20 20 8888 20 20 1 Under the act of 1922, includes alabaster and jet wholly or partly manufactured into vases or other articles, semiprecious stones, articles composed of, except in form fitted for jewelry. Exports. Not recorded separately. ALBUMEN belongs to the nitrogenous organic substances known as proteins, constituents of both animals and plants. Egg albumen and blood albumen are the common commercial forms. Blood albumen is a by-product of the larger slaughterhouses. Albumen may also be obtained from milk as a by-product in making sugar of milk, and there is a so-called "vegetable" albumen. Albumen is used in dyeing and calico printing, in the leather 20 industry, in gums and adhesives, as a clarifying agent for the preparation of photographic papers, and in medicinal foods, 20 20 88888 20 Year. Airplanes: 1918... 3 $119, 218 1919.. 7 18, 202 1920. 78 178, 028 $23,844 1921. 14 Parts of airplanes, 30,495 6,099 metal chief value: 20 Export statistics for the years 1918 to 1923 light amber and straw color, with a persistent, follow: disagreeable odor. The refined grade, which is nearly colorless and free from water, is made by redistilling crude fusel oil. The chief use of fusel oil is in the manufacture of amyl acetate. largely used as a solvent in the nitrocellulose industry. Pure amyl alcohol is obtained by refining and purifying fusel oil. It is converted into amyl esters, which are used as flavors and perfume materials, and as a solvent in the arts. Fusel oil is obtained as a by-product of fermentation processes, chiefly from distilled liquors and industrial alcohol or cologne spirits. chemicals used in the textile industry; also by the large textile manufacturers themselves. The production of turkey-red oil in 1914 was 11,681,884 pounds (about 1,370,000 gallons), valued at $820,491. Imports of alizarin assistants showed a gradual increase prior to the war from 97,097 gallons, valued at $38,600, in 1910, to 186,234 gallons, valued at $72,430, in 1914. The imports then decreased until in 1918 only 24 gallons were imported. 25 3333 1919. 1920. 1921.. 46,915 $32, 124 $8,031 25 (7) Manganese steel, employed in the making of rolls and rails and other products subject to abrasion. In addition to these steels there are copper steels which resist corrosion, silicon steel employed in the manufacture of springs, electric transformers, etc., and zirconium steel which may come into competition with vanadium steel. Considerable attention is being given to the production of "stainless" cutlery steel, containing 12 per cent of chromium, and its extension to other uses to prevent destruction by rust. Production of alloy steels in 1920 amounted to 1,660,292 tons and in 1922 to 1,673,496 tons. The output in 1910 amounted to, 567,819 tons, or about one-third of that produced in 1922. Of the output in 1922, 1,614,392 tons consisted of ingots and 59,104 tons of castings. In 1922, 1,408,092 tons were made by the open-hearth process; 89,234 tons by the Bessemer process; 9,407 tons by the crucible-steel process, and 107,659 by the electric process. Imports. Much of the imported alloy steels come into the country in the form of bars, rods, 25 plates, and the like. Some alloy steel is imported under the general designation "steel in all forms statistics of the importation of which are given in and shapes by whatever process made, n. s. p. f.,' the table below. (This imported material, however, includes much steel that does not come under the designation of alloy.) Alizarin assistant, turkey-red oil, sulphonated animal and vegetable oil, and all the soluble greases used in the process of softening, dyeing, or finishing, have been imported as follows: Survey A-11. ALLISON, WILLIAM B. (1829-1908); 1863-1871, Member of the National House of Representatives; 1873-1908, United States Senator. In his second term he was elected a member of the Committee on Ways and Means, and to his service was attributed much improvement in tariff legislation. Although a protectionist, his influence was employed constantly in behalf of tariff moderation. The conduct of the Dingley bill was intrusted to Mr. Allison upon the retirement of Nelson W. Aldrich on account of illness. (See also TARIFF HISTORY, UNITED STATES.) ALLOY STEELS. Certain elements or metals are capable of purifying steel, and when alloyed therewith, of giving it certain desirable qualities. These metals are generally rare but add materially to the value of the steel. Alloy steels vary in character and value. The principal ones are the following: (1) Nickelsteel, with a nickel content from 2 to 4 per cent, used mainly in the manufacture of highclass structural steel, forgings, and plates. (2) Chrome nickel steel, with a chromium content of 1 per cent, employed in the manufacture of forgings like axles. (3) Tungsten steel, ordinarily containing either 14 or 18 per cent tungsten, used in the manufacture of high-speed steel tools, and, with a smaller percentage of tungsten, in the manufacture of other tools. (4) Vanadium steel, containing less than 1 per cent vanadium, for automobile parts subject to repeated stresses. (5) Molybdenum steel, for the same purposes as vanadium steel. (6) Chrome steel, used in small quantities in the manufacture of ball bearings. 