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than one-half of this amount, or 5 percent, shall be allowed for defects causing serious damage, including therein not more than 1 percent for carrots affected by soft rot.

§ 51.2361 U. S. No. 1. U. S. No. 1 consists of carrots of similar varietal characteristics which are well trimmed, firm, fairly smooth, and not badly misshapen, and which are free from soft rot, and free from damage caused by dirt or other foreign matter, freezing, growth cracks, sunburn, pithiness, woodiness, internal discoloration, oil spray, dry rot, other disease, insects or mechanical or other means.

(a) Size. Unless otherwise specified, the diameter of each carrot shall be not less than 1 inch nor more than 3 inches, and the length shall be not less than 3 inches.

(b) Tolerances. In order to allow for variations incident to proper grading and handling the following tolerances (see § 51.2365) shall be permitted:

(1) 10 percent for carrots which are larger than the specified maximum diameter;

(2) 5 percent for carrots which are smaller than the specified minimum diameter;

(3) 5 percent for carrots which are shorter than the specified minimum length; and,

(4) 10 percent for carrots which fail to meet the remaining requirements of this grade: Provided, That not more than one-half of this amount, or 5 percent, shall be allowed for defects causing serious damage, including therein not more than 2 percent for carrots affected by soft rot.

§ 51.2362 U. S. No. 2. U. S. No. 2 consists of carrots of similar varietal characteristics which are well trimmed, firm, not excessively rough, not seriously misshapen, and which are free from soft rot and free from serious damage caused by dirt, freezing, growth cracks, sunburn, pithiness, woodiness, internal discoloration, oil spray, dry rot, other disease, insects or mechanical or other means.

(a) Size. Unless otherwise specified, the diameter of each carrot shall be not less than 1 inch nor more than 3 inches, and the length shall be not less than 3 inches.

(b) Tolerances. In order to allow for variations incident to proper grading and handling the following tolerances (see § 51.2365) shall be permitted:

(1) 10 percent for carrots which are larger than the specified maximum diameter;

(2) 5 percent for carrots which are smaller than the specified minimum diameter;

(3) 5 percent for carrots which are shorter than the specified minimum length; and,

(4) 10 percent for carrots which fail to meet the remaining requirements of this grade, including therein not more than 2 percent for carrots affected by soft rot.

UNCLASSIFIED Unclassified.

Unclassified

§ 51.2363 consists of carrots which have not been classified in accordance with any of the foregoing grades. The term "unclassified" is not a grade within the meaning of these standards, but is provided as a designation to show that no grade has been applied to the lot.

APPLICATION OF TOLERANCES

§ 51.2364 Application of tolerances. (a) The contents of individual packages in the lot, based on sample inspection, are subject to the following limitations, provided the averages for the entire lot are within the tolerances specified for the grade:

(1) For packages which contain more than 5 pounds and a tolerance of 10 percent, or more, is provided, individual packages in any lot shall have not more than one and one-half times the tolerance specified. For packages which contain more than 5 pounds and a tolerance of less than 10 percent is provided, individual packages in any lot shall have not more than double the tolerance specified except that at least one defective specimen shall be permitted in a package; and,

(2) For packages which contain 5 pounds or less, individual packages in any lot are not restricted as to the percentage of defects: Provided, That not more than one carrot which is frozen or affected by soft rot may be permitted in any package.

§ 51.2365 Basis for calculating percentages. Percentages shall be calculated on the basis of weight for packages containing more than approximately 2

pounds and on the basis of count for packages containing approximately 2 pounds or less.

STANDARD SIZING

§ 51.2366 Standard sizing. (a) Carrots in packages of 2 pounds or less may be certified as "Standard Sizing", provided the variation in diameter of the carrots in any individual package is not more than three-eighths inch and the variation in length is not more than 21⁄2 inches.

(b) Not more than 20 percent of the packages in any lot may contain carrots which fail to meet the requirements for "Standard Sizing".

DEFINITIONS

§ 51.2367 Similar varietal characteristics. "Similar varietal characteristics" means that the carrots in any lot are of the same general type. For example, carrots with a short, but blunt growth like the Oxheart variety, shall not be mixed with long or half-long carrots like the Imperator or Danvers varieties.

