XIV. Emigration from Germany to all countries outside of the United States and per cent of Southern and Eastern European immigration to the total immigration to the United States, 1890-1904.

Germany to other countries than the United States steadily declined, while immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe to the United States advanced from 44.3 to 75.1 per cent of the total.

It is, evidently, not because living conditions in the United States have grown worse, but because living conditions in Germany have grown better, that emigration from Germany to all countries has fallen off.

C. The Scandinavians

Scandinavian immigration to the United States reached its maximum during the decade 1881-1890, when it exceeded by about two thirds the total for the preceding sixty years.' Yet while the total number of immigrants of both sexes and all ages in 1901-1910 fell short of the maximum reached in 1881-1890, the number of breadwinners showed a very substantial increase, as appears from the following table: TABLE 55.

SCANDINAVIAN IMMIGRATION TO THE UNITED STATES, 1881-1910.*

The total number admitted up to 1880 was 397,011, the total for 1881-1890 was 656,494. Computed from Reports of the Immigration Commission, vol. I, Table 9, pp. 66-96.

2 Monthly Summary of Commerce and Finance, June, 1903, pp. 4408-4411; Report of the Immigration Commission, vol. I, Tables 12-13. Annual Reports of the Commissioner-General of Immigration: 1899-1900, Table VIII.; 1901-1904, Table IX.; 1905-1908, Table VIII.; 1909-1910, Table X.

All immigrants exclusive of dependents, described in immigration statistics as "without occupation (mostly women and children).”

As shown by the figures, the number of Scandinavians coming to compete in the American labor market actually increased: the total for 1901-1910 exceeded by 20 per cent that for 1881-1890. The population of the Scandinavian countries increased at the same time approximately 22 per cent. Emigration kept pace with population.

The only observable change is that, whereas the earlier Scandinavian immigration was mostly of a family type, among the recent Scandinavian immigrants single persons vastly predominate; in 1881-1890 there were 46 dependents to every 54 immigrant breadwinners, in 1901-1910 only 19 to 81. In this respect the Scandinavian immigrants of the present day are very much like the immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe. The cause of this change in the matter of the family relations of the Scandinavian immigrants is evidently not racial, but economic. The old Scandinavian immigration came largely to settle on farms, where a family was a help, while the new Scandinavian immigration, like the new immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe, comes chiefly to seek industrial employment. A single person, without family responsibilities, can more easily hazard the uncertainties of emigration to a strange land; a married wage-earner will as a rule leave his family behind, until he feels certain of his ability to provide for them in the new country.

That Scandinavian immigration to the United States was in no way affected by immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe is evidenced by the change in the direction

'Computed from Statistical Abstract of the Principal and other Foreign Countries (British), No. XVI., p. 8; No. XXXV., pp. 8, 10.

At the census of 1900, 49.8 per cent of all Norwegians, 42.3 per cent of all Danes, and 30.2 per cent of all Swedes in the United States were reported as engaged in agricultural pursuits. It is probable that some of those who were described by the enumerators in agricultural districts as laborers were agricultural laborers. Both groups com. bined numbered 59.3 per cent of all Norwegians, 52.3 per cent of all Danes, and 43 per cent of all Swedes.-Reports of the Immigration Commission, vol. 28, Table IA, pp. 216 et seq.

of the former; whereas prior to 1890 the greater part of Scandinavian immigration was directed to the agricultural States of the Central West and the Northwest, since 1890 the majority of the Scandinavian immigrants follow the current of immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe. The figures are presented in Table 56. The increase of the number of foreign-born from Scandinavian countries and from Southern and Eastern Europe in 1880-1910 represents the net results of immigration from those countries, as reduced by emigration and death. In Diagram XV a graphic representation of the same figures is furnished, each number being expressed in the area of the corresponding semicircle or quadrant. The black quadrants represent Scandinavians, the shaded semicircles and quadrants natives of Southern and Eastern Europe. The left side represents the eleven Western States indicated on the map, the right side, all other States and Territories.

TABLE 56.

INCREASE OF FOREIGN-BORN FROM THE SCANDINAVIAN COUNTRIES AND FROM EASTERN AND SOUTHIERn Europe, 1880-1910, BY GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS (THOUSANDS).1

If it were true that the Scandinavians stayed away from the United States because they were reluctant to compete with immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe, we should expect to find that the recent Scandinavian immigrants, like their predecessors, were headed for the West 'See Appendix, Table XIV.