the authors, who have noted their form and prominence, their mutual relations, their positions in the basin, the formations exposed on their axes, and their similarity to like domes and anticlines that carry or do not carry oil or gas. So far as can now be determined from the surface indications, about half of these are considered promising, but the drill, which is the final test, may show that some of them are barren and that others which are now regarded as less promising may be productive. It is highly probable that half or more of the anticlines and domes here described constitute a large part of the most promising undeveloped oil territory in Wyoming. The Big Horn Basin seems to be destined to furnish a large contribution to the Nation's supply of high-grade oil. R. W. STONE. GEOLOGY.-Louisiana clays, including results of tests made in the laboratory of the Bureau of Standards at Pittsburgh. GEORGE CHARLTON MATSON. U. S. Geological Survey Bulletin 660-E. Pp. 12, with maps and sections. 1917. This paper shows the geographic and geologic distribution of Louisiana clays and includes 26 tests made by the Bureau of Standards. showing the working and burning behavior. R. W. STONE. PETROLOGY.-The problem of the anorthosites. N. L. BOWEN. Journ. Geol. 25: 209-243. April-May, 1917. Anorthosites are made up almost exclusively of the single mineral plagioclase and in virtue of this fact they present a very special problem in petrogenesis. The conception of the mutual solution of minerals of the magma and the lowering of melting temperature consequent thereon is no longer applicable. Yet anorthosites give no evidence of being abnormal in the matter of the temperature to which they have been raised; in other words, they give no evidence of having been raised to the temperature requisite to melt plagioclase. A possible alternative is that they may never have been molten as such and are formed simply by the collection of crystals from a complex melt, probably gabbroic magma. This possibility is in harmony with the expectations that grow out of experimental studies and for this reason a consideration of the likelihood that anorthosites have originated in the stated manner becomes imperative. A discussion of the method whereby accumulation of plagioclase crystals might take place leads to the conclusion that the most promising method is the separation by gravity of the femic constituents from gabbroic magma while the plagioclase crystals, which are calcic bytownite, remain practically suspended. Then, at a later stage, when the liquid has become distinctly lighter, having attained diorite-syenite composition, the plagioclase crystals, which are now labradorite, accumulate by sinking and give masses of anorthosite, at the same time leaving the liquid out of which they settle of a syenitic or granitic composition. Some of the consequences of this manner of origin of anorthosite are discussed. A consideration of anorthosites with special reference to the Adirondack and Morin areas gives some reason for believing that anorthosites show the requisite characters. For the Adirondack area especially, evidence is adduced favoring the possibility that there anorthosite and syenite may still occupy the relative positions in which they were generated by the process outlined, the Adirondack complex being interpreted as a sheetlike mass with syenite above and anorthosite below. Other monomineral rocks present essentially the same problem and are restricted in their occurrence in substantially the same manner if we consider especially those that approach most closely to the strictly one-mineral character. All of the monomineral rocks do occur, however, as dikes and dike-like masses in essentially contemporaneous, congeneric igneous rocks, a fact which may be interpreted as due to the intrusion of a heterogeneous, partly crystalline mass. On the whole the inquiry gives considerable support to the belief that the monomineral rocks, of which the anorthosites are perhaps the most important representatives, are generated by the process of collection of crystals under the action of gravity. N. L. B. PETROLOGY.-Adirondack intrusives. N. L. BOWEN. Journ. Geol. 25: 509-512. Sept.-Oct., 1917. A reply to criticism by Professor Cushing of certain statements relative to Adirondack structure occurring in the paper abstracted above. N. L. B. VOLCANOLOGY.-Persistence of vents at Stromboli and its bearing on HENRY S. WASHINGTON. Bull. Geol. Soc. volcanic mechanism. Amer. 28: 249-278. March, 1917. In August, 1914, six vents were active on the crater terrace of Stromboli. Examination of plans and illustrations in the literature (many of which are reproduced in the paper) shows that at least three of these vents have persisted in location as far back as 1768. Similarly, at Kilauea the main vent has persisted in location for about a century; and there is evidence of such persistence at some other volcanoes. This feature of volcanoes seems to have been previously unnoticed. Another notable feature of the Stromboli vents is that the oldest three of them open about 1000 meters above sea-level near the upper edge of a precipitous scarp of that height. An analogous situation is true of some of the vents at Etna and also of one or two of those of Kilauea. In the discussion of these and other features it is shown that such vents can not have originated through explosive agencies; but that their formation, situation, persistence in location, and other features can best be explained by Daly's so-called "gas-fluxing hypothesis," which supposes a "blow-piping" of narrow, vertical vents through the superjacent rocks by hot gases derived from the magma in its reservoir below and kept hot by chemical interreactions. H. S. W. ORNITHOLOGY.-The migration of North American birds. 