1923. Survey C-7. 151,424 $55,548 $8,332 15.00 204,457 122,964 18,445 15.00 883,740 371, 117 55,672 15.00 267,781 81,886 12,283 15.00 122,718 44, 473 12,099 2,642 2,959, 527 ALMONDS are of two kinds, the bitter and the sweet. Bitter almonds are cultivated to a limited extent in the Mediterranean region. The nuts are used in making flavoring extracts and prussic acid. That which enters most largely into commerce is the sweet or edible almond, native to Mediterranean countries and southwestern Asia. The nuts contain a bland, fixed oil of agreeable flavor, and are used in confectionery (especially in sweet chocolate), in desserts, and also in an emulsion that forms a pleasant diluent drink. It is as edible nuts, however, either as unshelled, shelled, or as "salted almonds," that they are chiefly used. Production in the United States is limited to California, which reported, for 1920, 2,408,040 almond trees of bearing age and 1,407,901 trees not of bearing age. At 75 trees per acre, this is equivalent to 32,107 acres of bearing and 18,772 acres of non bearing orchards. The acreage has increased largely in recent years. The present yield per acre is low, principally because many trees are just beginning to bear. Few domestic almonds are sold in the shelled form, while imports are for the most part received in this form. Statistics of production since 1917 are as follows: Imports of shelled almonds in 1913 amounted to 12,655,057 pounds and to 13,896,621 pounds in 1914. Imports of almonds not shelled amounted to 5,501,059 pounds in 1914. Both kinds come mostly from Spain, Italy, and France. Later statistics follow: Rate. 12.87 13.45 52.47 62. 21 Almonds, shelled: 1918... 21, 106, 816 $5,609, 630 $844, 269 1919.. 26, 517,377 9,739, 287 1,060, 695 15.05 10.89 1920. 18,769, 626 7, 201, 773 750, 785 10.43 1921. 21, 572, 634 6, 704, 385 862, 905 1922 16, 408, 975 4,879, 313 656, 359 766, 263 1923. 23,798, 465 5, 355, 616 3,331, 785 tric furnaces. The production is a matter of companies rather than of nations. The North American output comes from one American company, which developed its process of manufacture, introduced the metal on the market, and has built up an enormous business. Three large financial groups, involving French, British, and German capital, control some 14 producing companies in Europe. There is also a small independent company in Italy and another in Norway. Prior to the war the European producers were well organized and controlled production and prices on the Continent, The successful production of aluminum involves heavy expenditure for plant and requires dependable supplies of raw materials (especially bauxite), adequate transportation facilities, and cheap electric power. The American company has all these essentials, but is at some disadvantage compared with the foreign companies in the cost of assembling its bauxite and coal at East St. Louis for purification and the subsequent transportation of the purified material to the various eastern reduction works, where it is made into metal. In addition to its large holdings of bauxite deposits in Arkansas, the Aluminum Co. of America owns extensive deposits in British and Dutch Guiana. Utilization of these South American ores, which may be refined at Baltimore, should reduce the disadvantage of the domestic producer as regards the supply of raw material. Extensive deposits of high-grade bauxite in southern France afford cheap raw material for most of the European plants, whose operating cost in many works is probably a little less than in the United States. The war demand for aluminum resulted in an expansion of this country's capacity, which now exceeds normal demands. Prior to the war the domestic consumption exceeded production. Continental countries, notably France and Great Britain, are equipped to produce in excess of European requirements. There is a large quantity of secondary metal 99.215 produced from scrap, amounting in 1917 to about 25 per cent of the total consumption. 