The East Greenland Current and its associated marginal ice zone is a region of intense dynamic activity. A two layer, primitive equation, numerical model is used to simulate an eddy-jet interaction in the East Greenland marginal ice zone region. The effects of wind direction, topography, and sense of eddy rotation on the eddy-jet interaction are examined to determine the seaward ice transport, icebanding, and dipole formation. It is determined that an anticyclone (15 cm/s) interacting with a jet (30 cm/s) will develop a dipole that advects ice away from the ice edge. The dipole formation and ice advection away from the ice edge is not seen for a cyclone-jet interaction. It is also seen that a jet with no winds flowing parallel to the ice edge will create an iceband due to the cross ice edge Ekman transport. The interaction of both the cyclone and anticyclone with the jet creates downstream perturbations in the jet leading to a sinuous ice edge. Winds greater that 10 m/s dominate the ice dynamics over that induced by the ocean flow fields. GRA N89-29003# Planning Systems, Inc., McLean, VA. PRELIMINARY NEURAL NETWORK DETECTION OF A GULF STREAM IN IMAGES OF SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE GRADIENTS, PHASE 1 Final Report, 30 Sep. 1988-30 Mar. 1989 Eugene J. Molinelli and Michael J. Flanigan 28 Apr. 1989 38 p Prepared for Office of Naval Research, Arlington, VA (AD-A207801; PSI-TR-477421) Avail: NTIS HC A03/MF A01 CSCL 08/3 A concept is tested for automatically identifying Gulf Stream surface temperature gradients among the myriad fronts discernable as edges in satellite infrared imagery. The concept is to use the techniques of neural networks in concert with a principal component climatology of Gulf Stream axes. Sample neural networks were constructed that successfully produced mode coefficients for the first three components for a large set of well defined Gulf Streams. One network, operating on a jumble of edges from a real composite sea surface temperature image, produced a 3-mode Gulf Stream sufficiently close to the actual Gulf Stream edges as to hold promise for identifying the Gulf Stream's gradients automatically. GRA N89-29004# Coastal Engineering Research Center, Vicksburg, MS. HURRICANE HINDCAST METHODOLOGY AND WAVE STATISTICS FOR ATLANTIC AND GULF HURRICANES FROM 1956-1975 Final Report Charles E. Abel, Barbara A. Tracy, C. L. Vincent, and Robert A. Jensen Apr. 1989 85 p (AD-A207849; CERC-WIS-19) Avail: NTIS HC A05/MF A01 CSCL 08/3 Ocean wave conditions at locations along the U.S. Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coastlines are hindcast during hurricanes occurring between 1956 and 1975. A total of 68 hurricanes occurred in the period, 43 affecting the Atlantic coast and 25 the gulf coast. The hindcast method is discussed and verification presented for storms where observations are available. Results are presented as the highest wave occuring at each location and significant wave height versus return period for each location. GRA (Contracts N00014-76-C-0197; N00014-84-C-0132; N00014-82-C-0019; N00014-85-C-0001) (AD-A208020; WHOI-CONTRIB-6517) Avail: NTIS HC_A03/MF A01 CSCL 08/3 The mechanism by which tracer is entrained into a spatially decaying gyre from an external source is examined, as well as the homogenization which subsequently occurs. A simple advective-diffuse numerical model is used whose streamlines consist of a elongated gyre situated beside a distinct boundary current, which inputs tracer into the domain. This is meant to represent the deep cyclonic recirculation of the Gulf Stream and adjacent deep western boundary current. A shear flow analysis shows that two parameters indicate the manner in which a tracer penetrates across streamlines of the gyre: a peclet number and a parameter which measures the strength of the cross-stream shear. The large values of these parameters cause a plume of tracer to spiral inward toward the center of the gyre. At steady state the tracer which has accumulated in the gyre becomes homogenized. The size of this uniform area is related to the extent to which the spiral penetrated the gyre and decreases with increasing diffusivity, as several examples illustrate. GRA N89-29006# Geodesy. Technische Univ., Delft (Netherlands). Faculty of SEA GRAVIMETRY AND EOTVOS CORRECTION A physical model for sea gravimetry, which includes the Eotvos effect, is derived. An error model for sea gravimetry, which includes Eotvos correction errors, cross coupling errors and off level errors is shown. The possibilities of obtaining ship velocity estimates with high accuracy by using the Global Positioning System (GPS) pseudorange code measurements and carrier phase measurements are investigated. An analysis of Eotvos corrections computer from velocity measurements is given. Data collected at the North Sea in the period from April 21 to May 13, 1986 is considered. The comparison of Eotvos corrections compound with ship velocity estimates from GPS pseudorange measurements, Doppler smoothed pseudorange measurements, carrier phase measurements and Syledis and Hyperfix positions shows no discrepancies. Best results are obtained from the GPS Doppler smoothed pseudorange method and show that the GPS is a promising development for sea gravimetry. 