A01 This report summarizes the progress of the Photovoltaic (PV) Program Branch of the Solar Energy Research Institute (SERI) from October 1, 1987 through September 30, 1988. The branch is responsible for the management of the subcontracted portion of SERI's PV Advanced Research and Development Project. In fiscal year 1988, this included more than 55 subcontracts with a million. total annualized funding of approximately $13.5 Approximately two-thirds of the subcontracts were with universities at a total funding of nearly $4.7 million. The six technical sections of the report cover the main areas of the subcontracted program: the Amorphous Silicon Research Project, Polycrystalline Thin Films, Crystalline Silicon Materials Research, High-Efficiency Concepts, the New Ideas Program, and the University Participation Program. Technical summaries of each of the subcontracted programs provide a discussion of approaches, major accomplishments in FY 1988, and future research directions. A01 DOE This report describes the current status of parabolic dish technology. Its purpose is to communicate the principal outcomes of DOE's parabolic dish technology R and D efforts carried out at the Solar Energy Research Institute; Sandia National Laboratory, Albuquerque; the Jet Propulsion Laboratory; and other DOE national laboratories. It is written for those in industry, academia, and government who have a special interest in solar thermal systems that use parabolic dishes as collectors. The evolution of parabolic technology is described, and examples of projects in operation and under construction are included. Solar thermal dish technology can supply either electric or thermal energy to various applications over a broad range of system sizes and temperatures. These solar energy systems will be available by the time this country needs additional electric generation capacity in the mid to late 1990s at costs competitive with other energy sources. DOE - Jan. 1989 34 p (Contract F49620-86-C-0055) (AD-A208657; AMPC-028-036; AFOSR-89-0711TR) Avail: NTIS HC A03/MF A01 CSCL 10/4 The Plasma Electron Microwave Source (PEMS) concept in a relativistic-electron plasma confined in a magnetic-mirror device. The stored energy is transformed into microwave through amplification of whistler waves that can be launched externally for amplifier operation or generated spontaneously for oscillator operation. The anisotropy of the hot-electron temperature governs the maximum plasma energy density that can be stored, the amplification rates, and the saturated power level of the unstable whistler waves. The results of theoretical studies are summarized of the critical aspects of hot electron plasmas generated by ECH techniques, such as the Upper Off-Resonant Heating pioneered by Dandl in the ELMO series of experiments; and, the spatial amplification rates of unstable whistler waves in these plasmas. It is shown that a substantial fraction of the energy stored in a hot electron plasma can be transformed into repetitive pulses of microwave power by employing the PEMS approach, with typical values of gain, about 40db and bandwidth. GRA A01 CSCL 09/3 Avail: NTIS HC A03/MF Heat addition in flowing gases by electromagnetic wave absorption is being considered for propulsive purposes. The research includes both microwave and solar radiation. In the microwave studies, an experimental investigation of helium and nitrogen discharges has shown that free-floating plasmas can be established in either medium for a range of input powers and gas flow rates, although helium gives the broader range of stable limits. The discharges are being set up in a 10.2 cm quartz sphere. For pressure ranges from 0.5 to 5.0 atm and input powers to 3 kW, maximum coupling efficiencies are measured to be between 40 and 65 percent with higher efficiencies for cases with larger flow rates. Spectroscopic techniques are being introduced to provide detailed local measurements of conditions inside the discharge. In companion analytical efforts, computational techniques are being used to model the experimental flowfields to provide improved understanding of the absorption process and to enable us to extend the experimental findings to broader conditions. In the solar radiation studies, the feasibility of direct absorption of solar energy in flowing conditions is studied. Similar computational studies are also being used to study the absorption of solar radiation in hydrogen with alkali seedants. Results show peak gas temperatures of about 3500 to 4000 K can be reached with reasonable solar GRA concentration ratios. of an alternative test procedure for