References

(1)

E.J. Sternglass, Proceedings of the 9th Hanford Radiobiology
Symposium May 1969, (edited by M.Sikov), U.S. Atomic Energy
Commission, Div. of Tech. Information, (Dec. 1969).

(2) A. Tamplin, Bull. Atomic Scient. Vol. 25, p. 23 (Dec. 1969).
(3) A. Stewart, J. Webb & D. Hewitt, Brit. Med. J., 1, 1495 (1958).
(4) B. MacMahon; J. National Cancer Inst. 28, 1173 (1962).

(5) E.J. Sternglass, Science 140, 1102 (1963).

(6) "Major Activities in the Atomic Energy Programs" (January-June
1953), Semi-Annual Report, U.S.A.E.C. (July 1953) pp. 50-51
gives measured values of external gamma doses from the spring
1953 test-series in Nevada ranging from 0.1 rad to 5.2 rad for
a 13 week period for various towns in Nevada and Utah, together
with 24 hr. average airborne radioactivity ranging from 1.0 x 10-2
of 1.29 microcuries per cubic meter, and radioactivity in water
sources extrapolated to 3 days after detonation ranging from
1.1 x 10-6 to 8.7 x 10-5 microcuries per milliliter. No measure-
ments on milk concentrations of I-131 or other isotopes were
reported at the time.

(7) C.W. Mays, Hearings, Subcommittee on Research, Development and
Radiation of the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, 88th Congr.
of the U.S., August 22-27, 1963, Part 2, p. 559 and p. 1111.
(8) "Iodine-131 in Fresh Milk and Human Thyroids Following a Single
Deposition of Nuclear Test Fallout" H.A. Knapp, Fallout Studies
Branch, Div. of Biol. and Med., U.S.A.E.C. (June 1, 1963),
Reprinted in Hearings (Ref. 7 above) p. 915.

(9) "A Report on the I-131 Hazard from Short-Range Fallout Produced
by Nuclear Tests at the Nevada Test-Site", H.T. Blumenthal,
Barry Commoner, R. Daly, M.W. Friedlander, J. Klarman, L. Mattison,
E. Reiss and S.A. Zemelman (St. Louis Committee on Nuclear Information),
In Hearings, Joint Comm. At. En. Aug. 21, 1969 (Ref. 7 above).

(10) See the summary of all available data by A. Stewart and D. Hewitt in "Current Topics in Radiation Research", Vol. I, p. 221 (M. Ebert and A. Howard, Editors) North-Holland Publ. Co. (1965).

(11) A.B. Brill, M. Tomonaga and R.M. Heysell., Anǹ. Int. Med. 56, 590 (1962).

(12) U.S. Vital Statistics

(13) "The Effects of Nuclear Weapons", (S. Glasstone, Editor) U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, April 1962, Appendix B. The yields listed here are those for atmospheric tests at the Nevada site only, not counting underground tests.

(14) "Summary of Observations of Distribution, Characteristics and Biological Availability of Fallout Originating from Continental Detonations", K.H. Larson, p. 803, Hearings, "Biological and Environmental Effects of Nuclear War", Subcommittee on Radiation, Joint Comm. on At. En., 86th Congr. of the U.S., June 22-26, 1959.

(15) R. Lapp, Science, 137, 756 (1962).

(16) R. W. Gibson, I.D. Bross, S. Graham, A.M. Lillienfeld, L.M. Schuman, M.L. Levin and J.E. Dowd, New Engl. J. Med. 279, 906 (1965).

(17) N.Wald, W.H. Borger, C.C. Li, J.H. Turner, M.C. Harnois, "Lancet" Vol. I, p. 1228 (1961); R.W. Miller, Gordon Conf. paper July

7, 1965 (N.I.H.-N.C.I.).

(18) E. Spode, Z. F. Naturforsch., 13b, 286 (1958).

་

(19) E.H. Graul and H. Hundeshagen, Strahlentherapie, 106, 405 (1958). (20) W.A. Müller, Nature, 214, 931 (1967).

(21) Ref. 5, p. 26 and Fig. 17, p. 34.

(22) K., Liebscher, T. Schönfeld, and A. Schaller, Nature 192, 1308 (1961). (23) "Cancer Mortality in Japan 1899-1962", M. Segi, et. al., Dept.

of Public Health, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan (August 1965). (24). "Epidemiological Aspects of the Problem of Congenital Malformations", W.P. Kennedy; Birth Defects Original artical Series Vol. III, No. 2 (Dec. 1967) (The National Foundation, N.Y.)

(25) M. Eisenbud, Pediatrics 41, No. 1, Pt. II, p. 174 (1968).
(26) Federal Radiation Council Report No. 5 (July 1964), "Background
Material for the Development of Radiation Protection Standards".
(27) Federal Radiation Council Reports No. 1 and 2 (May 1960 and
Sept. 1961).

51-566 0-70-pt. 3-15

EXHIBIT 34

Nuclear Power: Benefits and Risks

by

Barry Commoner

Director, Center for the Biology of Natural Systems

Washington University

St. Louis, Mo. 63130

Sponsored by Center for Urban and Regional Affairs and Center for

Population Studies, University of Minnesota, Cctober 11, 1969

This conference is concerned with an issue which will

crucially determine the future of nuclear power: What are the rights and obligations of the public, and of its servants at various levels of government, in deciding where and how nuclear power shall be generated?

The issue might be regarded as long since resolved by Congressional legislation, which assigns this responsibility to the Atomic Energy Commission. However, the very existence of this conference testifies to the now incontestable fact of public life that the issue is not resolved. Many citizens have expressed their dissatisfaction with the procedures that have until now been employed by the AEC in licensing reactor operations. Despite the legislative authority given to the AEC, a number of governors have held that