51 LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL) No abstracts in this category. 52 AEROSPACE MEDICINE ESA Includes physiological factors; biological effects of radiation; and effects of weightlessness on man and animals. (DE89-013221; LA-UR-89-1579; CONF-890849-2) Avail: NTIS HC A02/MF A01 In magnetoencephalography (MEG), the magnetic fields created by electrical activity in the brain are measured on the surface of the skull. To determine the location of the activity, the measured field is fit to an assumed source generator model, such as a current dipole, by minimizing chi-square. For current dipoles and other nonlinear source models, the fit is performed by an iterative least squares procedure such as the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm. Once the fit has been computed, analysis of the resulting value of chi-square can determine whether the assumed source model is adequate to account for the measurements. If the source model is adequate, then the effect of measurement error on the fitted model parameters must be analyzed. Although these kinds of simulation studies can provide a rough idea of the effect that measurement error can be expected to have on source localization, they cannot provide detailed enough information to determine the effects that the errors in a particular measurement situation will produce. In this work, we introduce and describe the use of Monte Carlo-based techniques to analyze model fitting errors for real data. Given the details of the measurement setup and a statistical description of the measurement errors, these techniques determine the effects the errors have on the fitted model parameters. The effects can then be summarized in various ways such as parameter variances/covariances or multidimensional confidence regions. DOE N89-29008# Los Alamos National Lab., NM. Life Sciences Div. (Contract W-7405-eng-36) (DE89-013438; LA-UR-89-1729; CONF-890849-1) Avail: NTIS HC A02/MF A01 Neuromagnetic measurements and associated modeling procedures must be able to resolve multiple sources in order to localize and accurately characterize the generators of visual evoked neuromagnetic activity. Workers have identified at least 11 areas in the macaque, throughout occipital, parietal, and temporal cortex, which are primarily or entirely visual in function. The surface area of the human occipital lobe is estimated to be 150 to 250 cm. Primary visual cortex covers approximately 26 sq cm while secondary visual areas comprise the remaining area. For evoked response amplitudes typical of human MEG data, one report estimates that a two-dipole field may be statistically distinguishable from that of a single dipole when the separation is greater than 1 to 2 cm. Given the estimated expanse of cortex devoted to visual processes, along with this estimate of resolution limits it is likely that MEG can resolve sources associated with activity in multiple visual areas. Researchers have noted evidence for the existence of multiple sources when presenting visual stimuli in a half field; however, they did not attempt to localize them. Numerous human MEG field patterns were examined resulting from different visual field placements of a small sinusoidal grating which suggest the existence of multiple sources. The analyses utilized for resolving multiple sources in these studies differ depending on whether there was evidence of: (1) synchronous activation of two spatially discrete sources, or (2) two discrete asynchronous sources. In some cases observed field patterns were observed which appear to be adequately explained by a single source changing its orientation and location across time. DOE N89-29009# Army Research Inst. of Environmental Medicine, Richard R. Gonzalez and Kent B. Pandolf May 1989 7 p (AD-A209753; USARIEM-M48-89) Avail: NTIS HC A02/MF A01 CSCL 06/10 A fundamental change that occurs with advancing age is a diminishing maximal aerobic power (VO2 max). In sedentary individuals the rate of decline in VO2 max as a function of age is estimated at 10 