the analysis of trihalomethanes; (3) volatile organic compounds in water by purge and trap capillary column gas chromatography with photoionization and electrolytic conductivity detectors in series; (4) analysis of organohalide pesticides and aroclors in drinking water by microextraction and gas chromatography; (4) testing for lead in school drinking water; (5) simplified methods for food and feed testing; (6) determination of chlorinated herbicides in drinking water; (7) measurement of N-methyl carbamoyloximes and N-methyl carbamates in drinking water; (8) determination of nitroaromatic compounds, isophorone, haloethers, phthalates, TCDD, pesticides, PCBs, volatile organics, and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in industrial and municipal wastewater; and (9) sampling for Giardia and/or Crytosporidium. GRA N89-28104# Lenox Inst. for Research, Inc., MA. Lawrence K. Wang, ed. and Mu Hao Sung Wang, ed. (New York DC; New York State Dept. of Health, Albany; Connecticut Dept. (PB89-158620; LIR/01-89/333-Vol-3) Avail: NTIS HC A08/MF A01 CSCL 13B The report covers ten important topics: (1) a procedure for determination of total trihalomethane formation potential; (2) trihalomethane formation potential; (3) summary of code revision of the maximum contaminant levels (MCL) of organic contaminants in public drinking waters; (4) sampling, exposure, and analysis of samples; (5) statewide screening of municipal sewage discharges initial assessments: chemical and toxicological characterizations; (6) determination of nitrosamines in industrial and municipal wastewaters; (7) determination of benzidines in industrial and municipal wastewaters; (8) determination of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) in potable water, fish and sediments; (9) specialty environmental GC columns, EPA methods and dioxin columns; and (10) volatile organic chemicals (VOC) detection limit requirements of large water utilities. GRA N89-28105# Lawrence Livermore National Lab., CA. Atmospheric and Geophysical Sciences Div. BACKGROUNDER CONTRIBUTION NO. 18: CLIMATE (Contract W-7405-eng-48) (DE89-014302; UCID-21634) Avail: NTIS HC A03/MF A01 The purpose of this contribution is to provide a more detailed discussion of our workshop climate scenarios for the periods: (1) 2000 to 2010, and (2) 2030 to 2070 summarized in the introduction. The description considers the rationale or method of preparation of each element in the climate scenarios, the associated references and source documents, and an estimate of the uncertainty associated with the elements of the scenarios. In addition, a description is included of the climate scenario presently being used in the State of California's Study of Global Warming, and supportive material in regard to the climate scenario used in the Australian assessment of global warming and its effects on that nation. The summary table of the two workshop climate scenarios is reproduced here in this chapter for ease of reference, with the scenario elements labelled alphabetically for discussion purposes. DOE PARTICLE SIMULATIONS IN MAGNETOSPHERIC PLASMAS (AD-A206252) Avail: NTIS HC A03/MF A01 CSCL 04/1 Plasma physics processes occurring in magnetospheric plasmas were studied by means of numerical simulations. This study has included the excitation of instabilities due to electron currents and/or ion beams due to the presence of nonuniform electric fields. The investigations also included the heating and transport of plasma in the presence of particle interactions with excited waves in a collisionless plasma. Extensive numerical simulations were performed along with the development of analytic theories. These simulations allowed assessment of the affect of inherent nonlinear processes on plasma dynamics and to compare the simulation results with the observed data. GRA N89-28107# Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, NY. Dept. of SYNCHROTRON X-RAY FLUORESCENCE ANALYSES OF (DE89-014032; BNL-42627; CONF-8903111-4) Avail: NTIS HC A03/MF A01 Trace element abundance determinations were performed using synchrotron X-ray fluorescence on nine particles collected from the stratosphere and classified as cosmic. Improvements to the Synchrotron Light Source allowed the detection of all elements between Cr and Mo, with the exceptions of Co and As, in our largest particle. The minor and trace element abundance patterns of three Ni-depleted particles were remarkably similar to those of extraterrestrial igneous rocks. Fe/Ni and Fe/Mn ratios suggest that one of these may be of lunar origin. All nine particles exhibited Peter S. Connell and Donald J. Wuebbles May 