PANAMA CANAL. See TRADE ROUTES. PAPER, Printing. Printing paper is of two classes-newsprint and book paper. Newsprint is a cheap grade, consisting usually of 80 per cent mechanically ground wood pulp and 20 per cent chemical pulp. It is chiefly used for printing newspapers, and to some extent for cheap magazines, books, catalogues, etc. Book paper is of a higher grade, being generally made entirely of chemical wood pulp. For the better grades rag pulp alone or mixed in a greater or less proportion with chemical pulp is used, while the cheaper qualities contain a small percentage of mechanically ground pulp. Its primary use is in books, magazines, and catalogues. It is also used for a number of other purposes, such as school pads, cheap writing papers, etc. There are four principal grades-machine finish, sized and supercalendered, coated, and cover. General statistics relating to production in the paper and pulp industry follow. In this connection it should be noted that, whether so expressed or not, short tons apply to all schedules relating to paper. Production of newsprint in 1914 was 1,313,284 short tons, valued at $52,942,774; in 1919, 1,324,000 short tons, valued at $98,560,000; in 1921, 1,237,000 short tons, valued at $114,315,000, and in 1923, 1,485,000 short tons. Book-paper production in 1914 was 934,979 short tons, valued at $73,400,514; 1921, 760,000 short tons, valued at $125,493,000; and 1922, 981,919 short tons. The Northeastern and Lake States are the chief centers of production. The shortage of pulpwood is causing increasing dependence upon importations of pulp and pulpwood. General statistics of the paper and woodpulp industry follow: 105, 294 Per cent minimum is of maximum number.. 85.9 $534,624,000 Per cent working 48 hours and less. 56.0 19.3 12.0 55.5 $127,029,000 $53, 246,000 $1,206 $602 $445, 992,000 $213, 181,000 Imports in 1914 were: Newsprint, 278,071 short tons, valued at $10,765,108; book paper, 3,359 short tons, valued at $310,551. Later statistics follow: Newsprint: 1918.. 1920. Tons. 596, 517 $35,023, 092 Up to 1920 approximately 98 per cent of imports were from Canada, Newfoundland, and Labrador. Since then increasing percentages have come from European countries, chiefly Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Germany. Under the act of 1913 printing papers were classified for tariff purposes as (1) printing paper valued at not more than 2 cents per pound, and (2) printing paper valued at more than 24 cents per pound. By the act of September 8, 1916, the dividing line was changed to 5 cents, and by the act of September 23, 1920, to 8 cents. The line of division by price was discontinued by the act of September 22, 1922, which provides specifically for standard newsprint paper, and printing paper not specially provided for. The Treasury Department has defined standard newsprint paper, for customs purposes, as consisting of mechanically ground wood pulp and chemical wood pulp or sulphite containing not in excess of 30 per cent of sulphite and varying in weight not more than 10 per cent from 32 pounds to each 500 sheets of 24 by 36 inches. (T. D. 39778.) In the above table of imports for the period prior to that covered by the most recent act, the line of division according to price is made the basis for segregating newsprint from other printing paper. Exports in 1914 were: Newsprint, 44,483 short tons, valued at $2,177,483; book paper (printing paper other than newsprint), 14,301 short tons, valued at $1,612,370. Exports for later years have been as follows: Jacquard Designs, Hanging Paper, Paper Hangings, Wrapping, Blotting, and Filtering Paper. Jacquard designs or Jacquard cards are used with the Jacquard loom, a machine for fancy weaving, having a chain of perforated cards passing over a rotary prism, the perforations permitting the passage of wires that determine the raising of warp threads, causing the figure to be woven in accordance with the prearrangement of the perforated cards. Wall paper, or paper hangings, is paper ready for a covering of the interior walls of buildings. Hanging paper is the paper used for making wall paper, i. e., it is wall paper not yet ready for wall covering. Wrapping paper, as its name indicates, is used for wrapping and packing of all sorts. This is Value. Duty. Rate. practically its sole function. There are, however, three principal varieties according to component material: (1) Kraft, a very tough brown paper made wholly or in part of sulphate wood pulp, introduced within the last 15 years; (2) manila, a strong variety of lighter color, formerly made principally of old and waste manila rope and rope ends, hemp, jute, and flax waste, old gunny cloth and old gunny bags, but now made chiefly of 493, 411 59,209 12.00 sulphite wood pulp, and frequently called bogus manila; and (3) fiber paper, cheap, more or less brittle and tearable, made of waste paper, cuttings from paper-board factories, mechanically ground 314,619 22, 249, 257 729, 844 68, 598, 505 1922 714,674 50,066, 297 1922 t 1923.. 