percent per ten years after age 20 but becomes more gradual in endurance-trained individuals regardless of gender, approaching about 5 percent with each ten year span. It is thought that reduced sweating and vasomotor responses to heat stress indicate deterioration in thermoregulatory function. A scrutiny of thermoregulatory mechanisms in the aging process is necessary because other quantitative studies of actual efferent thermoregulatory drive point to a maintenance of thermoregulatory competence well into the sixth decade of life provided a level of aerobic fitness is sustained. Pandolf and others studied a group of nine young and nine middle-aged men having parallel body weights, skin surface areas, percent body fat and maximal aerobic power. These groups displayed almost equivalent thermoregulatory responses to comparable exercise and heat stress conditions following 10-days of heat acclimation. The present paper is an examination of the above study's thermoregulatory responses during exercise transients. Transient analysis to specific exercise/ heat stress provocation provides a clearer understanding of the influence of age and aerobic fitness on thermoregulatory control of sweating than steady-state analysis. GRA N89-29010# Vision Sciences Research Corp., San Ramon, CA. SUPRATHRESHOLD CONTRAST SENSITIVITY VISION TEST CHART Annual Progress Report Arthur P. Ginsburg 15 Jun. 1989 26 p (Contract F49620-88-C-0083) (AD-A209915) Avail: NTIS HC A03/MF A01 CSCL 06/4 This research period concentrated on the further design and development of a suprathreshold contrast sensitivity test chart with which to create a family of contrast matching functions. Three different chart configurations were developed and tested for suitability. Preliminary test-retest, subject instruction, and chart configuration experiments were completed. The results show good test-retest reliability. Individual differences in contrast matching using previously developed suprathreshold contrast sensitivity charts are also evident in these new data. Different subject instructions having the subjects either make the contrast judgements using global or local contrast analysis resulted in similar results. The spatial positioning of grating test patches appears to bias the contrast matches and warrants further investigation. Future research will finalize the suprathreshold contrast sensitivity chart configuration and compare the resulting contrast matching data to that obtained using a computer-video system and continuous contrast test increments. The final chart will be used for large population, clinical and performance testing. GRA N89-29011# Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MA. COMPONENTS OF HIGH-LEVEL VISION: A COGNITIVE NEUROLOGICAL SYNDROMES Annual Report, Dec. 1987 - Stephen M. Kosslyn 28 Feb. 1989 89 p High level visual processes make use of stored information, and are invoked during object identification, navigation, tracking, and visual mental imagery. A theory of the component processing subsystems used in high level vision is examined. This theory was developed by considering neuroanatomical, neurophysiological, and computational constraints. The theory has led to three kinds of empirical work: First, specific claims associated with individual processing subsystems were tested. For example, the analysis of the representation of spatial relations led to the prediction that two subsystems are used to encode this information, and a set of experiments was conducted that provided support for this distinction. Second, predictions from the theory as a whole were formulated, and some of these predictions are now being tested. And third, the subsystems were implemented in a running computer simulation model, which was used to generate predictions about specific neurological syndromes. The model can be damaged in a variety of ways, and its performance on a set of tasks then observed. The experiments conducted to data and predictions from the computer model are summarized. In addition, the most common dysfunctions of vision following brain damage are reviewed, and accounts are offered by reference to the simulation model. GRA N89-29012# CA. Letterman Army Inst. of Research, San Francisco, TRANSIENT VISUAL EFFECTS OF PROLONGED SMALL SPOT Mar. 1989 (AD-A207945; LAIR-373) Avail: NTIS HC A03/MF A01 CSCL 06/7 In recent experiments, the effects were evaluated of acute, threshold damage levels of small spot foveal laser exposure. These experiments revealed transient changes in acuity and contrast sensitivity lasting from 10 to 15 minutes postexposure. Following recovery from such effects, normal acuity and contrast sensitivity