Well § 51.2368 trimmed. "Well trimmed" means that the tops are cut back to not more than 1 inch in length, except that new leaves developing within the original central cluster of leafstems, or occasional uncut leaves or leafstems, exceeding this length which do not materially affect the appearance of the carrots in the container shall be permitted. Carrots may have tips of roots cut or broken off: Provided, That these cuts or breaks are small and fairly smooth and do not materially affect the appearance of carrots in the container.

§ 51.2369 Firm. "Firm" means that the carrot is not soft, flabby or shriveled.

§ 51.2370 Clean. "Clean" means that the individual carrot is practically free from dirt or other foreign matter.

§ 51.2371 Fairly well colored. "Fairly well colored" means that the carrot has an orange, orange red, or orange scarlet color, but not a pale orange or distinct yellow color.

§ 51.2372 Fairly smooth. "Fairly smooth" means that the carrot is not rough, ridged, or covered with secondary rootlets to the extent that the appearance is materially affected.

§ 51.2373 Well formed. "Well formed" means that the carrot is not forked, or misshapen to the extent that the appearance is more than slightly affected.

51.2374 Secondary new top growth. "Secondary new top growth" means new leaves or clusters of leaves which are developing outside the original central cluster of leafstems.

§ 51.2375 Damage. "Damage” means any defect which materially affects the appearance, or the edible or shipping quality of the individual carrot or the general appearance of the carrots in the container, or causes a loss of more than 5 percent, by weight, in the ordinary preparation for use. Any one of the following defects, or any combination of defects, the seriousness of which exceeds the maximum allowed for any one defect shall be considered as damage:

(a) Growth cracks which are not shallow or not smooth, or which materially affect the appearance of the carrot;

(b) Sunburn which causes a loss of more than 5 percent, by weight, in the ordinary preparation for use, except that superficial light green color at the stem end which does not materially affect the appearance of the root shall be permitted; and,

(c) Dirt or other foreign matter when the general appearance of the carrots in the lot is materially affected, or when individual carrots are badly caked with dirt or badly stained.

§ 51.2376 Diameter. "Diameter" means the greatest dimension of the root measured at right angles to the longitudinal axis.

§ 51.2377 Length. "Length" means the greatest dimension of the root measured from the crown to the lowest point which is not less than one-fourth inch in diameter.

§ 51.2378 Badly misshapen. "Badly misshapen" means that the carrot is forked or misshapen to the extent that the appearance is materially affected.

§ 51.2379 Excessively rough. "Excessively rough" means that the carrot is rough or ridged to the extent that the appearance is seriously affected.

§ 51.2380 Seriously misshapen. "Seriously misshapen" means that the carrot is forked or misshapen to the extent that the appearance is seriously affected.

§ 51.2381 Serious damage. "Serious damage" means any defect which seriously affects the appearance, or the edible or shipping quality of the indi

vidual carrot or the general appearance of the carrots in the container, or causes a loss of more than 20 percent, by weight, in the ordinary preparation for use. SUBPART-UNITED STATES STANDARDS FOR RADISHES

SOURCE: 51.2395 to 51.2412 appear at 19 F. R. 3487, June 15, 1954.

STYLES

§ 51.2395 Bunched radishes. "Bunched radishes" means radishes with full length tops which are tied in bunches.

§ 51.2396 Topped radishes. “Topped radishes" means radishes with the tops clipped back to not more than threeeighths inch in length.

GRADES

§ 51.2397 U. S. No. 1. U. S. No. 1 consists of radishes of similar varietal characteristics the roots of which are clean, well formed, smooth, firm, tender, and free from decay and which are free from damage caused by freezing, growth cracks or air cracks, cuts, pithiness, disease, insects, or mechanical or other means. Bunched radishes shall have tops which are fresh and free from decay and free from damage caused by freezing, seedstems, yellowing or other discoloration, disease, insects, or mechanical or other means.

(a) Unless otherwise specified, the diameter of each radish root shall be not less than five-eighths inch.

