of families entirely dependent upon the wife, and the families whose heads are Bohemian and Moravian, Hebrew, and South Italian are the only ones showing a proportion entirely dependent upon the children.

RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF THE DIFFERENT SOURCES OF FAMILY INCOME.

The extent to which the families studied depend upon the designated sources of income is set forth in the table next submitted, which shows by general nativity and race of head of family the per cent of total yearly income from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources.

TABLE 48.-Per cent of total family income within the year from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of family.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

A total of 796 families were selected for the foregoing study of sources of family income. For these families 72.5 per cent of the total income comes from the earnings of the husband, 17.3 per cent from the contributions of children, and less than 6 per cent from any of the other specified sources. Over 95 per cent of the income of the families the heads of which are native-born of foreign father, comes from the earnings of the husband. The proportion is much greater than that shown for the households whose heads are foreignborn. The families whose heads are foreign-born show a much greater proportion of income from contributions of children and from payments of boarders or lodgers than do the native-born. Among the families whose heads are foreign-born, the South Italians show the largest proportion of income from earnings of husband and the Lithuanians show the smallest proportion. Less than 5 per cent of the income of any of the selected families is from the earnings of the wife. The families whose heads are Bohemians and Moravians show the largest proportion of income from contributions of children. The next largest is shown by the Hebrew families, while the Lithuanians show the smallest proportion. Excepting the Lithuanians, who show 27.7 per cent, no families show as high as 10 per cent of their income as coming from the payments of boarders or lodgers.

CHAPTER IV.

WORKING CONDITIONS.

Regularity of employment-The immigrant and organized labor-[Text Tables 49 to 52 and General Tables 22].

REGULARITY OF EMPLOYMENT.

A detailed discussion of working conditions will be found in the several localities studied, which it is not considered necessary to summarize for the industry as a whole. As regards the regularity of employment offered, however, the following table shows, by general nativity and race of individual, the months worked during the year past by males in the households studied who were 16 years of age or

over.

TABLE 49.-Months worked during the past year by males 16 years of age or over employed away from home, by general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

Of the 1,135 males included in the preceding table, 37.8 per cent have worked the entire year; 73.7 per cent have worked nine months or over; 95.4 per cent six months or over, and 98.9 per cent three months or over-leaving only 1.1 per cent who worked less than three months. The native-born of foreign father show a larger proportion than the foreign-born having worked twelve months, while little difference is shown with regard to those having worked each of the other specified numbers of months. Among the foreign-born races the Bohemian and Moravian and Lithuanian are the only ones not showing a proportion who have worked less than three months,

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these same races, however, showing the smallest proportions having worked the entire twelve months.

The table next presented shows, by general nativity and race of individual, the months worked during the past year by females in the households studied, who were 16 years of age or over.

TABLE 50.-Months worked during the past year by females 16 years of age or over employed away from home, by general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

Of a total of 233 females reporting complete data in the above table, 100 per cent have worked three months or over, 97 per cent six months or over, 79 per cent nine months or over, and 55.4 per cent twelve months, during the past year. The foreign-born show a smaller proportion who have worked twelve months, and a larger proportion who have worked nine months or over, than the nativeborn of foreign father.

The foreign-born South Italians show a larger proportion having worked six months or over and nine months or over, and a smaller proportion having worked twelve months, than do the foreign-born Hebrews. The native-born Hebrews show a larger proportion having worked nine months or over and twelve months than the Bohemians and Moravians, but both races report 100 per cent as having worked six months or over.

THE IMMIGRANT AND ORGANIZED LABOR.

The limited extent to which the operatives are organized into unions and the small interest exhibited by the operatives of foreign birth are set forth in the following table, which shows, by general nativity and race of individual, affiliation with trade unions of males in the households studied who were 21 years of age or over and who were working for wages.

TABLE 51.-Affiliation with trade unions of males 21 years of age or over who are working for wages, by general nativity and race of individual.

From the above table it will be seen that of the 1,049 males for whom information was obtained in this industry only 17.6 per cent were affiliated with trade unions-the foreign-born reporting 18.4 per cent, as compared with 3.6 per cent of the native-born of foreign father.

Among the foreign-born none of the Poles are affiliated with trade unions, while the Lithuanians, with 42.5 per cent so reported, show considerably larger proportion than do the Hebrews and a very much larger proportion than do the South Italians or Bohemians and Moravians the proportion of the last named race who have manifested any active interest in trade unions amounting to only 6.1 per cent.

Among the native-born of foreign father the Bohemians and Moravians report even a smaller per cent affiliated with trade unions than do the foreign-born of this same race.

The interest manifested in labor organizations after designated periods of residence in the United States may be seen in the table next presented. It shows, by years in the United States and race of individual, affiliation with trade unions of foreign-born males in the households studied who were 21 years of age or over who were working for wages.