44 7.083 a whole. While not a complete cataloging, this description indicates the range of extramural programs in which the Federal agencies are engaged and provides data on the relative size of such programs. RESEARCH ASSISTANTSHIPS In carrying out much of their federally financed research under grants and contracts, educational institutions employ students, who are completing graduate or post1.706 graduate training, as research assistants or associates. Such employment contributes to the advanced training of these students, and, through the income it provides, materially assists in furthering their education. It is estimated that about 40,000 graduate students may be employed as research assistants or research associates in 1962 under Federal grants and contracts, chiefly those of the Atomic Energy Commission, Department of Defense, the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, and the National Science Foundation. 8.834 Direct Federal programs. 930 Grants-in-aid. 42 1.370 42 181 FEDERAL ACTIVITIES CONTRIBUTING TO TRAINING IN THE SCIENCES The foregoing analysis deals with expenditures of the Federal Government for the support of research and development and for the acquisition and improvement of scientific equipment and facilities. Equally important, however, to the progress of research is the education of future scientists and engineers and the further training of those already engaged in teaching and research careers in the sciences and inathematics. Many of the research and development programs reflected in this special analysis assist, as an important byproduct, in the education of scientists and engineers. In addition, the Federal Governnfent contributes directly to the education of new scientists and engineers through fellowships, traineeships, training grants, State grants-inaid, and through other programs directed toward the improvement of science teaching and the encouragement of young people in scientific careers. The following paragraphs describe a number of programs which assist in or are directed toward increasing the general supply of scientists and engineers and to improving the effectiveness of those already teaching or undertaking research in science and mathematics in positions outside the Federal establishment. Thus there are excluded many inservice training programs sponsored by Federal agencies, which also make a substantial contribution to improving the scientific position of the Nation as FELLOWSHIPS The National Science Foundation awards fellowships to individuals for graduate education to improve research potential and teaching in the sciences. These fellowships are available primarily in the physical and life sciences but are not restricted to specific fields of study. In 1962 the Foundation will award approximately 3,762 fellowships for predoctoral and postdoctoral study in the sciences, mathematics, and engineering. In The Public Health Service offers fellowships for predoctoral and postdoctoral study in the life sciences. 1962 an estimated 3,892 fellowships will be awarded as a means of increasing the number of scientists qualified to carry on research in medical and related fields. The Department of State, through the Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs, also assists in science education through fellowships and grants available in all fields. It is estimated that in 1962 the Department will award more than 900 fellowships and grants to Americans to improve teaching, research, and graduate training in the natural and social sciences and to promote the sharing of ideas with other nations of the free world. Support is also given to foreign students coming to this country. For purposes of this analysis fellowships in more specific areas of science are discussed below under the heading "Specialized fellowships and traineeships." SPECIALIZED FELLOWSHIPS AND TRAINEESHIPS Specialized fellowships and traineeships are awarded by the Federal Government primarily for the purpose of providing advanced education and training opportunities in specific fields for individuals who have completed their basic professional education. The Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, and the Atomic Energy Commission have the largest programs in this area. It is estimated that the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare will award 1,441 specialized fellowships and traineeships for graduate study in medical specialties during 1962. The Atomic Energy Commission supports graduate students in such fields as nuclear science and engineering, health physics, radiological physics and industrial health and medicine. In 1962 the Commission will award an estimated 283 specialized fellowships and traineeships in these fields. TRAINING GRANTS Training grants are ordinarily awarded for the purpose of establishing, expanding, improving, or continuing programs of training in the sciences. As distinguished from fellowships and traineeships-awarded directly to individuals training grants are made to institutions and serve to strengthen the capacity of the recipient institutions of higher education to perform their research and training functions. The The largest program is that of the Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health in the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, which will offer in 1962 training grants totaling $93 million for undergraduate and graduate training in medical and related fields. grants may generally be used either for the establishment or strengthening of programs or for the payment of stipends to trainees selected by the recipient institutions. Also in the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, the Office of Vocational Rehabilitation will make grants totaling more than $7 million in 1962 to schools, universities, and other agencies to pay part of the cost of training in fields concerned with rehabilitation. The Atomic Energy Commission operates several training grant programs for which somewhat less than $2 million will be allocated in 1962. The Commission makes grants to assist educational institutions acquire teaching aids, demonstration apparatus, and laboratory equipment. OTHER AIDS TO SCIENCE TRAINING Closely related to training grants, in providing a variety of aids for science teaching, are several other programs of the Federal Government, chiefly those of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare under the Defense Education Act and those of the National Science Foundation under its science education program. The largest single program of the Foundation in this area is the support of institutes to supplement the training of science teachers. In 1962 the Foundation will allocate approximately $37 million for grants