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The following table shows, according to general nativity and race of head of household, the average number of persons per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room:

TABLE 62.-Average number of persons per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household.

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The total number of households average 5.26 persons per apartment, 1.32 persons per room, and 2.57 persons per sleeping room. The foreign-born have a larger average number of persons in each instance than the native-born of foreign father.

The Bohemians and Moravians have a relatively small average number of persons per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room. The Russians, on the contrary, have a comparatively large average number of persons in each particular. The Poles, it should be noted, have a relatively small number of persons per apartment, but a high average number of persons per room and per sleeping room.

The following table shows by general nativity and race of head of household the range in the number of persons per room:

TABLE 63.-Persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of household.

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The preceding table shows the living conditions prevailing among 906 households in the clothing industry. As far as this table goes it does not show great congestion; the average for all is less than 1.5 persons per room. The per cent of households who have 3 or over to a room is very small, and for those having 2 or over to the room it is not large, being less than one-quarter of the entire number. Among the foreign-born the Lithuanians show the greatest degree of crowding, the Hebrews coming next. The foreign-born Bohemians and Moravians are more crowded than the second generation of the same race. The table next presented shows the range in the number of persons per sleeping room, according to general nativity and race of head of household.

TABLE 64.-Persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household.

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Of a total of 906 households, which show an average of 2.57 persons per sleeping room, 85.5 per cent have 2 or more, 41.9 per cent 3 or more, 15.8 per cent 4 or more, 5.7 per cent 5 or more, and 2.4 per cent 6 or more persons per sleeping room. The foreign-born show a slightly larger proportion having each specified number, except 4 or more, per sleeping room than do the native-born of foreign father. It should be noted, however, that the native-born of foreign father are only Bohemians and Moravians,

The last table in the series which immediately follows indicates the effect upon living arrangements of congestion within the households studied. It shows by general nativity and race of head of household the number and per cent of households regularly sleeping in all except each specified number of rooms.

TABLE 65.-Number and per cent of households regularly sleeping in all except each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household.

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Of the 906 households studied in the preceding table only 5.6 per cent use all rooms for sleeping purposes, 33.1 per cent having 1 room and 35.4 per cent 2 rooms used for other than sleeping purposes. The native-born of foreign father shows none as compared with 5.8 per cent of the foreign-born households using all rooms for sleeping purposes. The foreign-born also show a larger proportion of their households sleeping in all except 1 as well as all except 2 rooms, consequently a smaller proportion having more than 2 rooms which are used for other than sleeping purposes.

Among the foreign races the Polish shows the largest and the Bohemian and the Moravian the smallest proportion of their households sleeping in all rooms as well as in all except 1 room, while the South Italian shows the largest and the Polish the smallest proportion sleeping in all except 2 rooms.

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CHAPTER VI.

SALIENT CHARACTERISTICS.

Literacy-Conjugal condition-Visits abroad--Age classification of employees and members of their households-[Text Tables 66 to 81 and General Tables 35 to 44].

LITERACY.

As regards the literacy of the employees of the clothing manufacturing industry, the series of tables submitted below sets forth not only the degree of literacy which prevails among them at the present time, but the elements of progress evidenced by the foreign-born employees after their arrival in this country. The first table presented in this connection, which immediately follows, shows by sex and general nativity and race, the per cent of employees who were able to read and per cent who were able to both read and write.

TABLE 66.-Per cent of employees who read and per cent who read and write, by sex and general nativity and race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 80 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

Number reporting com-
plete data.

Per cent who read,

Per cent who read and write.

General nativity and race.

Native-born of native father,
White

Male. Female. Total. Male. Female. Total. Male. Female. Total.

375

582 957 100.0

100.0 100.0 100.0

100.0

100.0

Native-born of foreign father,

by country of birth of

father:

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The preceding table shows that of a total of 18,924 employees 93 per cent can read and 91.7 per cent can read and write. Native-born of native father whites report 100 per cent able to read and write, followed closely by native-born of foreign father, with less than 1 per cent reporting inability to read and write, while the foreign-born of foreign father have a materially larger percentage unable to read or read and write, the males showing a greater degree of literacy than the females.

Among the native-born of foreign father, 100 per cent of those whose fathers were born in Austria-Hungary are able to read and write, and the lowest percentage of literacy in the group is shown by those whose fathers were born in Italy.

In the foreign-born group, the Bohemains and Moravians show the greatest percentage of literacy, followed by the Germans, Slovak, Magyar, and Polish. South Italians show the largest percentage unable to read and write. The percentage of literacy is much larger for the males than for the females of these races.

The following table shows, by sex and general nativity and race of individual, the per cent of persons in the households studied, 10 years of age or over, who could read and the per cent who could both read and write:

TABLE 67.-Per cent of persons 10 years of age or over who read and per cent who read and write, by sex and general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 40 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

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Of the total number of persons, 3,123, included in the above table, 89 per cent read and 87.4 per cent read and write. In each case a greater proportion is found for the males than for the females. Of the males, 94.4 per cent can read and 92.5 per cent can read and write, while of the females 83.3 per cent can read and 82.1 per cent can read and write.

Comparing the foreign-born with the native-born of foreign father it is seen that while only a small difference exists, in favor of the latter, among the males, the foreign-born females show a much

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