, 30; Native Americans:
aloofness from, 339; New York
City: stronger than in the re-
mainder of the State, 341, 343;
New York State, stronger than
in Kansas, 337, 339; Progress:
greater progress coincident with
the great tide of immigration,
333; Proportion: organized, na-
tives and immigrants, 327, 328;
Recent immigrants: home train-
ing in organization, 32, 349;
organizing along industrial lines,
413; as strongly organized as
natives and older immigrants,
327; Skilled: interests of, con-
fict with those of the unskilled,
348; Unskilled: not eligible to
membership in craft unions,
346; organization among the,
32, 349
LABOR PROBLEM, immigration not
the cause of, 34
LABOR UNIONS, (See: Labor Or-
ganizations)
LABORERS, (See: Unskilled Lab-
orers)
LAUCK, W. JETT, 49, 265, 384, 388,
494, 495, 496, 501, 511, (See
also: Jenks and Lauck)
LAWRENCE, MASSACHUSETTS, 33,
348, 384-393, (See also: Strikes;
Wages; Woolen and Worsted
Mills; Worsted Mills); strike of
1912, 348; and public opinion,
384
LEISERSON, WILLIAM M., 290,
440, 454
LITHUANIANS, 32, 55, 56, 57, 75,
228, 253, 328, 351, 368, 370,
442, 456
LITMAN, SIMON, 502, 503
LIVING EXPENSES, (See: Family
Budgets)
LODGERS, (See: Boarders and
Lodgers)
MACHINE MINING, (See also: Min-
ing Machine); Bituminous coal:
per cent of, machine mined, and
per cent ratio of miners from
Southern and Eastern Europe,
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