Α

AGRICULTURAL LABORERS, Dis-
placement: by machinery, 109;
Earnings: compared with earn-
ings in similar non-agricultural
occupations, 111; Wages: 110
AGRICULTURAL POPULATION, lim-
its to further growth of, 112;
movement to the city, 491, 506,
507
AGRICULTURE, 103-113, (See also:
Rural Depopulation); Centrali-
zation of industry: effect upon
farming, 107; Demand: for
labor in a. and in industry, 7,
104; Differentiation of manu-
facturing: from a., 106, 107;
Irish Immigrants: reluctance
towards a., 66; Machinery: 108;
Wages: low, 110; of agricul-
tural and other unskilled labor-
ers, III
ALIENS, arrival and departure of,
1908-1920, 558
ANTHRACITE COAL, (See: Coal
Mines, Anthracite)
ANTHRACITE COAL STRIKE COM-
MISSION, award of the, 456
APARTMENT HOUSES, increase, 282
ARISTOCRACY OF LABOR, English-

speaking, created by immigra-
tion, 9, 161, 163, 164, 394
ASSIMILATION, English language:
ability to speak, 58; Problem of:
42, 75; Recent immigrants: 77

B

BASTABLE, C. F., 218, 219
BERGER, VICTOR L., 394
BEVERIDGE, W. H., 114, 121, 123,
124, 126, 522; (See also: Un-
employment)

BING, ALEXANDER M., 500, 501,
505

BIRDS OF PASSAGE, 74; by race,

75

BIRTH RATE, (See: Race Suicide)
BITUMINOUS COAL, (See: Coal,
Bituminous)

BITUMINOUS COAL MINES, (See:
Coal Mines, Bituminous)
BOARDERS AND LODGERS, Earn-
ings: of head of family, 253;
Old immigration: per cent of
families keeping b. a. 1. among
the races of the, 253; Rent: and
b. a. 1., 254; Statistics: of the
Immigration Commission unre-
liable, 251, 252

BOSTON, 25, 65, 241, 242, 356, 363;
Home ownership: 1845-1900,
277; Housing: number of fami-
lies per house, 1853-1900, 242;
Tenancy: 1790, 1845, 1890, and
1900, 276; Tenement houses:
1855 and 1900, 241; unsanitary
in the '70's, 241, 242
BREADWINNERS, English: number,
1890 and 1900, 166; in selected
occupations, 1890-1900, 168;
German: number, 1890 and
1900, 166; in selected occupa-
tions, 170; Increase or decrease:
by sex, nativity, and occupa-
tion, 1890-1900, 141; Irish:
number, 1890 and 1900, 166;
in selected occupations, 169;
Welsh: number, 1890 and 1900,
166; in selected occupations,
168; (See also: Foreign-born;
Immigration)

BRITISH COLONIES, British immi-
gration to, encouraged by colo-
nial governments, 210
BRITISH EMIGRATION, decline of,
effect of home conditions, 173
BRITISH IMMIGRATION, encouraged
by colonial governments, 210
BUDGETS, (See: Family Budgets)
BURNETT, JOHN L., 43

C

CANADA, (See: Emigration, Amer-
ican farmers)
CAPITAL, emigration of, 491, 492,

510; immigration of, 522-523
CARLTON, FRANK TRACY, 61, 307,

308, 318, 330, 349, 351
CASTE PREJUDICE, against the
immigrant, outgrowth of occu-
pational stratification, 424
CHAPIN, ROBERT COIT, 240, 258,
260, 261

CHILD LABOR, 107, 318-324; Cot-
ton mills: children under 14 in
Northern and Southern, 321;
children under 14 in principal
States, 321; Decrease: of, con-
temporaneous with the increase
of immigration, 318; in States
with a large immigrant popula-
tion, 26; Defenders: of, in the
South, 321; Foreign-born: per
cent of, and per cent of children
under 16 employed in factories
in leading States, 319; Increase,
during the World War, 508, 509;
Parent nativity: of children, 10
to 15 years, in manufactures, by
geographical divisions, 320;
Shoe factories: c. 1. in, of rural
Missouri, 322; South: more
frequent in the, than in States
with large immigrant popula-
tion, 319; Substitute for immi-
gration, 26, 321, 490, 527
CIVIL WAR, Cost of living, 307;
labor organizations, 330; wages,
307-308

CLAGHORN, KATE H., 65, 66, 357
CLOTHING INDUSTRY, 265-267;

(See also: Family Budgets;
Farmhouse Labor; Garment
Workers); Growth: of, since
1890, 369; Hours of labor: in
middle of nineteenth century,
363; Strikes: compared with
average for all industries, 1887-
1905, 373; Wages, real: of
women in the past lower than
to-day, 364, 365
CLOTHING WORKERS, (See: Gar-
ment Workers)
COAL, Demand: fluctuations in
the, for, 432, 433, 434; Pro-
duction: per capita, 105; by

months, 433; and population,
419; in the U. S., 1880-1910,
416-417

COAL, BITUMINOUS, machine
mined, per cent of, and per-
centage of miners from Southern
and Eastern Europe, by States,
429, 555