1,750,080 1,686,800 $146,660 1,144,009 1,002,729 1,332, 079 1,024, 942 67, 150 71, 326 74,892 ALUM. See ALUMINUM COMPOUNDS. ALUMINUM is the lightest of the common metals. It is white, strong, very malleable, slightly softer than silver, and can be drawn, punched, rolled, extruded, or spun into almost any form. Highly noncorrodible, it is but slightly affected by the atmosphere or by vegetable acids. One of the important uses of aluminum is as a deoxidizer in steel manufacture; another is in the form of wire for transmission lines and other electrical purposes. Large quantities are consumed in automobile manufacture, partly as sheet and partly in the form of castings. Aluminum vessels and utensils are used in the household and in breweries, sugar refineries, and chemical works. There is a considerable consumption in the making of novelties. Aluminum foil is used to some extent as a substitute for tin. The metal is employed in important alloys, notably with magnesium, tin, copper, zinc, and nickel. Production.-All the aluminum now manufactured is made from purified bauxite (see) in elec110572-24 3 Plates, sheets, bars, strips, and rods can be grouped together as semifinished shapes obtained either by rolling or extrusion, The production of aluminum grew from 60,000 pounds in 1890 to 7,000,000 pounds in 1900; 40,000,000 pounds in 1910; 90,000,000 pounds in 1915; 110,000,000 pounds in 1916; 130,000,000 pounds in 1920. The value of the product amounted to $2,000,000 in 1900; $30,000,000 in 1915; approximately $40,000,000 in 1920; $10,906,000 in 1921; and $13,622,000 in 1922. This exceptionally rapid increase in production up to 1920 placed the United States far in the lead of all the aluminum-producing countries. Fully one-half of the world's output is produced in this country. Imports prior to 1914 were largely from Canada and represented merely interplant relations of the one American large-scale producer. Most of this was ultimately exported with benefit of drawback. There was also some importation of competitive metal from European countries. During the war imports of all classes of aluminum were cut off, except for a small amount of scrap derived from near-by countries and exported, after remelting, with benefit of drawback. Imports of plates, sheets, bars, strips, and rods, chiefly from Germany and England, reached 2,775,804 pounds, valued at $654,765, in 1914. Those of ingot were 113,113,755 pounds in 1908 and 26.958,354 pounds, valued at | $4,315,233, in 1913. Since the armistice imports of aluminum have increased fairly steadily except for a few months in 1919 and early in 1920, when European requirements temporarily expanded so as to exceed production and leave no surplus for export. Imports of aluminum metal since 1918 have been derived principally from England and France; small quantities come from Switzerland, Norway, and Germany. Germany has furnished the bulk of the more or less highly manufactured forms of aluminum. Total imports from all countries since 1917 have been as follows: proofing fabrics and to some extent in medicine. It forms a constituent of many color lakes. Production.-The raw material for the manufacture of alumina hydrate is bauxite (see). Most of the hydrate of alumina used in this country is of domestic manufacture from domestic bauxite. This substance is made on a large scale as an intermediate product in the manufacture of metallic aluminum and aluminum compounds from bauxite. The production of aluminum hydroxide and oxide, refined, in 1919 was 6,375 tons, of which 3,847 tons, valued at $514,649, were sold. Imports during the five years immediately preceding the war ranged from about 1,500,000 pounds to 2,000,000 pounds annually, but after 1914 they greatly decreased, amounting to only 202,968 pounds in 1915 and 418 pounds in 1916. No imports are recorded for 1917. Later statistics follow. 1,690, 146 1919. 13,326,595 $532,754 4,290, 749 $33,780 265, 525 719, 422 603, 020 1922* 34, 751, 234 6, 551,313 695, 018 1918. 1922+. 6,979, 756 1, 192, 706 348.988 1920. 2,006, 715 1921. Aluminum in bars, strips, and rods: 1922* 1922†. 1923. Exports.-Aluminum in crude or semifinished form was not exported in any considerable quantity prior to 1914. In that year the exports of all kinds of aluminum metal and manufactures were valued at $1,101,920. The enormous demand and high prices abroad resulted in a large increase in exports during the war. In the fiscal year 1918, 21,207,628 pounds of aluminum "ingot metal and alloys,' valued at $8,611,447, were exported. The exports of plates and sheets amounted to 1,633,854 pounds, with a value of $783,836, and of all other manufactures of aluminum, $1,804,632. Practically all the ingot metal was sold to the allied Governments. Export figures for 1918 to 1923 are as follows: Exports.