are not necessarily degraded, although continuous exposure at these levels does result in parafoveal compensation for foveal damage and eventual deficit in fine visual acuity. Development of a test of foveal function during and after small spot foveal exposure was the primary objective of this investigation. This objective was accomplished. At retinal damage levels, only a small focal foveal lesion was observed indicating the ability to utilize the fovea during such exposure. Postexposure recovery effects analyzed for target size and contrast conditions suggest retinal and possibly cortical GRA saturation processes. N89-29013# Army Command and General Staff Coll., Fort Clinton T. Anderson 26 Nov. 1988 46 p CSCL 06/10 The effects of sleep loss on the combat effectiveness of the US Army's leaders and soldiers were examined. It begins with an examination of U.S. and Soviet doctrine for conducting continuous operations. This section discusses the doctrinal methods and procedures that both major powers employ to maintain continuous pressure on their opponent. After laying the theoretical groundwork, it then examines the changes that have occurred in tactical force design since World War 2 to determine what was done to enhance or degrade the ability to execute that doctrine. After this discussion on the mechanical aspect of combat, the paper discusses the effects of sleep loss on units and the individual soldier. It concludes that the U.S. Army currently has no doctrine for the conduct of combat over an extended period of time. Adequate doctrine was provided for the conduct of operations in periods of both limited and unlimited visibility, but the doctrine necessary to transition to continuous operations is not available. Furthermore, recent changes in the force structure of combat units (primarily Armor and Mechanized Infantry) have significantly reduced the redundancy and robustness in those units that is necessary to conduct continuous operations. During continuous operations, the units will be effected by loss of sleep. Sleep deprivation affects the cognitive skills of the leaders greater than the physical skills of the soldiers. GRA N89-29014# Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA. Following injury or infection there is accelerated net breakdown of skeletal muscle protein associated with negative nitrogen balance. A variety of factors influence this response, including food intake, inactivity and the hormonal environment. In studies that control for food intake and exercise, infusion of the catabolic hormones causes negative nitrogen balance but does not account for the accelerated proteolysis that occurs following moderate to severe injury. The recent recognition that injured tissue or invasive infection stimulates the production of a variety of cytokines has caused a variety of investigators to hypothesize that these mediators may serve as the signal to accelerate skeletal muscle proteolysis. Some of the initial in vitro studies have suggested that increased skeletal muscle protein breakdown may be simulated by activation of the cyclooxygenase pathway. Others have presented data which demonstrates that proteolysis may continue even when prostinoid mechanisms are not activated. Infusion of Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) into the single hind leg of the dog failed to stimulate the increased release of amino acids. Additional animals underwent lumbar sympathectomy and then sympathetic nerve stimulation. Following sympathectomy, leg blood flow increased, and with stimulation leg blood flow returned toward control values. Glucose Flux did not change in either leg throughout the study and was similar in both hind limbs. Amino acid analysis is presently in process. GRA N89-29015# Defence and Civil Inst. of Environmental Medicine, During the 13 year period from January 1975 through December 1987, there were 78 attempted ejections from Canadian Forces (CF) aircraft of which 67 were successful. Fifty-eight of these ejectees received injuries from four main causative mechanisms: harness (restraint and parachute), body contact with cockpit surroundings during ejection, windblast force, and ejection acceleration force. Nineteen individuals (28.3 percent) received major injuries (dislocations, fractures, connective tissue injury, and organ contusion) from ejection jolt, windblast flail, collision with the seat structure, and landing. Fourteen of these individuals (20.9 percent) suffered fractured vertebrae, six (8.7 percent) during ejection and eight (12.2 percent) during landing. Minor injuries were primarily superficial abrasions, contusions, and lacerations. The