(b) In order to allow for variations incident to proper grading and handling, the following tolerances shall be permitted:

(1) For defects of roots. 10 percent, by count, for radish roots in any lot which fail to meet the requirements of the grade, including therein not more than 1 percent for decay;

(2) For defects of tops of bunched radishes. 10 percent, by count, for bunches in any lot which fail to meet the requirements of the grade, including therein not more than 5 percent for decay;

(3) For off-size roots. 10 percent, by count, for radish roots in any lot which fail to meet the specified minimum diameter: Provided, That when the minimum and maximum diameters are both stated, an additional tolerance of 10 percent shall be allowed for radish roots which are larger than the maximum diameter specified; and,

(4) For excess length of tops of topped radishes. 5 percent, by count, for radishes in any lot with tops which are in excess of the maximum length specified under "Styles".

§ 51.2398 U. S. Commercial. U. S. Commercial consists of radishes which meet the requirements of U. S. No. 1 grade except for the increased tolerances specified in this section.

(a) In order to allow for variations incident to proper grading and handling, the following tolerances shall be permitted:

(1) For defects of roots. 20 percent, by count, for radish roots in any lot which fail to meet the requirements of this grade, but not more than one-half of this amount, or 10 percent shall be allowed for serious damage, including therein not more than 1 percent for decay;

(2) For defects of tops of bunched radishes. 10 percent, by count, for bunches in any lot which fail to meet the requirements of the grade, including therein not more than 5 percent for decay;

(3) For off-size roots. 10 percent, by count, for radish roots in any lot which fail to meet the specified minimum diameter: Provided, That when the minimum and maximum diameters are both stated, an additional tolerance of 10 percent shall be allowed for radish roots which are larger than the maximum diameter specified; and,

(4) For excess length of tops of topped radishes. 10 percent, by count, for radishes in any lot with tops which are in excess of the maximum length specified under "Styles".

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tire lot are within the tolerances specified for the grade:

(1) For a tolerance of 10 percent or more, individual packages in any lot may contain not more than one and one-half times the tolerance specified, except that when the package contains one pound or less, individual packages may contain not more than double the tolerance specified; and,

(2) For a tolerance of less than 10 percent, individual packages in any lot may contain not more than double the tolerance specified, except that at least one defective and one off-size specimen may be permitted in any package.

STANDARD BUNCHING

(a)

§ 51.2401 Standard bunching. Standard bunches of radishes shall be fairly uniform in size and radishes in the individual bunches shall not vary more than one-half inch in diameter.

(b) Not more than 10 percent of the bunches in any lot may fail to meet the requirements for "Standard Bunching”. SIZE TERMS

§ 51.2402 Size terms. (a) The following terms are provided for describing the diameters of any lot of radishes: (1) "Small" means less than threefourths inch in diameter;

(2) "Medium" means three-fourths to 1 inch in diameter;

(3) "Large" means over 1 to 14 inches in diameter; and,

(4) "Very large" means inches in diameter.

DEFINITIONS

over 14

§ 51.2403 Similar varietal characteristics. "Similar varietal characteristics" means that the radishes in any container are similar in color and shape: for example, red varieties shall not be mixed with white varieties and globeshaped varieties shall not be mixed with long-shaped varieties.

§ 51.2404 Clean. "Clean" means that the radishes are practically free from dirt or other foreign material.

§ 51.2405 Well formed. "Well formed" means that the radishes have the shape characteristic of the variety.

§ 51.2406 Smooth. "Smooth" means that the radish is not rough, or ridged to the extent that the appearance is materially affected.

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Damage.

§ 51.2409 "Damage" means any defect which materially affects the appearance, or the edible or shipping quality of the individual radish root or the general appearance of the radish roots in the container, or which materially affects the appearance or shipping quality of the tops of bunches in the container. Any one of the following defects, or any combination of defects, the seriousness of which exceeds the maximum allowed for any one defect, shall be considered as damage:

(a) Growth cracks or air cracks when discolored or deep, or when more than three-eighths inch in length or the appearance is materially affected;

(b) Cuts when discolored, rough, or deep, or when the aggregate area exceeds the area of a circle three-eighths inch in diameter;

(c) Pithiness when the edible quality is materially affected by pith. Slight pithiness which does not materially affect the edible quality shall not be considered as damage;

(d) Insects or insect injury when the appearance of the root is materially affected, or when the injury penetrates into the flesh of the radish; or when the tops are affected to the extent that the appearance of the bunch is materially affected; and,

(e) Yellowing or other discoloration of the tops when the appearance of the bunch is materially affected. The appearance of bunches with tops having slight discoloration such as yellowing, browning, or other abnormal color affecting a few leaves shall not be considered materially affected if the tops as a whole show a predominantly normal green color.

