United States. There are the following classes: Class 1.-Premises owned or leased by the Govérnment and used for the storage of merchandise undergoing examination by the appraiser, under seizure or pending final release from customs custody, shall be known as a "public store." Unclaimed merchandise stored in such premises shall be held under "general order." Where such premises are not sufficient or available for the storage of seized and unclaimed goods, such goods may be stored in a warehouse of class 3. If there be no warehouse of that class, the collector may, with the approval of the department, rent suitable premises for the storage of seized and unclaimed goods. Class 2.-Importers' private bonded warehouses used exclusively for the storage of merchandise belonging or consigned to the proprietor thereof. Class 3.-Public bonded warehouses used exclusively for storing imports of general merchandise. A warehouse of this class shall consist of an entire building or a part of a building entirely separated from the rest of the building by suitable partitions or walls. Class 4.-Bonded yards or sheds for the storage of heavy and bulky imported merchandise. Warehouses of this class shall be used exclusively for the storage of heavy and bulky articles. The yards must be inclosed by substantial fences, not less than 12 feet in height, with entrance gates capable of being secured by customs locks. Class 5.-Bonded bins or parts of buildings or of elevators to be used for the storage of grain. The bonded portions must be separate from the rest of the building. Warehouses of classes 4 and 5 may be bonded exclusively for the storage of goods imported by the proprietor thereof, in which case they will be designated as "importers' private warehouses." Class 6.-Warehouses for the manufacture in bond, solely for exportation, of articles made in whole or in part of imported materials or of materials subject to internal-revenue tax; and for the manufacture for home consumption or exportation of cigars in whole of tobacco imported from one country. Class 7.-Warehouses bonded for smelting and refining imported ores and crude metals for exportation or domestic consumption." Class 8.-Bonded warehouses established for the purpose of cleaning, sorting, repacking, or otherwise changing in condition, but not manufacturing, imported merchandise, under customs supervision and at the expense of the proprietor.1 (See also CUSTOMS LAW, U. S., secs. 311, 312; 555-565.) WASHERS. See BOLTS, NUTS, ETC. WASHINGTON, GEORGE (1732-1799); 17741775, delegate to first and second Continental Congresses; 1775-1783, Commander in Chief of the American Army; 1787, presided over the Federal Convention; 1789-1797, President of the United States. Washington approved the tariff act of 1789 and other tariff acts passed during his administration. In his first annual address he said: "A free people ought not only to be armed but disciplined, to which end a uniform and welldigested plan is requisite; and their safety and interest require that they should promote such WASTE, ADVANCED IN VALUE. See COTTON; SILK; WOOL. WATCHES, CHRONOMETERS, DIALS, AND PARTS. Watches and Chronometers. The watch is a small portable timepiece or timekeeper that may be worn on the person. It is operated by power stored in a coiled spring, and is capable of keeping time when held in any position. The chronometer, a timepiece of great accuracy, is used on ships or wherever precise measurements of time are required. It differs from the watch in its escapement, which is so constructed that the balance is free from the wheels during the greater part of its vibration; and also in being fitted with à compensating adjustment to prevent expansion by heat or contraction by cold from affecting the movements. Its balance spring is helicoidal; that of the watch is spiral. Modern watch movements require the use of gold, nickel, brass, steel, and jewels of sapphire, ruby, and garnet. Watchcases are made of gold, silver, nickel, brass, and gun metal, and of various 2 Messages and Papers of the Presidents, Washington, 1911, pp. 57-58. Other references: Ford, Worthington C., George Washington, New York, 1900; Lodge, Henry C., George Washington, Boston, 1891; Lossing, Benson J., Washington, Philadelphia, 1914 Irving, Washington, Life of George Washington, New York 1857 Ford, Paul Leicester, The True George Washington Philadelphia, 1596. Foreign watches come chiefly from Switzerland. Exports. From 5 to 7 per cent of American-made watches are exported chiefly to the United Kingdom and Canada.ba." Exports since 1917, of watches and parts thereof have been as follows: 1918, $1,804,388; 1920, $2.145,463; 1922, $554,781; 1923, $986,058. Americanmade watches are sent to all parts of the world. Survey C-26.. Jewels used in the manufacture of watches, clocks, and meters include various kinds of stones-agate, garnet, sapphire, diamond, ruby, and the synthetic or manufactured ruby and sapphire. Production.-Scarcely any jewels are produced in the United States, chiefly because of the lack of skilled workers and experience in jewel manufacture. Fully 95 per cent of the consumption of watch and clock jewels is imported, principally from Switzerland, Germany, and Italy. Imports are from England and France in addition to the countries mentioned. The annual average for the 12-year period 1907-1918 was $707,932. Imports in later years of jewels for use in the manufacture of watches, clocks, meters, or compasses have been as follows: Year. 1918. 1919. Year. 1920. 1921. 1922* 1922+ Watches, complete: 1923. 1918... 3, 195, 365 958, 608 30.00 1920.. 1,252, 325 3,284, 498 985, 349 30.00 1921. 