majority of these were caused by the harness system (ballistic inertia reel yoke and parachute saddle), followed by windblast pressure on the helmet and oxygen mask, and lastly, contact with cockpit surroundings during ejection. Aircrew factors that contributed to injury were: improper position on ejection, loose restraint system and parachute harness, loose oxygen mask and helmet, and failure to release the seat pack prior to landing. N89-29016*# GRA National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA. MUSCLE CHANGES WITH ECCENTRIC EXERCISE: IMPLICATIONS ON EARTH AND IN SPACE Alan R. Hargens, Scott Parazynski, Michael Aratow, and Jan Friden 17 P Presented at the Aug. 1989 (Umea Univ., Sweden) International Society for Myochemistry Meeting, Nice, France, 12-14 Oct. 1989 Sponsored by Swedish Medical Research Council; Tore Nilsson Foundation; Swedish Sports Research Council (Contract NIH-AM-25501) (NASA-TM-102227; A-89224; NAS 1.15:102227) Avail: NTIS HC A03/MF A01 CSCL 06P Recent investigations of fluid pressure, morphology, and enzyme activities of skeletal muscle exercised eccentrically or normal human subjects concentrically in Intramuscular pressures were measured before, during, and after submaximal exercise and correlated with subjective muscle soreness, fiber size, water content, and blood indices of muscle enzymes. High intensity eccentric exercise is characterized by post exercise pain, elevated intramuscular pressures, and swelling of both type 1 and 2 fibers as compared to concentric exercise. Thus, long periods of unaccustomed, high level eccentric contraction may cause muscle injury, fiber swelling, fluid accumulation, elevated intramuscular pressure, and delayed muscle soreness. Training regimens of progressively increasing eccentric exercise, however, cause less soreness and are extremely efficacious in increasing muscle mass and strength. It is proposed that on Earth, postural muscles are uniquely adapted to low levels of prolonged eccentric contraction that are absent during weightlessness. The almost complete absence of eccentric exercise in space may be an important contributor to muscle atrophy and therefore equipment should be designed to integrate eccentric contractions into exercise protocols for long-term spaceflight. Author N89-29017*# National Aeronautics and Space Administration. John J. Uri, William E. Thornton, Thomas P. Moore (Methodist Visual suppression of the vestibulo-ocular reflex was studied in 16 subjects on 4 Space Shuttle missions. Eye movements were recorded by electro-oculography while subjects fixated a head mounted target during active sinusoidal head oscillation at 0.3 Hz. Adequacy of suppression was evaluated by the number of nystagmus beats, the mean amplitude of each beat, and the cumulative amplitude of nystagmus during two head oscillation cycles. Vestibulo-ocular reflex suppression was unaffected by space flight. Subjects with space motion sickness during flight had significantly more nystagmus beats than unaffected individuals. These susceptible subjects also tended to have more nystagmus beats before flight. Author N89-29018# Southampton Univ. (England). Inst. of Sound and A STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF STIMULUS UPON THE REFLEX Mar. 1989 S. M. Moss, R. J. Marchbanks, and A. M. Martin 71 p Sponsored by the Action Research for the Crippled Child and the Medical Research Council, United Kingdom (ISVR-TR-177; ETN-89-95531) Avail: NTIS HC A04/MF A01 The possibility of using a ramp stimulus to obtain the reflex response as measured by the Tympanic Membrane Displacement (TMD) technique is investigated. Three reflex growth functions produced from three stimuli used upon the same individual are constructed. The first growth function is constructed using three intensities of the routinely used stimulus. The second using just the response to the routinely used stimulus at 115 decibels sound pressure level, and the third an intensity ramp stimulus. The ramp stimulus is repeated, and two analysis techniques are used upon both results. The study leads to the conclusion that the decision as to whether a ramp stimulus can be used to elicit the reflex depends on the experience of the tester to interpret the reflex response. If the test is to be performed by inexperienced operators, then it is better that three separate reflex responses are obtained. 53 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES ESA Includes psychological factors; individual and group behavior; crew training and evaluation; and psychiatric research. 