COAL MINERS, 414-457;

Unem-

ployed: and per cent foreign
white, by States, 538; Westward
movement: caused by the open-
ing of new mining fields, 418
COAL MINERS, BITUMINOUS, Wage
scale: in Pennsylvania, 1895-
1908, 441; Wages: by race and
locality, 442

COAL MINES, (See also: Coal; Coal
Miners; Fatal Accidents; Strikes;
Work Accidents); Competition:
of unorganized native American
mine workers, 447; Fatal acci-
dents: in the U. S. and foreign
countries, 469; Unemployment:
part-time employment in lieu
of, 434

COAL MINES, ANTHRACITE, (See
also: Anthracite Coal Strike
Commission; Strikes); Fatal
accident rate: 1870-1909, 479,
556; Miners' unions: short
lived prior to the New Immigra-
tion, 455; Production: of, 1870-
1909, 437; Wage-earners: num-
ber in, 1870-1909, 437
COAL MINES, BITUMINOUS, Days
worked: average number of,
and variation of the number of
immigrant miners and laborers
in Pennsylvania, 140, 141;
Employees: number, 1880-1907,
420; Fatal accident rate: by
nativity and causes, 474; by
nativity and length of experi-
ence, 477; compared with rail-
roads, 485, 557; variation of the
percentage of miners of Slavic
and Italian parentage, 472, 527;
Labor organizations, 445; Un-
employment: ratio of, and per-
centage of foreign-born miners,
134: Wages, union scale of,
1898-1908, 440

COLLECTIVE BARGAINING, (See:
Labor Organizations, World
War)

COMMISSARY STORE, (See: Com-
pany Store)
COMMONS, JOHN R., 62, 114, 289,
291, 298, 302, 307, 362, 454, 518
COMPANY HOUSES, 247, 248
COMPANY STORE, 272; Movement
against: 1849-1897, 444; in the
South, 443

COMPETITION, IMMIGRANT, new
immigrants not working for less
pay than natives or older im-
migrants, 401

CONGESTION, (See also: Housing

Conditions; Tenement Houses);
Boston: number of families per
house, 1853-1900, 242; Dublin:
c. in, 520; Effect: upon cost of
living and wages, 240; Failure
of the community: to provide
safeguards against, 239; In-
dustrial causes, 235; Ireland:
c. in, 244; New York City: 229-
241; Old Immigration:

65;

Race: not a factor, 237; Rear
tenements, 233
CONTRACT LABORERS, importa-

tion of, infrequent, 99, 394, 524;
during the World War, 498-499,
530
COST OF LIVING, 240, 521, (See
also: Wages and the Cost of
Living)
COTTON MILLS, 375-383, (See also:
Child Labor); Earnings:
operatives, by sex and age, by
principal States, 387; Hours of
labor, 315; Strikes: much above
the average in duration, 379;
Unemployed: and foreign-born,
136, 540

of

CRAFT UNIONS, (See: Labor Or-
ganizations)

CRIME, 353, 358-361; Immigrants:
alleged criminal proclivities of
the, 358; no more criminal than
native Americans, 359; Increase
of immigration: coincident with
decrease of c., 360

DAYS WORKED, Bituminous coal
mines: d. w. collated with
variation of number of immi-
grant miners and laborers in
Pennsylvania, 140, 141; Organ-
ized trades: in the State of New
York, and immigration, 1897-
1909, 144

DEMAND FOR LABOR, (See also:
Agriculture; Labor Market);
Agriculture: 103-113; Charac-
ter and volume of immigration:
determined by, 102; Immigra-
tion and emigration: regulated
by, 3; Population of the United
States: not increasing as fast as,

84
DENMARK, 16, 179, 202, 203-205,
(See also: Northern and Western
Europe); Decline of emigration:
from, due to improvement in
condition of people, 205; Eco-
nomic conditions: of the peas-
ants greatly improved since the
'80's, 203; Emigration: from,
to the United States, 1820-1910,
203; Immigration: to, 204;
Progress of manufacturing; 204
DESMOND, H. J., 73, 77
DISPLACEMENT, defined by the
Oxford Dictionary, 149
DISPLACEMENT, RACIAL, 415

E

EARNINGS, (See: Wages)
EASTMAN, CRYSTAL, 460, 461, 467,
468, 481, 482, 484
EMIGRATION, American farmers:
emigrating to Canada, 112;
Immigration: compared with,
90, 557, 558; Industrial crisis,
1907-8, net e. during, 88;
Monthly average: 1907-1909,
92; World War, net e. during,
498
EMPLOYMENT, Fluctuations of, 121,
123, 137, 531
ENGELS, FRIEDRICH, 475-476
ENGLAND, (See: United Kingdom)
ENGLISH AND WELSH, 166, 167,

168, 170, 171, 172, 262, 263,
264, 267, 268, 290, 326, 355,
356, 357, 395, 401, 414, 415,
425, 436, 437, 442, 447, 449,
545, 546