1989 (DE89-014268; UCRL-99927-Rev-1; CONF-890692-13-Rev-1) Avail: NTIS HC A03/MF A01 Current understanding of atmospheric processes in the troposphere and stratosphere, in particular stratospheric ozone-controlling photochemistry, allows evaluation of the effects on the stratosphere of chlorine-containing compounds envisioned as CFC (chlorofluorocarbon) replacements prior to their production and release. Such evaluations can help to direct decisions on selecting CFC alternatives and define acceptable levels of production or emission. A two-dimensional (latitude and altitude) computational representation of the troposphere and stratosphere is employed which incorporates physical processes, e.g., species transport and radiative transfer, and homogeneous photochemical processes. Laboratory measurements of OH and O('D) reactivity and spectral parameters of the alternative HCFC (hydrochlorofluorocarbon) compounds were used as input. The modelderived ozone depletion potential (ODP) is a defined quantity relating the effect on ozone of emission of a species to the model-calculated effect of a standard compound, here CFC-11 (CFC13). Globally and annually averaged ozone depletion potentials vary from less than .02 to greater than 1.0 for various CFCs and HCFCs, primarily as a result of differences in calculated atmospheric lifetimes. Differences in stratospheric photochemistry among CFCs and HCFCs play a smaller but significant role. Zonally averaged ODPs for some compounds can range over a factor of three with latitude, however, as a result of differences in stratospheric lifetime and the altitude profile of Cl release in CFC or HCFC loss processes. While globally defined ODPs are useful in designing methods to reduce the overall stratospheric Cl burden and its impact on ozone, latitudinally and seasonally varying ODPs must be additionally considered as knowledge of specific areas of the impacts of decreasing ozone column abundance increases. N89-28109# Air Force Geophysics Lab., Hanscom AFB, MA. USER'S GUIDE FOR THE AIR FORCE SURFACE-LAYER WINDFLOW MODEL (AFWIND) Environmental Research Papers, Jun. 1987 - Jun. 1988 Bruce A. Kunkel 8 Jul. 1988 19 p DOE (AD-A208710; AFGL-TR-88-0157; AFGL-ERP-1008) Avail: NTIS HC A03/MF A01 CSCL 04/1 AFWIND is a 2-D (xy plane) surface layer wind flow model for complex terrain. The model runs on most IBM compatible microcomputers with enhanced graphics capability. The model accepts single or multiple observations of surface winds. The model then performs a variational analysis of the wind field, adjusting the winds through a relaxation technique until the wind field conforms to effects of topography, stability, ambient flow conditions, and mass continuity. Atmospheric stability is determined from either date/time, wind speed, and cloud cover, or from vertical temperature profile measurements. The model is designed to produce high resolution wind analyses, typically running on domains on th order of 10 x 10 km, with horizontal grid spacing of 100 to 200 m. The structure of the computer code is described code and the input data requirements. An example run is given. GRA N89-28110# Naval Ocean Systems Center, San Diego, CA. In the absence of size distribution measurements, we must presently rely on the models in the LOWTRAN 6 code to calculate the effects of aerosols on atmospheric transmittances and background radiances using measured meteorological parameters as inputs. These aerosol models were developed to be as representative as possible to different atmospheric conditions. This model is the sum of three lognormal size distributions. In this publication a remote sensing technique is presented whereby an appropriate aerosol size distribution model can be selected which is applicable to transmittance and radiance calculations in both GRA the visible and IR wave-length bands. N89-28111# Naval Research Lab., Washington, DC. Geophysical and Plasma Dynamics Branch. SCALING LAWS FOR THE SPECTRUM OF INTERCHANGE INSTABILITIES IN THE HIGH LATITUDE IONOSPHERE Interim Report M. J. Keskinen 15 Jun. 1989 27 p (Contract MIPR-88-526) (AD-A209993; NRL-MR-6481) Avail: NTIS HC A03/MF A01 CSCL 04/1 Constraints on and scaling laws associated with the power spectrum of interchange instabilities in the inertial regime in the high latitude ionosphere are derived using conservation laws implied by the fundamental nonlinear plasma fluid equations. Applications to large scale convecting high latitude ionospheric plasma density GRA structures, patches, and enhancements are made. (AD-A210110; OMI-298; AFGL-TR-88-0166; SR-8) Avail: NTIS HC A04/MF A01 CSCL 04/1 a The current