17 p Cheryl L. Batchelor Jun. 1989 (AD-A209375; AFHRL-TP-88-61) Avail: NTIS HC A03/MF A01 CSCL 05/8 The Combat Logistics Branch of the Air Force Human Resources Laboratory's Logistics and Human Factors Division is tasked with developing programs and methods which will enhance aircraft maintenance performance in peacetime as well as in combat environments. This focus on aircraft maintenance is the real lifeline of the Air Force because without effective and efficient aircraft maintenance, the routine maintenance tasks, as well as troubleshooting repairs, would not be accomplished. If routine maintenance and troubleshooting repairs were not accomplished, the required combat sortie generation rate would not be achieved. If the required combat sortie generation rate were not achieved, then U.S. air superiority could not be attained. This bibliography lists source documents relevant to combat stress. While this list is certainly not all-inclusive, the documents listed served as a basis for current research efforts in the area of combat stress. Other areas are also important, but these areas have been studied extensively. Aircraft maintenance personnel are tasked to repair the aircraft and let someone else take care of the enemy. A similar situation exists for other support personnel as well. As this bibliography illustrates, there is very little information available on the peacetime stresses of aircraft maintenance personnel. Information about their reactions in combat is even scarcer. N89-29020*# Systems Lab. GRA Massachusetts Inst. of Tech., Cambridge. Space SPACECRAFT FLIGHT SIMULATION: A HUMAN FACTORS Adam R. Brody Sep. 1988 97 p (NASA-CR-177502; NAS 1.26:177502) Avail: NTIS HC A05/MF A01 CSCL 051 The anticipated increase in rendezvous and docking activities in the various space programs in the Space Station era necessitates a renewed interest in manual docking procedures. Ten test subjects participated in computer simulated docking missions in which the influence of initial velocity was examined. All missions started from a resting position of 304.8 meters (1000 feet) along the space station's +V-bar axis. Test subjects controlled their vehicle with a translational hand controller and digital auto pilot which are both virtually identical to their space shuttle counterparts. While the 0.1 percent rule (range rate is equal to 0.1 percent of the range) used by space shuttle pilots is comfortably safe, it is revealed to be extremely inefficient in terms of time and not justifiable in terms of marginal safety. Time is worth money, not only because of training and launch costs, but because the sooner a pilot and spacecraft return from a mission, the sooner they can begin the next one. Inexperienced test subjects reduced the costs of simulated docking by close to a factor of 2 and achieved safe dockings in less than 4 percent of the time the baseline approach would entail. This reduction in time can be used to save lives in the event of an accident on orbit, and can tremendously reduce docking costs if fuel is produced from waste water on orbit. Author 54 MAN/SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY AND LIFE SUPPORT Includes human engineering; biotechnology; and space suits and protective clothing. For related information see also 16 Space Transportation. N89-29021# Human Engineering Labs., Aberdeen Proving Richard A. Monty and Lawrence C. Perlmuter (Veterans Administration Learning and Memory Center, Boston, MA.) Apr. 1989 21 p (AD-A208400; HEL-TN-5-89) Avail: NTIS HC A03/MF A01 CSCL 23/2 This report summarizes several years of research on how offering subjects a choice of task parameters leads to a perception of control over their environment, which in turn can lead to improved task performance. The development of a theoretical explanation of the phenomenon is traced, and implications for the design of displays are deduced and illustrated with hypothetical examples. Medical Research N89-29022# GRA Labs., (AD-A209397; AAMRL-TR-88-061) Avail: NTIS HC A04/MF A01 CSCL 06/4 This research investigated the application of a linear systems model to two parameters of vision: the contrast threshold and the spatial frequency difference threshold. The contrast threshold is the contrast of a target when an observer is just able to detect its presence. The spatial frequency difference threshold is the smallest difference in spatial frequency that permits two grating targets to be distinguished. The model investigated was for observation with a fixed visual field size of one-dimensional, mathematical time-invariant sinusoidal grating targets. A development indicated that a linear model could be used to represent the human spatial frequency difference threshold function. The model was implemented using