1920. 1922* 1922 † 1923.. 688 1,911 8,237 $5,333 12.00 128,849 15,462 12.00 wood pulp, wood-pulp refuse, or almost any fibrous material of inferior quality. Of the above three sorts, genuine manila made of old rope, bagging, etc., is the strongest per unit of weight. Next comes kraft paper, followed by the best grades of wood pulp or bogus manila. Last, of course, are the fiber papers of common stock. In addition to the above mentioned, there are a number of cheap wood-pulp papers made of ground wood with varying proportions of chemical pulp. Bag paper is made of all the different substances above listed. Paper to be made into sacks for flour, cement, charcoal, sugar, nails, etc., is necessarily heavy and tough and often is reenforced by cloth. The production of wall paper not made in paper mills increased from $15,887,000 in 1914 to $23,047.901 in 1919 and to $29,148,000 in 1921, Production of wall paper in the United States supplies practically the whole of the demand for domestic consumption. The production of blotting paper was 14,000 tons, valued at $1,458,000, in 1914, and 12,000 tons, valued at $2, 667, 000, in 1921. A rough estimate places the annual production of filter paper in the United States at 500 tons. Imports in the fiscal year 1914 are shown in the following table: Article. Jacquard designs.. Quantity. Value. Paper hangings.. Later statistics follow: Year. There are a great many special kinds of wrapping paper, all of which may be classified under the varieties already named. Mill wrapper is a thick, coarse paper used to a great extent in paper mills, where it is made to pack the staple products of those mills. It is manufactured often out of papermill sweepings. So-called news wrapping paper comes under the head of fiber paper, the raw material being repulped newsprint. Straw wrapping paper, screenings (paper made from pulp screened out as unfit for use in the paper for which it was originally intended), express paper (primarily for wrapping express shipments), fruit Jacquard designs on wrappers, and silk wrappers are other varieties. Certain kinds of tissue paper are used for wrapping purposes. Grease-proof paper and imitation parchment are also mainly used for wrapping. Blotting paper, as its name indicates, is used for soaking up liquids for one purpose or another. It is unsized, porous, and absorbent. Filtering paper is a white, unsized, porous paper. The domestic product is in the main a very ordinary grade, differing little from blotting paper and used principally for clarifying liquids. It is used by soap, paint, sugar, color, and pharmaceutical manufacturers, and also by electrical companies to filter oil for transformers. Another application is for chemical qualitative analyses. The best grades for qualitative analysis are not produced in this country and must be imported; mainly from England, Sweden, Germany, and France. Recently, however, a beginning has been made in the United States in manufacturing the better grades. Production.-Jacquard designs used in this country are almost exclusively domestically produced. They are made by punching holes in pieces of cardboard with a plate (or a piano) punching machine. There is little need to import designs. Compared with domestic production, imports are insignificant. They are accounted for in part by the fact that one American company weaving with Jacquard looms has a mill in France which sends for reference to the American mill copies of the designs it produces. The production of hanging paper in the United States was 97,000 tons, valued at $4,489,000, in 1914; 57,000 tons, valued at $5,933,000, in 1921; and 91,894 tons in 1922. The output of hanging paper fluctuates considerably from month to month and from year to year. One of the reasons for this fluctuation is the fact that many of the machines making hanging paper can be operated at will either in the manufacture of newsprint or of hanging paper. ruled paper or cut 1918. 1919. 1920. 1921 Paper hangings, with 1922 t. 1920.. 361,363 90,341 25.00 1921 355, 760 25.00 1922 * 488, 179 25.00 1922 † 1 822,722 29,438 2 470,806 69,389 15,789,928 195,595 19,559 10.00 24,735,478 361,585 143,349 39.64 Wrapping paper, dec- 85,570,988 3,800,811 1,140, 243 30.00 1922 * 1921 1 Not printed or colored, Paper. The 1,387 1919. 16,650 3,181 792 1920. 1,417 1921. 