1. Five De swallows. HARRY C. OBERHOLSER. Bird-Lore 19: 320-330. In this article there are given tables of migration dates for both spring and fall, chiefly from the United States and Canada, of the five following species of swallows, together with the subspecies of each: Petrochelidon lunifrons (lege albifrons), Iridoprocne bicolor, Tachycineta thalassina, Riparia riparia, and Stelgidopteryx serripennis. The data given serve as an index to the migratory movements of these species, and include the average date of spring arrival, the earliest date of spring arrival, the average date of last one observed, and the latest date of last one observed, in autumn as well as in spring, together with a statement of the numbers of years of observation on which the averages are based. H. C. O. PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY AND AFFILIATED SOCIETIES WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES The meeting of the Board of Managers on March 5, 1918, was devoted principally to the consideration of nominations and the election of new members. Plans for the development of the JOURNAL were discussed, and were referred to a committee consisting of Messrs. KNOPF, HRDLIČKA, and MAXON, to be reported on at a later meeting. The dues of members absent from the United States on military or naval duty were remitted. Dr. WOODROW WILSON, The White House, Washington, D. C., was elected an honorary member of the ACADEMY in recognition of his contributions to economic and political history. ROBERT B. SOSMAN, Corresponding Secretary. ANTHROPOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON The 520th meeting of the Society was held in the West Study Room of the Public Library, January 29, 1918, at 8 p.m. At this meeting Dr. LEO J. FRACHTENBERG made an address on Poland and the Polish question. (No abstract.) The 521st meeting of the Society was held in the West Study Room of the Public Library, February 12, 1918, at 8 p.m. Dr. JOSEPH DUNN, of the Catholic University of America, was the speaker of the evening and presented an interesting paper on Scotland. "The Scotch reached Scotland from Ireland and are not the descendants of Gaelic Celts who had been pushed north by a later (British) invasion of Britain. The first authentic information on Scotland dates from the time of the Romans, 79 A.D. Roman rule in Britain came to an end in 410, and Britain then ceased to be a part of the Roman Empire. The population of Scotland is made up of Pictish, Irish, British, Saxon, Danish, and Norman elements, all of them Indo-Celtic, the three first, Celtic, the three last, Germanic peoples. The Picts contributed the bulk of the population, but were overcome by the Scotti (Irish), who had settled in Dalriada, a part of the present county of Argyle (Airer-Goidel, 'Margo Scottorum'). The Scotti then became the dominant people. Brythonic Celts dwelt in Strathclyde; their chief city was Dumbarton (Dun Brettan, 'Fort of the Britons'). Towards the close of the eighth century, the Danes appeared and ravaged the coast settlements and the isles. The Saxons first appeared in 428 in Britain. In the eleventh century Norman refugees first crossed the border into Scotland. "The first Irish colonization in Scotland took place toward the end of the second century, but the kingdom of Dalriada was not effected until the close of the fifth. It is these Scotti who have given their name to Scotland. The relations between the two countries was very close and lasted for a thousand years, or at least up to the Reformation, and the early literature and civilization of Scotland belong to Ireland. The Scottish Gaelic reached its greatest extent in the eleventh century, when the Anglian-Celtic linguistic line ran from Tweed to Solway and to the Pentland Frith. The line has since been receding. Of the three parts into which Scotland is naturally divided, the larger part of the central and all of the northern, with the exception of the northeast part of Caithness, the Orkneys, and the Shetlands, is Gaelicspeaking. The 1911 census showed 202,398 Gaelic speakers in Scotland, of whom 18,400 were monoglots. "According to legend, the name Scotch is derived from Scota, a daughter of one of the Pharaohs. The word is probably related etymologically to the German Schatz, and means 'masters, owners.' Öriginally, and therefore in all medieval Latin texts down to the end of the eleventh century, it meant only Ireland. Since that date it means specifically Scotland. The Scotch Gael never calls himself Scotch, but Gael, or, to indicate his country, Albanach. English-speaking Highlanders, even though Scotchmen, are Saxons in the mind of a Gael. In the fifteenth century, when English became the predominant speech in the Lowlands, the English and non-Celtic Scotch called Gaelic 'Erse.' Since the sixteenth century the name Scotch has been applied to the English spoken in the Lowlands. So, by a strange freak of fortune, Scotch, originally applied to a variety of Celtic, has come to mean Broad Scotch or Quaint English, a language of Germanic origin. "The distinction made between the Highlands and Lowlands of Scotland is correct merely so far as the physical configuration of the country is concerned, but incorrect if a racial significance is read into it. There is a mistaken notion that Scotland is a country of two races, Celtic in the north and Teutonic in the south, and that the latter element has displaced the former. No doubt the Lowland Scotchman is a person of very composite blood, but he is above all a Celt. "When Scotland was in possession of complete autonomy she enjoyed unrivaled prosperity. She was spoken of on the Continent as 'a nation of heroes,' and the French proverb 'Fier comme un ecossais' is still current. Many treaties of alliance were made with France, and Scottish merchants, traders, and scholars were known all over Europe. The disaster at Culloden (1746) would appear to have crushed Scottish nationality out of existence. The incorporating Union of 1707, 'which was carried by force and fraud' (Prof. William Smith), reduced Scotland to the humiliating level of an appendage of England. Lord Roseberry called Scotland 'the milch cow of the Empire,' and the Marquis of Bute and others have estimated that the dead loss to the country as a result of the Union is from twelve to thirteen million pounds |