1,024, 082 2,314, 411 694, 323 30.00 1922*. 857,723 1,300,064 Watch movements: 1918.. 4, 191, 237 6,505, 267 1920. 2, 106, 131 7,813,445 1921.. 1, 134, 250 1922 * 920,438 1,257, 371 1,951, 580 2,344,033 1,327, 472 30.09 30.00 30.00 30.00 Exports.-None recorded. Dials. A dial is the plate or face on which the pointer or index moves for the purpose of indicating time, revolutions, pressure, points of the compass, etc. Production. Most domestic dials are produced in Waltham, Mass. Imports.-Between 70 and 95 per cent of the annual imports come from Switzerland. Imports since 1917 of enameled dials for watches or other instruments have been as follows: Watch movements in cases or other wise: 1922+.. 1923.. Watchcases parts of watches, except dials: 1918. 1919.. 1,180,361 30.00 426, 967 30.00 359,973 30.00 1918. Cases: 1922. Pounds. 10,270 1919. 1923.. 12,115 Other parts of 1922* watches: 1922+. 1923. 10,849 6,540 13, 607 20, 627 2,834 183 3,165 5,714 13,481 21,974 56, 151 46,932 25, 337 42,379 1,954 30.00 4,082 30.00 6,188 30.00 3,255 30.00 850 30.00 2,571 45.00 6,066 45.00 Exports.-None recorded. Watch Crystals are too familiar to require description. Production. Before the European war watch crystals were not made in the United States, the American supply being received chiefly from France, Germany, Switzerland, and Austria. After the war began they were received from Japan and Switzerland, the former country being the chief source, After the discontinuance of the manufacture started by the Macbeth-Evans Glass Co., Pittsburgh, Pa., the Waterbury Clock Co., Waterbury, Conn., built a plant and began the manufacture of crystals with fair success. The crystals made by this company are said to be accepted by the trade as equal in quality to the European crystals and as better than those imported from Japan. In 1918 the Waterbury Clock Co. manufactured 14,070,960 watch crystals. There are said to be certain difficulties attending the production of watch crystals which explain why the industry has not progressed in this country. "Glass is of such a nature that uniformity of product can not be counted on, making most uncertain the cost of the material itself. "The grinding and shaping of the crystal in its manufacture is not on such positive lines that the required size can be obtained. The more extended the business the greater the opportunity of utilizing off sizes, otherwise valueless." Imports. are WAX. Animal, Vegetable, and Mineral Waxes substances which in physical properties resemble beeswax (see infra) and are mixtures of compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Vegetable waxes are obtained from the fruit, leaves, or stems of many plants, a small number only being of commercial value. The principal vegetable waxes are carnauba, candelilla, Japan wax, myrtle or bayberry, and Cochin China or cay-cay. Chinese or insect wax, though classed as a vegetable, is really an animal wax. mineral waxes, similar to paraffin, come from natural bituminous substances; the most important are ceresin and montan. The Carnauba wax is obtained from the leaves of a palm growing in Brazil. The wax coats both the upper and the lower surfaces of the young leaves, and is removed therefrom by beating the dried leaves over a cloth. It is then purified by wetting with a little water. It is used in making hard candles, leather polishes, and floor waxes, and certain varnishes, in phonograph records, and for adulterating beeswax. Mixed with paraffin, ceresin, or beeswax, it increases the hardness of these substances, Candelilla wax occurs as a secretion covering all parts, except the roots, of a plant growing abundantly in northern Mexico and southwestern United States. It is obtained by boiling the plant with water and skimming off the melted wax. can be used for making varnishes, insulating material, shoe polishes, floor wax, dental molding, compositions, sealing wax, waterproof papers, lacquers for metals, and in other waxes to raise the melting point. It Japan wax, one of the most important vegetable waxes, comes from the berries of certain species of rhus in Japan and China. The wax is obtained by crushing the berries and pressing out the wax, extracting it with volatile solvents or by boiling with water. The crude wax is of a greenish color, but may be bleached in the sun. It is used in polishes, floor waxes, and for currying leather. Japan wax is essentially a by-product of the lacquer industry, the tree exuding a lacquer for which it is principally cultivated; the wax is prepared only in India and China. Myrtle or bayberry wax is obtained by boiling the berries of various species of Myrica with water. Owing to chlorophyll it is green in color but can be bleached on exposure to sunlight or air. Its principal use is in candles. Cochin China wax or cay-cay is obtained from the seed kernels of a tree growing in Cochin China, Its principal use is in candles. Survey N-19. Beeswax, White Bleached. Beeswax is secreted by the common bee, Apis mellifica, as a product of digestion. It serves the bee with material for building up the honeycombs. White bleached beeswax is produced from the natural crude material by processes of refining and bleaching, the operation requiring special machinery and skilled labor. Manufacturers state that the labor expense is at least one-third of the production cost. The bleached wax is employed in the manufacture of cosmetics and ointments, in the modeling of heads and forms for window and store display, and for similar purposes. It is also used, both pure and as a component wax, in the better grades of candles. Beeswax for pharmaceutical