an electro-optical hardware system which consisted of a charge-coupled device video camera, a frame grabber, and a personal computer. Because of its similarities to the structure of the eye, linear response, and ability to acquire digital image data, a charge coupled device array video camera and frame grabber were used to simulate the eye. The action of the neural pathways and visual cortex was simulated by Fourier transform computations on the camera and frame grabber output. The experimental data from the electro-optical hardware system agreed with the theoretical models for both parameters. N89-29023# Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA. HUMAN FACTORS EVALUATION OF COLOR USE IN THE TARGET DATA PROCESSOR RELEASE 10 (TDP R10) M.S. Thesis Claudia J. Schmidly Mar. 1989 64 p (AD-A209438) Avail: NTIS HC A04/MF A01 CSCL 09/5 GRA Color is provided as guidelines for static military CRT display formats. A total of 13 guidelines are discussed, relating to color as a coding dimension, the quantity of colors to include, selection of colors to use, ambient luminesce, display legibility and readability, human color deficiencies, and operator fatigue. Guidelines are then applied to the operator-machine interface of the U.S. Navy's Target Data Processor Release 10 (TDP R10), a tactical computer workstation for use in the Integrated Undersea Surveillance System. Specific color related design recommendations are included for the TDP R10 alphanumeric and geographic display screens with the goal of enhancing user performance. Since the TDP R10 is being developed using an iterative design process (design, test, redesign, etc.), test and evaluation considerations also are discussed at length. Various types of user self-support techniques are discussed, along with user performance testing, sample sizes, and data analysis procedures. GRA N89-29024# Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Lab., PRELIMINARY DESIGN GUIDE FOR ARCTIC EQUIPMENT Designing equipment for arctic environments requires special considerations from the design engineer. Low temperatures and harsh environments place special demands on equipment and components. Many materials in common use will experience drastic changes in physical properties, resulting in catastrophic failure of the systems in which they are incorporated. Components may no longer meet original specifications, and instrumentation may not work properly. This design guide should familiarize the design engineer with the factors that must be considered when designing for the Arctic environment. A list of environmental factors and how they may affect a design is first presented. Then, a general design procedure is presented and a detailed analysis of problems and solutions for materials, components and systems follows. (Contract DAAK60-86-C-0128) (AD-A209600; NATICK-TR-89/027) Avail: NTIS HC A15/MF A01 CSCL 05/9 Results of the 1987 to 1988 anthropometric survey of Army personnel are presented in the form of summary statistics and percentile data. These anthropometric data are presented for a subset of personnel (1774 men and 2208 women) sampled to match the proportions of age categories and racial/ethnic groups found in the active duty Army of June, 1988. Dimensions included in this report include 132 standard measurements made in the course of the survey, 60 derived dimensions calculated largely by adding and subtracting standard measurement data, and 48 head and face dimensions reported in traditional linear terms but collected by means of an automated headboard designed to obtain three-dimensional data. Measurement descriptions, visual indices, and a glossary of terms are included to help identify and locate GRA dimensions. N89-29026# Massachusetts Inst. of Tech., Cambridge. Artificial Intelligence Lab. Rodney A. Brooks Feb. 1989 Most animals have significant behavioral expertise built in without having to explicitly learn it all from scratch. This expertise is a product of evolution of the organisms; it can be viewed as a very long term form of learning which provides a structured system within which individuals might learn more specialized skills or abilities. This paper suggests one possible mechanism for analogous robot evolution by describing a carefully designed series of networks, each one being a strict augmentation of the previous one, which control a six legged walking machine capable of walking over rough terrain and following a person passively sensed in the infrared spectrum. As the completely decentralized networks are augmented, the robot's performance and behavior repertoire demonstrably improve. The rationale for such demonstrations is |