background stratospheric aerosol model is based on laboratory measurements of indices of refraction for a solution of H2SO4 taken at 300 K and a size distribution based on a modified gamma distribution. Stratospheric temperatures are considerably colder than this. Also, recent satellite measurements indicate that a log normal size distribution is more representative of stratospheric aerosols. Therefore, new background stratospheric aerosol model is presented based on temperature dependent indices of refraction and a log normal size distribution that is consistent with the literature. A set of indices of refraction have been calculated using Lorentz-Lorenz corrections and interpolated values of the available laboratory measurements of the index of refraction of a mixture of 75 percent H2SO4 in water. Indices of refraction at 215 K have been taken as representative of an averaged, midlatitude stratosphere. The log normal size distribution is based on recommendations from an experts meeting on aerosols and climatic effects held by the World Climate Programme. The proposed extinction coefficients are essentially unchanged for wavelengths up to about 5 microns. Above 5 microns, the proposed values are smaller than that in LOWTRAN 6. The differences are due almost entirely to changes in the absorption coefficient as a result of the smaller imaginary components of the index of refraction. Also, the results are insensitive to changes in size distribution. N89-27874*# Pasadena. GRA Jet Propulsion Lab., California Inst. of Tech., ELEMENT INTERFEROMETRY In its The Telecommunications and Data rotation-vibration bands caused by gases in the instrument allowed the instrumental frequency scale to be absolutely calibrated so that accurate relative speeds could be obtained. By comparing the positions of both sets of instrumental lines the calibration of the frequency scale was determined to be stable to a precision of less than 2 x 10(-5) cm during the course of each occultation. It was found that the instrumental resolution of 0.015 cm after apodization, the signal to noise ratio of about 100 and stable calibration allowed relative speeds to be determined to a precision of 5 ms or better by using small numbers of absorption lines between 1600 and 3200 cm. Absolute absorption line positions were simultaneously recovered to precisions of 5 x 10(-5) cm or better. The wind speed profiles determined from four sunset occultations and one sunrise occultation show remarkable similarities in the magnitudes and directions of the zonal wind velocities as functions of height. These wind profiles appear to be manifestations of atmospheric tides. Author N89-28114# Instituto de Pesquisas Espaciais, Sao Jose dos Campos (Brazil). INTERPRETATION OF F106B AND CV580 IN-FLIGHT 156 P (NASA-CR-4250; NAS 1.26:4250; EMA-89-R-33) Avail: NTIS HC A08/MF A01 CSCL 04B Two topics of in-flight aircraft/lightning interaction are addressed. The first is the analysis of measured data from the NASA F106B Thunderstorm Research Aircraft and the CV580 research program run by the FAA and Wright-Patterson Air Force Base. The CV580 data was investigated in a mostly qualitative sense, while the F106B data was subjected to both statistical and quantitative analysis using linear triggered lightning finite difference models. The second main topic is the analysis of field mill data and the calibration of the field mill systems. The calibration of the F106B field mill system was investigated using an improved finite difference model of the aircraft having a spatial resolution of one-quarter meter. The calibration was applied to measured field mill data acquired during the 1985 thunderstorm season. The experimental determination of form factors useful for field mill calibration was also investigated both experimentally and analytically. The experimental effort involved the use of conducting scale models and an electrolytic tank. An analytic technique was developed to aid in the understanding of the experimental results. Author N89-28116# Research and Data Systems, Inc., Greenbelt, MD. EVALUATION OF THE AFGL (AIR FORCE GEOPHYSICS LABORATORY) CLOUD SIMULATION MODELS USING SATELLITE DATA Final Report, 1 Apr. 1985 - 15 Oct. 1988 Joseph V. Fiore, Jr., Lanning M. Penn, and Gary Rasmussen (Analytic Sciences Corp., Reading, MA.) Dec. 1988 160 p (Contract F19628-85-C-0007; AF Proj. 6670) (AD-A208713; AFGL-TR-88-0328) Avail: NTIS HC A08/MF A01 CSCL 04/2 This report presents the results of the validation of three empirical models of the distribution of the total sky cover over lines and areas: the Burger Area Algorithm (BAA), Burger Line |