TABLE 33.-Per cent of families having an income within the year from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of family.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races. One family is excluded which reports income as "none.”]

The preceding table shows that 75.4 per cent of the families selected for study secure their income from the earnings of husband, 34.3 per cent from the earnings of wife, 33.9 per cent from contributions of children, 6.8 per cent from payments of boarders or lodgers and 17.8 per cent secure their income from other sources. Foreign-born families report the highest percentage who have an income from the husband followed by native-born of native father and native-born of foreign father, in the order named. The same order is preserved in the percentages showing families having an income from the earnings of wife. Foreign-born households also show the highest percentage having an income from contributions of children, native-born of foreign father and native-born of native father following in the order named. Families grouped as native-born of native father show the highest percentage of families having an income from payments of boarders or lodgers, foreign-born show a slightly smaller proportion and native-born of native father show a considerably smaller percentage of families deriving an income from this source than foreign-born. Of the foreign-born races, English report the highest percentage having an income from the earnings of husband, while Irish show the lowest percentage. Armenians report a very much higher percentage having an income from earnings of wife than the other races given, English showing only 12 per cent Irish show the highest percentage having an income from the contributions of children and Armenians the lowest. Armenians show the highest percentage having an income from payments of boarders or lodgers, the Irish showing no families with an income from this source.

The table next presented also shows the source of family income according to general nativity and race of head of family, but differs from the preceding table in that each specified source is exclusive of all other sources.

TABLE 34.-Source of family income in detail, by general nativity and race of head of family.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

The above table shows the highest percentage of families having an income from husband. Families having an entire income from wife and children follow in much smaller proportion, while the next highest percentage of families secure their entire income from husband and children and husband and wife. Only small proportions secure their entire income from other sources specified in the table. Of the foreign-born races, English show 56 per cent of families having an entire income from the husband, while Armenians show 3.7 per cent of families deriving their entire income from the same source. Armenians report a considerable proportion deriving their entire income from husband and wife, the other races showing very much. lower percentages. Irish report the highest percentage with entire income from husband and children and Germans the highest per cent having entire income from husband, wife, and children. The English alone show a certain per cent of families having an income from husband and from boarders or lodgers. Only 2 races, the Irish and Armenians, report families having their entire income from the wife alone. The Irish show the highest percentage of families having entire income from wife and children and the highest percentage having entire income from children alone. Armenians show considerably larger proportions having entire income from sources or combinations of sources not before specified, while Irish show the smallest percentage having an income from such sources.

RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF THE DIFFERENT SOURCES OF FAMILY INCOME.

The extent to which the families studied depend upon the designated sources of income is set forth in the table next submitted, which shows, by general nativity and race of head of family, the percentage of total yearly income from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources:

TABLE 35.-Per cent of total family income within the year from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of family.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

The preceding table shows 57.7 per cent of the total yearly income from the earnings of husband; 12.5 per cent have their income from the earnings of wife; 24.4 per cent from the contributions of children; 1.4 per cent from payments of boarders or lodgers; and 3.9 per cent have an income from other sources. Native-born of native father report the highest percentage of the total income from the earnings of husband, and also from earnings of wife, foreign-born and nativeborn of foreign father following in the order named. Native-born of foreign father report the highest percentage from contributions of children, followed by foreign-born and native-born of native father in much smaller proportions. Native-born of native father show the highest percentage of total income from payments of boarders or lodgers, followed by foreign-born and native-born of foreign father, while foreign-born show the greatest proportions having total income from other sources, followed, as indicated, by native-born of native father and native-born of foreign father. English show the highest per cent with an income from earnings of husband; Armenians, the highest percentage with income from earnings of wife; Irish, the greatest proportion with income of contributions of children; English, the highest percentage with an income from payments of boarders or lodgers; while Armenians show considerably greater proportions than the other races given with an income from other sources.

CHAPTER IV.

WORKING CONDITIONS.

Regularity of employment--The immigrant and organized labor-[Text Tables 36 to 38 and General Table 19].

REGULARITY OF EMPLOYMENT.

The regularity of employment offered by the collar, cuff, and shirt industry, together with the relative industriousness of the several races and nativity groups, is indicated by the following table, which shows, by general nativity and race of individual, the months worked during the past year by males in the households studied who were 16 years of age or over and who were employed away from home:

TABLE 36.-Months worked during the past year by males 16 years of age or over employed away from home, by general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

The foregoing table shows that 63.5 per cent of those presented worked twelve months, 92.8 per cent worked nine months or over, 97.3 per cent six months or over, and 99.2 per cent three months or Native-born of native father show the highest percentage of males who worked the full twelve months, closely followed by nativeborn of foreign father, while foreign-born report considerably smaller proportions. The same order is followed for males who worked nine months or over and six months or over. Native-born of native father report the highest per cent working three months or over, followed by

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foreign-born and native-born of foreign father in the order mentioned, with slightly smaller per cent in each instance. Of the foreign-born races, Irish report the highest percentage who worked twelve months and Germans the lowest. English report 100 per cent of their number as working nine months or over, while Armenians show only 65.6 per cent working for the same period of time. English and Germans with the same percentage show the greatest proportion working six months or over, and Armenians the lowest. All of the races of the foreign-born given in the table, except Armenians, worked three months or over, this race showing 96.9 per cent who worked for this period of time.

The following table shows months worked during the past year by females 16 years of age or over employed away from home, by general nativity and race of individual:

TABLE 37.-Months worked during the past year by females 16 years of age or over employed away from home, by general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

Of 134 females shown in the above table, 61.9 per cent worked twelve months, 92.5 per cent worked nine months or over, 95.5 per cent six months or over, and 100 per cent worked three months or over during the past year.

The females who are native-born of foreign father show the highest per cent who worked twelve months and nine months or over, followed by those of foreign birth and those who are native-born whites of native father. Those who are native-born of foreign father also show the highest per cent who worked six months or over during the past year, followed, in the order named, by the native-born whites of native father and those of foreign birth. In each nativity group 100 per cent of the females worked three months or over during the past year.

THE IMMIGRANT AND ORGANIZED LABOR.

The smallness of the extent to which employees are members of labor organizations is exhibited by the table next presented, which shows, by general nativity and race of individual, the affiliation with trade unions of males in the households studied 21 years of age or over who are working for wages.