products must conform with the specifications of the United States Pharmacopeia. Production data are not available from official sources. Imports in 1922 were valued at $17,935 and in 1923 at $111,663. In a brief filed before the Committee on Ways and Means of the House, with reference to white bleached beeswax, it is stated that imports constitute 50 per cent of the domestic consumption. Exports are not separately recorded. Those shown under beeswax and probably all of crude wax are given below. Survey FL-7. Chinese or insect wax is a secretion of an insect, cultivated for the purpose, which feeds on a certain species of Chinese tree. It is yellowish white and crystalline, odorless and tasteless, and is used as a polish for furniture and jade ware, as a sizing for paper, silk, and cotton goods, and as exterior coating for candles. Ceresin (ozokerite paraffin) is a mineral wax obtained from the natural bituminous substance ozokerite. The best-known deposits of ozokerite are in Galicia; it is also found in Rumania, Utah, Argentina, and the Orange River Colony. To obtain ceresin the crude ozokerite is stirred constantly while being heated with sulphuric acid. The resulting material is decolorized with char and filtered through a filter press. Ceresin thus obtained is yellow, but can be made white by further refining. It is largely adulterated with paraffin wax and bleached rosin, and is used in candles, as a constituent of wood fillers and floor polishes, in insulating compounds, for making black shoe polish, and as an adulterant of beeswax. Montan wax is obtained by extraction from certain lignites found in Saxony and Thuringia. The crude wax is brown in color, but by distillation with superheated steam may be obtained nearly white. It is used as a substitute for carnauba wax in polishes; in place of ceresin in insulating materials; for phonograph records; and, mixed with tar, for waterproofing roofs. Imports of mineral waxes varied from 8,123,243 pounds, valued at $586,076, in 1910, to 5,352,362 mittee on Banking and Currency. The rule was also amended April 5, 1911. The revenue jurisdiction extends to tariff measures, internal-revenue bills-e. g., income taxes, excises on tobacco, etc.-also to such subjects as transportation of dutiable goods, collection districts, ports of entry and delivery, customs unions, reciprocity treaties, seal herds and other revenueproducing animals of Alaska, revenue relations of the United States with Porto Rico and the Philippines, the revenue bills relating to agricultural products generally, except oleomargarine, and the tax on cotton and grain futures. The committee has jurisdiction over subjects relating to the Treasury of the United States, the deposit of public moneys, and legislation relating to World War veterans, except legislation relating to disability incurred in the service. The committee also reports the resolutions distributing the President's annual message, and resolutions for final adjournments of Congress and recesses.1 WEALTH, NATIONAL. The most accurate estimates of national wealth are obtained from statistics of national income. National income.-The most generally accepted estimate of the national income of the principal nations is that made in 1919 by Sir Josiah Stamp, one of the highest British authorities. His figures for the United States have been superseded, however, by those made in 1921 by the National Bureau of Economic Research, whose investigation was most painstaking and thorough. In the following article the findings of this organization will be used in most of the material relating to the United States. The following table combines the summary by Sir Josiah Stamp and the figures of the Bureau of Economic Research for America: 2 Banking. 770 807 1,461 Government". 80, 500,000 58,500,000 21, 800, 000 11, 700,000 18,500,000 5,800,000 1 Economic World, Apr. 12, 1924, p. 518, from estimates made by the United States Treasury Department. Not ascertainable; estimated by Dr. Karl Helfferich at $35,000,000,000, as compared with $75,000,000,000 before the war, in the Economic World, Apr. 19, 1924, p. 547. The national wealth of the United States on December 1, 1922, was, according to the United States census, about $321,000,000,000, as compared with $186,000,000,000 ten years previously, an increase of 72 per cent. But during the decade commodity values rose 64 per cent only 8 per cent less than the rise in estimated wealth. As against the increase of 64 per cent in prices, there was an increase of 49.6 per cent in per capita wealth. The income of the United States from 1909-1918 is estimated as follows:1 1 Includes amounts paid for pensions and compensation for injuries. Includes subsistence but excludes pensions. Since the people "attached to an industry'' are never all at work, average earnings are somewhat lower than would be the earnings of an employee of average ability who was able to work full time throughout the year. (See UNEMPLOYMENT.) Below may be seen the percentages of the net value product of various industries received by employees in the form of payment for services.* NOTE.-These figures show merely the share of hired labor of all grades (received as wages, salaries, pensions, compensation for accidents, and the like) in the net value product of the several industries. The net value product does not include raw materials, supplies, or services received from other industries. These figures do not show the "share of labor" in industry or in the national income; neither do they show the total incomes of employees, many of whom have other sources of income besides their wages or salaries. |