163,668 Surveys M-7, M-3, M-4. Miscellaneous Manufactures of principal varieties may be briefly described as follows: Press boards are made of mechanical wood pulp and certain good grades of waste paper. They have a very close texture and a hard, smooth finish. They form the backing for the bed plates of printing presses, and also serve in the compression of some kinds of cloth, imparting a certain desired finish. Test or container board is a type of box board of especially high quality. It is made into boxes for holding commodities such as canned goods, paint, grease, varnish, etc., when packed in smaller containers. The size and strength of boxes composed of container board are usually specified by railroads and shipping companies. Hence container board is often required to meet a certain minimum specified bursting strength and must be of superior quality. It is usually made out of sulphate wood pulp. Jute and hemp waste also enter into much container board. Stereotype matrix board or mat is a specially prepared form used in making stereotypes for printing papers. The board is imprinted with type, thus becoming a matrix from which the stereotype is made. The ordinary way of making a matrix is by building it up from sheets of stereotype tissue paper. This matrix board, however, is prepared by the manufacturers in ready form to be used for imprinting with type. It is known in the trade as "flongs" or "dry mats." Production. The value of paper box production increased from $74,711.000 in 1914 to $174,248,000 in 1921. In 1921 the production of box board amounted to 1,122,336 tons, and to 1,571,036 tons in 1922. New York is the principal seat of the industry. Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Illinois rank next. Production of paper bags, not made in paper mills, increased from $17,603,000 in 1914 to $47,264,000 in 1919, and was $41,190,000 in 1921. New York is the principal paper bag manufacturing State. Imports in 1914 of paper or cardboard, cut, diecut, or stamped into designs or shapes, were valued at $30,470; those of press boards or press paper were 93,633 pounds, valued at $9,290. Imports of "all other" manufactures of paper or of which paper is the component material of chief value were valued at $1,216,891. Later statistics follow: 1922 + 1923 Manufactures of papers or of which paper is the component material of chief value, n. s. p. f.: 1918.. 1919. 1920.. 1921 1922 * 1922 † 1923 Stereotype, matrix, mat or board: 1922 † 1923 Exports are not segregated. The total exports of papers and manufactures of paper for recent years have been as follows: 1918, $54,170,134; 1920, $89,072,289; 1922, $41,068,692; 1923, $43,552,324. Surveys M-4, M−1. Paper Stock in tariff usage comprises "all grasses, fibers, rags, waste, including jute, hemp, and flax waste, shavings, clippings, old paper, rope ends, waste rope, and waste bagging, and all other waste not specially provided for, including old gunny cloth, and old gunny bags, used chiefly for paper making, no longer suitable for bags." It is not possible to make a thorough differentiation according to the kinds of finished paper into which paper stock enters, for almost every kind of paper employs a great variety of raw materials. The principal kind of grass stock is esparto grass, imported from Spain and Algeria. This material makes a high-grade, light, fluffy book paper. It is, however, but little employed in the United States, being used principally in the United Kingdom. Other kinds of grass, such as saw grass from Florida, are of minor importance. There is probably no grass in existence that could not be made into paper by proper treatment; but most grasses yield too little cellulose to be commercially successful as paper-making material. "Fibers" is a general term applicable to anything of a fibrous texture. It should be emphasized, however, that, except for some asbestos and negligible quantities of other fibers, only vegetable fibers are used. Rags enter into almost all kinds of paper except newsprint, wrapping, and hanging paper, although certain grades of a great many other kinds of paper contain no rags. They are not always absent from the kinds of paper mentioned. The best rags are new linen cuttings, although new cotton cuttings make an excellent quality of paper. New linen and cotton cuttings have their most important use in the best qualities of writing, bond, and ledger paper. Old rags of light color which have been carefully sorted and cleaned are much employed in making writing paper, book paper, tissue paper, and all sorts of specialties. Heavy, coarse, colored rags are one of the important constituents of sheathing paper, roofing felt, and other coarse, heavy papers, and are used to some extent in making paper boards. Woolen rags are not so utilized. Waste of jute, hemp, and flax and waste bagging and gunny cloth are often employed to make a heavy, strong paper; for instance, manila wrapping paper. Old paper enters into paper of many kinds, 90 per cent of paper boards being made of that material. A good deal enters into building papers and felts and cheap wrapping paper. Waste paper is consumed, usually in small proportion, in making book paper and other papers of relatively high quality. Considerable