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And measures must be instituted, everywhere, to prevent further commercial exploitation until, following the Study Commission's final report, a policy is adopted, a master plan drawn up to serve as guidelines for any future development. I am mindful of the jurisdictional problems this will cause, but it, too, cannot wait.

Otherwise, the Study report may very well be outdated even before it is presented to the Congress, and at the rate at which things are going, areas of Long Island Sound that can still be saved at this time, will then be beyond salvation.

The case for urgent action can simply not be overstated. If not now, when?
Sincerely yours,
H. WILLIAM GALLAND.

EXHIBIT 28

BIBLIOGRAPHY

(Prepared by Claire Stern, executive director, Long Island Environmental

Council)

I. CALIFORNIA

1. Assembly Bill No. 2057, State of California, relating to San Francisco Bay Conservation and Development Commission.

2. "San Francisco Bay Conservation and Development Commission." California laws of 1965, chapter 1162, Government Code, title 7.2 (filed July 13, 1965). 3. "San Francisco Bay Plan." San Francisco Bay Commission and Development Commission. January 6, 1969. Melvin B. Lane, chairman. Joseph E. Bodovitz, executive director.

II. CONNECTICUT

1. "A Proposal: The Assessment of the Ecological Parameters of the Bridgeport Harbors, Its Tidewaters and Tributaries." Prepared by the Research Advisory Committee and the Environmental Studies Institute of the Higher Education Center for Urban Studies. May 30, 1970.

2. "An Act Concerning the Preservation of Wetlands and Tidal Marsh and Estuarine Systems." Public Act No. 695. State of Connecticut.

3. "Connecticut River Investigation." Daniel Merriman. Connecticut Yankee Atomic Power Plant, Northeast Utilities, Inc. University of Connecticut. 1965–72. Connecticut State Water Resources Commission, John Curry, chairman, Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources. State Office Building, Hartford, Conn., $28.00, series.

4. "Environmental Regional Planning: Limits of Capacity." Proceedings of the Working Conference on Ecological Study of Connecticut River Region. November 18, 1967. Conference coordinator, Dr. Karl E. Schaefer. Paul Sears, Department of Botony, Yale University, chairman. Old Lyme, Conn.

5. "Hydrocarbon Pollution of Edible Shellfish by an Oil Spill." M. Blumer, G. Souza, J. Sass. In the Journal on Life in Oceans and Coastal Waters. 6. "Oil Pollution of the Ocean." Max Blumer, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, Woods Hole, Mass. Oil on the Sea. 1969.

7. "Role of the Corps of Engineers in Long Island Sound." Statement by Colonel F. P. Bane, division engineer, New England Division.

8. "Role of the Corps of Engineers in the Conservation, Development and Management of the Water Resources of Long Island Sound," inclosure to statement by Colonel F. P. Bane, division engineer, New England Division.

9. "Water Resources Development." U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in Connecticut, January 1969. Department of the Army, New England Division, Corps of Engineers.

III. FEDERAL

A. 1. Hearings before the Subcommittee on Air and Water Pollution of the Committee on Public Works, U.S. Senate. March 27, 1968. Part I and II. Senator Edmund S. Muskie, chairman of the sub-committee, presiding.

2. "National Environmental Policy Act of 1969," Public Law 91-190, January 1, 1970.

3. National environmental policy hearing before the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs. U.S. Senate, S. 1075, S. 237, S. 1752. April 16, 1969.

4. "National Estuarine Pollution Study," Federal Water Pollution Control Administration. 1969 report to the Congress. (Now Federal Water Quality Administration.)

5. "National Estuarine Pollution Study." Proceedings of the public meeting held at New York, July 23, 1968. Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, U.S. Department of the Interior, Northeast Region, Boston, Mass. (P. 82, testimony, Claire Stern.)

6. "National Estuary Study," part I, April 1970, Bureau of Sports, Fisheries, and Wildlife, U.S. Department of the Interior, authorized by the Estuary Protection Act of 1968.

7. "The Nation's Estuaries: San Francisco Bay and Delta, Calif." Hearing before the Subcommittee on Conservation and Natural Resources of the Committee on Government Operations, May 15, 1969. Hon. Henry S. Reuss, chairman of the subcommittee, presiding.

8. "Our Nation and the Sea." 1969. Report to the President. National Commission on Marine Science, Engineering and Resources. Authorized under the Clean Water and Restoration Act of 1966.

9. "A Perspective of Regional and State Marine Environmental Activities: A Questionnaire Survey, Statistics and Observations." John I. Thompson & Co., Washington, D.C. February 29, 1968. Prepared for the President's Commission on Marine Science, Engineering and Resources. New York, page III-B-1.

10. Public Law 89-80. July 22, 1965. “An Act to provide for the optimum development of the Nation's Natural resources through coordinated planning of water and related land resources, through the establishment of a water resources council and river basin commissions, and by providing financial assistance to the States in order to increase State participation in such planning."

11. Statement of Sydney Howe, President, the Conservation Foundation, on National Coastal Zone Management Programs as proposed in Senate Bills 2802, 3183, 3460. To the subcommittee on Oceanography, Committee on Commerce, U.S. Senate, April 14, 1970.

B. Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers

1. "Beach Erosion Control and Interim Hurricane Report," North Shore of Long Island, Suffolk County, N.Y.

2. "Beach Erosion Control and Interim Hurricane Survey of Long Island, Suffolk County, N.Y." Notice of Report. May 15, 1970. $16.00. New York District, 26 Federal Plaza, New York. 10007

3. "Hempstead Harbor," adopted August 15, 1961. House Document No. 101. Referred to Committee on Public Works, April 5, 1967.

