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§ 1341. Frauds and swindles

Whoever, having devised or intending to devise any scheme or artifice to defraud, or for obtaining money or property by means of false or fraudulent pretenses, representations, or promises, or to sell, dispose of, loan, exchange, alter, give away, distribute, supply, or furnish or procure for unlawful use any counterfeit or spurious coin, obligation, security, or other article, or anything represented to be or intimated or held out to be such counterfeit or spurious article, for the purpose of executing such scheme or artifice or attempting so to do, places in any post office or authorized depository for mail matter, any matter or thing whatever to be sent or delivered by the Postal Service, or takes or receives therefrom, any such matter or thing, or knowingly causes to be delivered by mail according to the direction thereon, or at the place at which it is directed to be delivered by the person to whom it is addressed, any such matter or thing, shall be fined not more than $1,000 or imprisoned not more than five years, or both.

(June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 763; May 24, 1949, ch. 139, § 34, 63 Stat. 94; Aug. 12, 1970, Pub. L. 91–375, § (6)(j)(11), 84 Stat. 778.)

§ 1342. Fictitious name or address

Whoever, for the purpose of conducting, promoting, or carrying on by means of the Postal Service, any scheme or device mentioned in section 1341 of this title or any other unlawful business, uses or assumes, or requests to be addressed by, any fictitious, false, or assumed title, name, or address or name other than his own proper name, or takes or receives from any post office or authorized depository of mail matter, any letter, postal card, package, or other mail matter addresed to any such fictitious, false, or assumed title, name, or address, or name other than his own proper name, shall be fined not more than $1,000 or imprisoned not more than five years, or both.

(June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 763; Aug. 12, 1970, Pub. L. 91-375, § (6)(j)(12), 84 Stat. 778.)

§ 1343. Fraud by wire, radio, or television

Whoever, having devised or intending to devise any scheme or artifice to defraud, or for obtaining money or property by means of false or fraudulent pretenses, representations, or promises, transmits or causes to be transmitted by means of wire, radio, or television communication in interstate or foreign commerce, any writings, signs, signals, pictures, or sounds for the purposes of executing such scheme or artifice, shall be fined not more than $1,000 or imprisoned not more than five years, or both.

(Added July 16, 1952, ch. 879, § 18(a), 66 Stat. 722, and amended July 11, 1956, ch. 561, 70 Stat. 523.)

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PART II-CRIMINAL PROCEDURE

CHAPTER 227-SENTENCES

§ 3571. Sentence of fine

(a) IN GENERAL.-A defendant who has been found guilty of an offense may be sentenced to pay a fine.

(b) AUTHORIZED FINES.-Except as otherwise provided in this chapter, the authorized fines are

(1) if the defendant is an individual

(A) for a felony, or for a misdemeanor resulting in the loss of human life, not more than $250,000;

(B) for any other misdemeanor, not more than $25,000; and

(C) for an infraction, not more than $1,000; and

(2) if the defendant is an organization

(A) for a felony, or for a misdemeanor resulting in the loss of human life, not more than $500,000;

(B) for any other misdemeanor, not more than $100,000; and

(C) for an infraction, not more than $10,000.

§ 3572. Imposition of a sentence of fine

(a) FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED IN IMPOSING FINE.-The court, in determining whether to impose a fine, and, if a fine is to be imposed, in determining the amount of the fine, the time for payment, and the method of payment, shall consider

(1) the factors set forth in section 3553(a), to the extent they are applicable, including, with regard to the characteristics of the defendant under section 3553(a), the ability of the defendant to pay the fine in view of the defendant's income, earning capacity, and financial resources and, if the defendant is an organization, the size of the organization;

(2) the nature of the burden that payment of the fine will impose on the defendant, and on any person who is financially dependent upon the defendant, relative to the burden which alternative punishments would impose;

(3) any restitution or reparation made by the defendant to the victim of the offense, and any obligation imposed upon the defendant to make such restitution or reparation to the victim of the offense;

(4) if the defendant is an organization, any measure taken by the organization to discipline its employees or agents responsible for the offense or to insure against a recurrence of such an offense; and

(5) any other pertinent equitable consideration.