quantities of straw go into the manufacture of paper board, and also to some extent into making certain kinds of paper. Strawboard manufacture is in Holland a definitely developed industry. Production and consumption. There can hardly be said to be an industry producing paper stock. Paper stock is either a waste product or a byproduct, except in certain minor instances. The principal processes in the preparation of paper stock are the concentration in central places of waste material from localities throughout the country, baling or bagging it, and transporting it to the manufacturer. In 1914 the following amounts of paper stock were utilized in the United States: Old or waste paper, 151,000 tons, valued at $19,161,000; rags, 362,000 tons, valued at $12,151,000; manila stock, 121,000 tons, valued at $4,046,000; straw, 308,000 tons, valued at $1,676,000. are Imports of these various fibers, grasses, and wastes amounted in 1914 to 294,121,145 pounds, valued at $4,667,156. The chief sources Germany, the United Kingdom, British India, Belgium, France. Imports for recent years have been as follows (000 omitted): 1923 Paper Board and Building Papers and Feits. Paper board and pulpboard, which may be regarded as synonymous terms, consist of paper ro of an inch or more in thickness. They are made in the main on a cylinder machine from a cheap grade of pulp, the strength and condition of the fibers not being an important element of consideration except in the best grades. About 80 per cent of the United States paper board output is made of waste paper. The principal use of paper board is in making paper boxes and other containers. It is used also in sheathing the interior of buildings; in bookbinding; in printing; in making trunks, suit cases, shoes, tags, cartridges, cards for street railway advertising, etc., placards of various sorts; other articles; and for various other purposes. The principal kinds of paper board are box board, wall board, binders' board, bristol board, tag board, pressboard, leatherboard, trunk board, and cartridge board. The above terms overlap to a certain extent. The term "cardboard" is often used to cover a number or all of the varieties of paper board. Building papers and felts are heavy, coarse papers made usually on a cylinder machine out of coarse, low-grade stock, such as woolen, cotton, and jute waste; old gunny sacks; paper-board cuttings; sulphite screenings; waste paper of all sorts; old coarse, dirty rags; cornstalks; strawin fact, almost any fibrous material. They are used for roofing buildings, as a lining for the walls of buildings, for deadening sounds by being placed under carpets or floors, and for manufacturing shoe soles. Production. The production of paper board in 1914 was 1,208,795 short tons, valued at $39,493,174; in 1921, 1,741,000 short tons, valued at $104,347,000; and in 1922, 2,153, 835 short tons. The production of building paper in 1914 was 243,908 short tons, valued at $9,475,733, in 1919, 195,000 short tons, valued at $17,737,000; and in 1921, 216,000 short tons, valued at $12,806,000. Imports of pulpboard in 1914 were valued at $203,862; of paper box boards at $43,137. Imports of cardboard and bristol board (including bristol board made on a Fourdrinier machine) in 1914 were valued at $81,229; sheathing paper at $4,236; leather board or compressed leather, at $29,422. Later statistics follow: 273,007 309, 784 396, 706 $9,720 $4,966 $7,153 etc.: straw board: 1922. 1923.. 16,623,665 611,548 1922*. 1922+. 103, 962 146, 328 16, 448 11.24 63,055 21,576 134.21 6,162,963 221,374 1922. 181,983, 265, 633 80.649 30.35 3,767,627 179,884 Pictures, Calendars, Cards, etc. (Printed). Pictures, calendars, cards, etc., may be lithographically or otherwise printed, the bulk of imports consisting of those printed by the lithographic process. They are used principally for advertising, display purposes, and for gifts, souvenirs, greetings, etc. Cigar bands, as the name implies, are bands for individual cigars, Labels and 1 The separate equivalent ad valorem rates for the last quarter of 1922 were: Cigar bands less than 8 colors, 39.17 (Cuban reciprocity, 15.31); 8 or more colors, 48.32 (Cuban reciprocity, 12.92), wholly or partly of metal leaf, 35.21 (Cuban reciprocity, 54 52); labels and flaps, less than 8 colors, 47.64 (Cuban reciprocity, 19.57); 8 or more colors, 37.25 (Cuban reciprocity, 20.98); wholly or partly of metal leaf, 56.51; labels, flaps, or bands, not exceeding 16 square inches, embossed or die cut, less than 8 colors, 24.93 (Cuban reciprocity, 20.95); wholly or partly of metal leaf, 32 98. Equivalent ad valorem rates for last quarter 1922 were: Decalcomanias in ceramic colors weighing not over 100 pounds per 1,000 sheets on basis of 20 by 30 inches, 25.03; weighing over 100 pounds, 30.72; backed with metal leaf, 31.16; other decalcomanias (except toy), 30.96. |