...authorship fixed in any tangible medium of expression, now known or later developed, from which they can be perceived, reproduced, or otherwise communicated, either directly or with the aid 2* of a machine or di-vice. Works of authorship include the following •^ categories : (1) literary...

...to works, "in any tangible medium of expression, now known or later developed, from wo 51 which they can be perceived, reproduced or otherwise communicated, either directly or with the co ^ " aid of a machine or device" (Copyright Act §§102, 117 (1976)). Yet the notice provision in...

...determination in Grokster is still 68 The AHRA defines "digital musical recording" as "a material object ... in which are fixed, in a digital recording format,...or instructions incidental to those fixed sounds." 17 USC § 1001(5)(A) (emphasis added). The problem for the RIAA was that computer hard drives, from...

...directly records is, of course, a material object. However, hard drives ordinarily contain much more than 'only sounds, and material, statements, or instructions incidental to those fixed sounds' [citing AHRA, op. cit.]. Indeed, almost all hard drives contain numerous programs (eg, for word processing,...

...objects ... in which a work is fixed by any method now known or later developed, and from which the work can be perceived, reproduced or otherwise communicated, either directly or with the aid of a ma32 Jessica Litman, Revising Copyright Law for the Information Age, 75 Or. L. Rev. 19 (1996) <http://www.msen.com/~l...

...which requires that the work must have been fixed into a definite medium of expression from which it can be perceived, reproduced, or otherwise communicated either directly or with the aid of any machine or device. Also, the work must have been made by a qualified person who is a Nigerian citizen,...

...authorship fixed in any tangible medium of expression, now known or later developed, from which they can be perceived, reproduced, or otherwise communicated, either directly or with the aid of a device."™ Virtually any physical object or event can be the fixation of a work as long as it can...

...access memory).292 [B] Perception by Machine or Device Fixation can be by any method from which the work can be perceived, reproduced, or otherwise communicated "either directly or with the aid of a 290 1 Melville Nimmer & David Nimmer, Nimmer on Copyright § 2.03[B] (1991). 291 ROM or read-only...

...has been fixed in any definite medium of expression now known or later to be developed, from which it can be perceived, reproduced or otherwise communicated either directly or with the aid of any machine or device. ownership of folklore. Generally, the problems that confront copyright protection...

...further stated that "Copynght extends to works in any tangible means of expression from which they can be perceived, reproduced, or otherwise communicated, either directly or with the aid of machine or device." See also, Atan Games Corp v Oman 888 F.2d 878, 884 (DC Cir 1989) where the Court...