(b) LIMIT ON AGGREGATE OF MULTIPLE FINES.-Except as otherwise expressly provided, the aggregate of fines that a court may impose on a defendant at the same time for different offenses that arise from a common scheme or plan, and that do not cause separable or distinguishable kinds of harm or damage, is twice the amount imposable for the most serious offense.

(c) EFFECT OF FINALITY OF JUDGMENT.-Notwithstanding the fact that a sentence to pay a fine can subsequently be

(1) modified or remitted pursuant to the provisions of section 3573;

(2) corrected pursuant to the provisions of rule 35 and section 3742; or

(3) appealed and modified, if outside the guideline range, pursuant to the provisions of section 3742;

a judgment of conviction that includes such a sentence constitutes a final judgment for all other purposes.

(d) TIME AND METHOD OF PAYMENT.-Payment of a fine is due immediately unless the court, at the time of sentencing

(1) requires payment by a date certain; or

(2) establishes an installment schedule, the specific terms of which shall be fixed by the court.

(e) ALTERNATIVE SENTENCE PRECLUDED.-At the time a defendant is sentenced to pay a fine, the court may not impose an alternative sentence to be served in the event that the fine is not paid.

(f) INDIVIDUAL RESPONSIBILITY FOR PAYMENT.-If a fine is imposed on an organization, it is the duty of each individual authorized to make disbursement of the assets of the organization to pay the fine from assets of the organization. If a fine is imposed on an agent or shareholder of an organization, the fine shall not be paid, directly or indirectly, out of the assets of the organization, unless the court finds that such payment is expressly permissible under applicable State law.

(g) RESPONSIBILITY TO PROVIDE CURRENT ADDRESS.-At the time of imposition of the fine, the court shall order the person fined to provide the Attorney General with a current mailing address for the entire period that any part of the fine remains unpaid. Failure to provide the Attorney General with a current address or a change in address shall be punishable as a contempt of court.

(h) STAY OF FINE PENDING APPEALS.-Unless exceptional circumstances exist, if a sentence to pay a fine is stayed pending appeal, the court granting the stay shall include in such stay

(1) a requirement that the defendant, pending appeal, to deposit the entire fine amount, or the amount due under an installment schedule, during the pendency of an appeal, in an escrow account in the registry of the district court, or to give bond for the payment thereof; or

(2) an order restraining the defendant from transferring or dissipating assets found to be sufficient, if sold, to meet the defendant's fine obligation.

(i) DELINQUENT FINE.-A fine is delinquent if any portion of such fine is not paid within thirty days of when it is due, including any fines to be paid pursuant to an installment schedule.

(j) DEFAULT.-A fine is in default if any portion of such fine is more than ninety days delinquent. When a criminal fine is in default, the entire amount is due with thirty days of notification of the default, notwithstanding any installment schedule.

§ 3573. Modification or remission of fine

(a) PETITION FOR MODIFICATION OR REMISSION.-A defendant who has been sentenced to pay a fine, and who

(1) can show a good faith effort to comply with the terms of the sentence and concerning whom the circumstances no longer exist that warranted the imposition of the fine in the amount imposed or payment by the installment schedule, may at any time petition the court for

(A) an extension of the installment schedule, not to exceed two years except in case of incarceration or special circumstances; or

(B) a remission of all or part of the unpaid portion including interest and penalties; or

(2) has voluntarily made restitution or reparation to the victim of the offense, may at any time petition the court for a remission of the unpaid portion of the fine in an amount not exceeding the amount of such restitution or reparation. Any petition filed pursuant to this subsection shall be filed in the court in which sentence was originally imposed, unless that court transfers jurisdiction to another court. The petitioner shall notify the Attorney General that the petition has been filed within ten working days after filing. For the purposes of clause (1), unless exceptional circumstances exist, a person may be considered to have made a good faith effort to comply with the terms of the sentence only after payment of a reasonable portion of the fine.