to universities to assist them in sponsoring summer, academic year, and other specialized institutes for mathematics and science teachers including provision for stipends to be paid to the participants. Approximately 33,600 teachers will be assisted under the various institute programs in 1962. The Foundation sponsors a number of other activities designed to support efforts to interest able students in undertaking careers in science and science teaching, including support for undergraduate research participation; for student participation in extracurricular activities de signed to increase their knowledge in the sciences; and for the development of career guidance materials. The Foundation also supports several activities directed to the improvement of elementary, high school, and college science courses. For these and other specialized projects in science education the Foundation will obligate more than $18 million in 1962. Under the Defense Education Act of 1958 the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare provides assistance to education in areas of national concern, particularly the sciences and mathematics. In 1962, the final year under the current authorization, about $54 million will be obligated for grants and loans to assist secondary schools in equipping and renovating laboratories and for the administration of State supervisory services for improvement of curricula in science and mathematics. The Atomic Energy Commission operates schools and conducts courses in nuclear science and engineering, reactor operation and hazards, and the use of radioisotopes for graduate and undergraduate students and for industrial personnel and medical workers. It provides universities with nuclear materials including reprocessing and other related services. The Commission also sponsors institutes and other programs for the supplementary training of high school and college teachers in radiobiology and nuclear engineering. These programs are estimated to cost over $5 million in 1962. OTHER PROGRAMS A number of agencies undertake cooperative educational programs to contribute to training in the sciences and to encourage recruitment and retention of scientific and engineering personnel. Such programs may operate through formal agreements whereby a Government agency, an educational institution, and a student cooperate in planning a program in study and complementary employment, or with informal cooperation between agency, school, and student. Related to these cooperative educational programs is the extensive summer employment of qualified students in the fields of mutual interest to the agency and to the student. Finally there are a number of Federal activities which, while not directed toward increasing the supply of scientists and engineers, nevertheless materially assist to this end. These include such programs as the training of veterans, the Reserve Officer Training Corps, the inservice training of Government, civilian, and military personnel, medical and dental internships and residencies at Government hospitals, and fellowships awarded under the National Defense Education Act of 1958. NET BUDGET EXPENDITURES FOR FEDERAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS Continued Note-Net budget expenditures are as defined in the introduction to Part 1 of the budget and include expenditures from supplemental appropriations proposed for later transmission. Mr. WISE. I call particular attention to a table at the end of this report dealing with the net budget expenditure, Federal research and development programs. I assume that there may be some adjustments made in these proposals by the administration. Nevertheless, this analysis indicates that the Federal Government actually spent in 1960 in excess of $7 billion for research and development. $63 billion of this had to do wih major national security. In the fields of labor and welfare, almost $370 million was spent. $106 million were spent in agriculture, $83 million in natural resources, and almost $400 million in what the Bureau of the Budget refers to as "commercial, housing, and space technology." Of that amount only $15,000 was spent by the Housing and Home Finance Agency. The Bureau estimated that, in 1961, of the $8 billion plus for research and development, $9,000 would be spent on research by the Housing and Home Finance Agency. The 1962 estimate of just under $9 billion for research and development provides for no expenditure on research on housing and urban-development problems. I think that you will agree with me that this is an astounding and shocking matter. The American Institute of Planners prepared in May of 1949 an extensive report on a needed program of research in the urban environment. Included in there, for example, were suggestions for study on traffic generation, design as a factor in municipal and residential cost, industrial requirements and location, the organization for metropolitan planning, neighborhood conservation and rehabilitation, and so forth. Ten years later the institute prepared a further analysis of the research needs in the field of city development and the environment, and concluded that considerable research is needed if we are to learn how to build our cities and metropolitan areas better. In October 1959, the Highway Research Board issued a monograph entitled, "A Framework for Urban Studies; an Analysis of UrbanMetropolitan Development and Research Needs." This succinct report suggests the pressing need for detailed study on such matters as the development of a theory of urban development; studies of urban facilities standards; development of major policy on urban planning: urban government finance; public education and participation in urban affairs; and further studies specifically with regard to urban circulation, dealing with expressways; the role of mass transit; land-use patterns and travel volumes; eminent domain and other land acquisition programs and the relocation of displaced families and land uses. Major decisions are being made today on an almost trial and error basis. In every one of these fields of suggested inquiry, decisions are being made throughout the country such as between the highway and the housing programs, involving billions of dollars. And yet we have not taken the time to understand our successes, find out reasons for our failures, and to establish a realistic range of requirements and priorities. Although research has been authorized in previous housing acts, we would urge that this committee mandate the administration to energetically engage in the accomplishment of a broadened research program. We question as to how much longer we can really afford to make the commitments and spend the money that has been authorized |