§ 51.2410 Fresh. "Fresh" means that the radish tops have normal green color and are not badly wilted.

§ 51.2411 Diameter. "Diameter" means the greatest dimension of the root measured at right angles to a line running from the crown to the base of the root.

§ 51.2412 Serious damage. "Serious damage" means any defect which seri

ously affects the appearance, or the edible or shipping quality of the individual radish root.

SUBPART-UNITED STATES CONSUMER STANDARDS FOR FRESH TURNIPS

SOURCE: $51.2425 to 51.2442 appear at 19 F. R. 4440, July 20, 1954.

STYLES

§ 51.2425 Bunched turnips. "Bunched turnips" means turnips with full length tops which are tied in bunches.

§ 51.2426 Bunched turnips with clipped tops. "Bunched turnips with clipped tops" means turnips with tops clipped back to not less than 6 inches in length which are tied in bunches.

§ 51.2427 Topped turnips. "Topped turnips" means turnips with the tops removed to not more than three-fourths inch in length.

GRADES

§ 51.2428 U. S. Grade A. "U. S. Grade A" consists of turnips of similar varietal characteristics the roots of which are clean, firm, smooth, well formed, well trimmed and free from soft rot and free from damage caused by cuts, discoloration, freezing, growth cracks, oil spray, pithiness, woodiness, watercore, dry rot, other disease, insects, or mechanical or other means. Bunched turnips or bunched turnips with clipped tops shall have tops which are fresh and free from decay and free from damage caused by freezing, seedstems, yellowing or other discoloration, disease, insects, or mechanical or other means. Turnips on the shown face shall be reasonably representative in size and quality of the contents of the container.

(a) Unless otherwise specified, the diameter of each turnip root shall be not less than 14 inches nor more than 23⁄4 inches.

(b) Incident to proper grading and handling, the following tolerances shall be permitted:

(1) For defects of roots. 5 percent, by count, for turnip roots in any lot which fail to meet the requirements of the grade, including therein not more than 1 percent for soft rot;

(2) For defects of tops of bunched turnips. 5 percent, by count, for bunches in any lot which fail to meet the requirements of the grade, including therein not more than 2 percent for decay;

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(3) For off-length tops. 5 percent, by count, for bunches in any lot which fail to meet the requirements of the style specified in connection with the lot; and,

(4) For off-size roots. 5 percent, by count, for turnip roots in any lot which are smaller than the specified minimum diameter, and 10 percent, by count, for turnip roots which are larger than the specified maximum diameter.

§ 51.2429 U. S. Grade B. "U. S. Grade B" consists of turnips of similar varietal characteristics the roots of which are clean, firm, fairly smooth, fairly well formed, well trimmed and free from soft rot and free from damage caused by cuts, discoloration, freezing, growth cracks, oil spray, pithiness, woodiness, watercore, dry rot, other disease, insects, or mechanical or other means. Bunched turnips or bunched turnips with clipped tops shall have tops which are fresh and free from decay and free from damage caused by freezing, seedstems, yellowing or other discoloration, disease, insects, or mechanical or other means. Turnips on the shown face shall be reasonably representative in size and quality of the contents of the container.

(a) Unless otherwise specified, the diameter of each turnip root shall be not less than 14 inches nor more than 234 inches.

(b) Incident to proper grading and handling, the following tolerances shall be permitted.

(1) For defects of roots. 10 percent, by count, for turnip roots in any lot which fail to meet the requirements of the grade, including therein not more than 1 percent for soft rot;

(2) For defects of tops of bunched turnips. 10 percent, by count, for bunches in any lot which fail to meet the requirements of the grade, including therein not more than 5 percent for decay;

(3) For off-length tops. 10 percent, by count, for bunches in any lot which fail to meet the requirements of the style specified in connection with the lot; and,

(4) For off-size roots. 5 percent, by count, for turnip roots in any lot which are smaller than the specified minimum diameter, and 10 percent, by count, for turnip roots which are larger than the specified maximum diameter.

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