!

under this amount. Persons native-born of foreign father show the highest percentage of males earning under $400, closely followed by foreign-born, while native-born of native father show considerably smaller proportions. The foreign-born show the highest percentage earning under $600, followed by native-born of foreign father and native-born of native father. Foreign-born also show the highest percentage earning under $1,000, followed in the order mentioned by native-born of native father and native-born of foreign father. Of the races who are native-born of foreign father, Germans show a greater proportion earning high wages than Irish. Of the foreignborn races, Armenians alone show a certain proportion earning under $200 and under $400. This race also shows the highest percentage earning under $600 and under $1,000, Germans showing the lowest percentage earning under each of the amounts.

ANNUAL EARNINGS OF FEMALES 18 YEARS OF AGE OR OVER IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

The following table shows, by general nativity and race of individual, the yearly earnings of all females in the households studied who were 18 years of age or over and who were working for wages:

TABLE 28.-Yearly earnings (approximate) of females 18 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

General nativity and race of
individual.

Number

working

for wages

Average

and re- earnings. Un- Un- Un- Un- Un- Un- Un- Un

porting

amount.

der der der der der der der der $200. $300. $400. $500. $200. $300. $400. $500.

Of the total number of females working for wages, 10.6 per cent earn under $200, 37.4 per cent under $300, 58.6 per cent under $400, and 82.3 per cent under $500. Foreign-born show a considerably higher percentage than either native-born of native father or nativeborn of foreign father earning under each specified amount. Nativeborn of native father report a higher percentage of females earning

under each specified amount up to $400 than native-born of foreign father, the latter showing a higher percentage than the former earning under $500.

ANNUAL FAMILY INCOME.

In the series of tabulations which are next presented the average amount and range of annual family income are studied, together with the different sources of family income and their relative importance. The following table, the first submitted in this connection, shows, by general nativity and race of head of family, the percentage of families having a total yearly income of each specified amount:

TABLE 29.-Per cent of families having a total yearly income of each specified amount, by general nativity and race of head of family.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races. One family is included which reports income as "none."]

Of the families selected for study, 2.5 per cent have a yearly income of under $300, 11.4 per cent of under $500, 42.2 per cent under $750, 72.2 per cent under $1,000, and 93.7 per cent have an income of under $1,500. The average yearly family income is $861. Foreign-born households report a slightly greater proportion of families having an income of under $300 than those native-born of native father, while those native-born of foreign father report no families having an income of under that amount. Households native-born of foreign father show a considerably higher proportion of families with an income of under $500 than either foreign-born or native-born of native father, who report practically the same percentage. Foreign-born show the highest percentage with incomes of under $750, native-born of native father and native-born of foreign father following in slightly decreasing ratio. Native-born of native father show somewhat larger proportions having an income of under $1,000, foreign-born and native-born of foreign father, with practically the same percentage, following in the order mentioned. Foreign-born report the highest percentage of families with an income of under $1,500, followed by

native-born of native father and native-born of foreign father, in the order named. Families of native-born of foreign father report an average yearly income of $914, foreign-born have an income $58 less than that of native-born of foreign father, while native-born of native father have a yearly income $7 lower than that of foreign-born. Among the foreign-born races, no English, German, or Irish families have an income of under $300, while 14.3 per cent of Armenian families report an income under this amount. Armenians also report a much higher percentage than the other races having an income of under $500, while English report the highest percentage of families having an income of under $750 per year. Armenians show 82.1 per cent of the families having an income of under $1,000, as contrasted with 58.1 per cent of the Irish families having a yearly income under that amount. All of the foreign-born races, except Irish, show 96 per cent, or slightly over, with incomes under $1,500, the percentage of Irish families who have an income of under this amount. being considerably smaller. Irish show an average family income of $986 per year, while the average family income of Armenians amounts to only $732.

WIVES AT WORK.

The extent to which the wives of the families studied were regularly employed for wages outside the home, together with their average annual earnings, is shown in the following table, according to general nativity and race of head of family.

TABLE 30.-Wives at work, by general nativity and race of head of family.

From data secured from 237 selected families, it is seen that 34.8 per cent of wives are at work, earning an average of $316. Foreign-born show the highest percentage of families having wives at work, followed by native-born of native father and native-born of

foreign father; native-born of native father show the highest average earnings, followed by foreign-born with considerably smaller earnings. Among the foreign-born races, Armenians show a very high percentage of families having wives at work as compared with the other races given in the table; this race also shows the highest average earnings of wives working.

RELATION BETWEEN THE EARNINGS OF HUSBANDS AND THE PRACTICE OF WIVES OF KEEPING BOARDERS OR LODGERS.

Although a considerable proportion of the wives of the families, the heads of which were operatives in the collar and cuff industry, as well as other female members of the families, seek regular employment outside the home as a means of contributing to the family support, a much larger proportion of the wives add to the earnings of their husbands by taking boarders or lodgers into the home. The extent to which the wives of the families find it necessary to supplement in this way the earnings of their husbands is set forth in the following tables, which show the number and percentage of families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders or lodgers, according to yearly earnings and general natívity and race of head of family. TABLE 31.-Number of families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders or lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head of family.

TABLE 32.-Per cent of families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders or lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head of family.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more selected families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races. For selection of families, see p. 738. Of the selected families only those which have both husband and wife present appear in this table.]

The preceding table shows that where the earnings of husbands are under $400, 88.2 per cent of families show wives having employment or keeping boarders or lodgers. Where the earnings of husband are from $400 to $600, only 20.4 per cent of families report the wife as having employment or keeping boarders or lodgers. Where husbands earn $600 or over 14.5 per cent of families show the wife having employment or keeping boarders or lodgers. The table further shows that 23.3 per cent of all families studied report wives who have employment or who keep boarders or lodgers. The percentage of foreign-born families in which the wife has employment or keeps boarders or lodgers is very much higher than that of native-born of native father or native-born of foreign father for each specified amount of earnings of husband. Of the foreign-born races, Armenians show 82.6 per cent of families in which the wife has employment or keeps boarders or lodgers as contrasted with 13.6 per cent of German families and 12.5 per cent of English families.

SOURCES OF FAMILY INCOME.

The two tables next presented exhibit the sources of family income in detail. The first of these shows, by general nativity and race of head of family, the percentage of families who had an income within the year from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources. The past year referred to in the table means the twelve months immediately preceding the collection of the data.