-Statistics not available. Alums, Alum Cake, and Aluminum Sulphate. These names refer to various similar articles all of which contain aluminum sulphate as their essential ingredient. The different varieties or grades differ in the other ingredients present and may be classified as follows: (1) Alums or crystal alums contain less than 15 per cent of oxide of aluminum (usually 10 to 12 per cent), and in addition either potassium sulphate or ammonium sulphate and water of crystallization (about 45 per cent), and not more than a few hundredths of 1 per cent of ferric oxide (iron oxide). They are usually made by dissolving refined hydrate of alumina in sulphuric acid, filtering, adding the potassium or ammonium sulphate and crystallizing the alum. The most important crystal alums are potash alum (potassium aluminum sulphate) and ammonia alum (potassium ammonia sulphate). (2) Burnt alums, made from crystal alum by the elimination of most of the water. They contain more than 15 per cent of alumina. (3) Iron-free aluminum sulphate, containing from 16 to 22 per cent of oxide of alumina and not more than a few hundredths of 1 per cent of ferric oxide. This grade is usually made from refined hydrate of alumina, but also directly from bauxite by a secret process for the elimination of the iron always present in the crude mineral. (4) Aluminum sulphate, containing from 16 to 22 per cent of oxide of alumina and from about 0.2 per cent up to 0.75 per cent of ferric oxide. This grade is made directly from the crude mineral bauxite by solution in dilute sulphuric acid, followed by filtration from insoluble matter and evaporation. If the content of alumina is over 21 per cent, it is called "concentrated alum.” (5) Alum cake, or aluminous cake, contains less than 15 per cent of alumina, but rarely less than 14 per cent, and from about 0.2 per cent up to 0.75 per cent of ferric oxide, together with insoluble or earthy matter up to 10 per cent. It is made by the treatment of crude bauxite, or even clay, with strong sulphuric acid without any evaporation or attempt to eliminate insoluble matter. It is the lowest quality of all. Alums are used largely in the preparation of sizing material in paper manufacture, as a mordant in dyeing, for the purification of water and sewage on a large scale, for tanning skins, for deodorizing mineral oils, and for hardening plaster casts. They are also used in the manufacture of color lakes, in medicine, and as an ingredient of some baking powders. Production. In the United States these substances are produced on a large scale from bauxite. Most of those consumed are of domestic manufacture. As many municipal and industrial waterworks produce sulphate for their own consumption a large part of the output does not enter into the market. Other aluminum compounds of commercial importance are the acetate, known as "red liquor," used as a mordant in calico dyeing and printing and in waterproofing and fireproofing fabrics; and aluminum chloride, used for refining mineral oils, for carbonizing wool, and in the manufacture of certain organic compounds. Production. In 1914 three plants were reported to be manufacturing aluminum chloride, with a total output for the year of 4,702 short tons, valued at $311,900; in 1920 production amounted to 3,571 short tons, valued at $297,550; in 1921 there were sold 4,351 short tons, valued at $406,700; in 1923 four companies produced 5,362 short tons, valued at $654,580. Imports not separately shown. ALUMINUM WARES. See UTENSILS, HOUSEHOLD AND HOSPITAL. AMBER AND AMBEROID. Amber, a fossil resin occurring in small lumps, is found principally in East Prussia. It is picked up along the shore of the Baltic, and is obtained by mining. It varies in color from pale yellow to red, brown, or even black, and may be transparent, translucent, or opaque. Amberoid is produced from small bits of amber, with or without other resins such as copal and camphor, by heating and forcing them into a solid cake by hydraulic pressure. The finest amber and amberoid are made into beads and ornaments and mouthpieces for pipes and cigar holders. Bits and chips make a high-grade but expensive varnish. Amber is now being replaced for ornamental articles by artificial products resembling amber in appearance and properties, but differing greatly in chemical nature. These so-called "synthetic phenolic resins" are made by the chemical combination of phenol with formaldehyde or hexamethylenetetramine. They are chemically more stable than amber. “Bakelite,” "Condensite," and "Redmanol” are such substances. Their domestic manufacture has increased greatly in recent years, with the claim that they are equal to or better than amber for most purposes. One variety is plastic and used largely for electrical insulators and various molded articles; the other is nonplastic, is the more expensive, and alone competes with amber. Production. The United States produces no amber, though small but not commercial quantities of fossil gum resembling amber appear in Maryland, New Jersey, and Martha's Vineyard. Imports come from the Baltic. In 1913 they were 35,645 pounds; in 1914, 22,485 pounds. Later statistics follow: of alumina and |