(b) ORDER OF MODIFICATION OR REMISSION.-If, after the filing of a petition as provided in subsection (a), the court finds that the circumstances warrant relief, the court may enter an appropriate order, in which case it shall provide the Attorney General with a copy of such order.

§ 3574. Implementation of a sentence of fine

The implementation of a sentence to pay a fine is governed by the provisions of subchapter B of chapter 229.

PART V-IMMUNITY OF WITNESSES

§ 6001. Definitions

As used in this part

(1) "agency of the United States" means any executive department as defined in section 101 of title 5, United States Code, a military department as defined in section 102 of title 5, United States Code, the Atomic Energy Commission, the China Trade Act registrar appointed under 53 Stat. 1432 (15 U.S.C. sec. 143), the Civil Aeronautics Board, the Commodity Futures Trading Commission, the Federal Communications Commission, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, the Federal Maritime Commission, the Federal Power Commission, the Federal Trade Commission, the Interstate Commerce Commission, the National Labor Relations Board, the National Transportation Safety Board, the Railroad Retirement Board, an arbitration board established under 48 Stat. 1193 (45 U.S.C. sec. 157), the Securities and Exchange Commission, the Subversive

Activities Control Board, or a board established under 49 Stat. 31 (15 U.S.C. sec. 715d);

(2) "other information" includes any book, paper, document, record, recording, or other material;

(3) "proceeding before an agency of the United States" means any proceeding before such an agency with respect to which it is authorized to issue subpenas and to take testimony or receive other information from witnesses under oath; and

(4) "court of the United States" means any of the following courts: the Supreme Court of the United States, a United States court of appeals, a United States district court established under chapter 5, title 28, United States Code, a United States bankruptcy court established under chapter 6, title 28, United States Code, the District of Columbia Court of Appeals, the Superior Court of the District of Columbia, the District Court of Guam, the District Court of the Virgin Islands, the United States Claims Court, the Tax Court of the United States, the Court of International Trade, and the Court of Military Appeals.

(Added Pub. L. 91-452, title II, § 201(a), Oct. 15, 1970, 84 Stat. 926, and amended Pub. L. 95-405, § 25, Sept. 30, 1978, 92 Stat. 877; Pub. L. 95-598, title III, § 314(7), Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2678; Pub. L. 96– 417, title VI, § 601(1), Oct. 10, 1980, 94 Stat. 1744; Pub. L. 97-164, title I, § 164(1), Apr. 2, 1982, 96 Stat. 50.)

§ 6002. Immunity generally

Whenever a witness refuses, on the basis of his privilege against self-incrimination, to testify or provide other information in a proceeding before or ancillary to

(1) a court or grand jury of the United States,

(2) an agency of the United States, or

(3) either House of Congress, a joint committee of the two Houses, or a committee or a subcommittee of either House, and the person presiding over the proceeding communicates to the witness an order issued under this part, the witness may not refuse to comply with the order on the basis of his privilege against selfincrimination; but no testimony or other information compelled under the order (or any information directly or indirectly derived from such testimony or other information) may be used against the witness in any criminal case, except a prosecution for perjury, giving a false statement, or otherwise failing to comply with the order.

(Added Pub. L. 91-452, title II, § 201(a), Oct. 15, 1970, 84 Stat. 927.) § 6003. Court and grand jury proceedings

(a) In the case of any individual who has been or may be called to testify or provide other information at any proceeding before or ancillary to a court of the United States or a grand jury of the United States, the United States district court for the judicial district in which the proceeding is or may be held shall issue, in accordance with subsection (b) of this section, upon the request of the United States attorney for such district, an order requiring such individual to give testimony or provide other information which he

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