4. "Interim Hurricane Report," Westchester County, N.Y., along Long Island Sound.

5. "Little Neck Bay," adopted November 14, 1957 and July 16, 1958. House Document No. 510. Updates reports of May 12, 1937. (Note: More recent reports of this Bay are also available.) Referred to Committee on Public Works August 8, 1962.

6. Miscellaneous reports on Glen Cove Creek, Glen Cove Harbor, Hempstead Harbor, Little Neck Bay, Manhasset Bay.

7. National Shoreline Study, authorized under the River and Harbor Act of 1968. Letter from Glenn H. VonGunten, Chief, Engineering Division, New York District. Long Island Sound is included in the New York and Connecticut portions of this study . . . initiated in 1969 and is presently scheduled for completion in the late summer of 1971.

...

8. "Port Jefferson Harbor" adopted July 31, 1957. Referred to Committee on Public Works, March 12, 1968.

9. "Review Reports (navigation) Hempstead Harbor, N.Y. 1880-1925." 10. "Review Reports (navigation) for Little Neck Bay, 1911-1937."

11. "Review Reports (navigation) Port Jefferson Harbor, N. Y., Prior to 19001947."

IV. LONG ISLAND REGION

A. 1. "An Atlas of Long Island's Water Resources." Prepared by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the New York State Water Resources Commission. 1968. Bulletin 62.

2. "Biological Effects of Thermal Pollution, Northport, N.Y." Marine Services Research Center, State University of New York. January 1970.

3. "The Development of a Procedure and Knowledge Requirements for Marine Resource Planning." Functional Step One. The classification of marine resource.

Problems of Nassau and Suffolk Counties. April 1969. The Travelers Research Corp., 250 Constitution l'laza, Hartford, Conn.

4. "The Development of a Procedure and Knowledge Requirements for Marine Resource Planning." Functional Step One. The classification of marine resource. Problems of Nassau and Suffolk Counties. Summary. May 1969.

5. "The Development of a Procedure and Knowledge Requirements for Marine Resource Planning." Functional Step Two. Knowledge requirements. Sea Grant Project GH-63. February 1970.

6. "Executive Order 11528, Changing the Jurisdiction and Membership of the New England River Basins Commission." April 24, 1970.

7. "Fourteen Selected Marine Resources Problems of Long Island, New York: Descriptive Evaluations." Prepared for the Marine Resources Council, NassauSuffolk Regional Planning Board under Sea Grant Project GH-63. National Science Foundation.

8. "The Long Island Ground Water Pollution Study." Final Report. April 1969. New York State Department of Health, Nassau and Suffolk County Departments of Health, Suffolk County Water Authority. The Laurman Co., Bethpage, N.Y. 9. "New England Heritage: The Connecticut River National Recreation Area Study." Department of the Interior, Bureau of Outdoor Recreation. July 1968. Authorized by Public Law 89-616, October 3, 1966.

10. "New England River Basins Commission. Technical Report No. 1, Safety Control of Private Dams." January 1969.

11. "Oceanography of Long Island Sound." Volume 17, Article 1. Bulletin of the Bingham Oceanographic Collection. Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, 1959. 1952–54. George A. Riley et al.

12. "Power and the Environment. Report No. 1. Laws and Procedures of Power Plant Siting in New England." February 1970. New England River Basins Commission.

13. "Report of the Water Quality of Long Island Sound." FWPCA, Edison, New Jersey. November 1969.

14. "The Status and Potential of the Marine Environment." Report of the Oceanographic Committee to the Nassau-Suffolk Regional Planning Board. December 1966.

15. "Wise Use of Flood Plains. Interim Report." July 1969. New England River Basins Commission.

B. 1. "Biological Effects of Thermal Pollution, Northport, N.Y." by Hechtel, Ernst and Kalin. Marine Sciences Research Center, State University of New York. Technical Report Series #3.

2. "Hydrographic Data Report: Long Island Sound 1969" by Charles D. Hardy. Marine Sciences Research Center, State University of New York. Technical Report Series #4.

3. "Invertebrate Survey of Flax Pond Summer, 1967" by George J. Hechtel. Marine Sciences Research Center, Technical Report Series #1. State University of New York at Stony Brook.

4. "New York City-A Major Source of Marine Sediment" by M. Grant Gross. Marine Sciences Research Center, State University of New York. Technical Report Series #2.

5. "Preliminary Analysis of Urban Waste, New York Metropolitan Region" by M. Grant Gross. Marine Sciences Research Center, State University of New York. Technical Report Series #5.

V. MARYLAND

1. "Chesapeake Science," volume 10, Nos. 3, 4, September and December, 1969. Proceedings of the 2nd thermal workshop of the U.S. international biological program.

2. "Effects of Thermal Discharges on the Ecology of a Waterway." Reference No. 69-21, January 1, 1969. J. A. Mihursky, chairman, Department of Environmental Research, University of Maryland.

3. Maryland Board of Natural Resources Resolution.

4. "On Possible Constructive Uses of Thermal Additions to Estuaries." J. A. Mihursky, University of Maryland. Bio. Sci., Vol. 17, No. 10, 1967, pp. 698–702. 5. "On Using Industrial & Domestic Wastes in Agriculture." J. A. Mihursky, University of Maryland Agric. Engineering, November 1969.

6. "Patulent Thermal Studies." J. A. Mihursky, University of Maryland, Natural Resources Institute, Special Report, No. 1, January 1969.

7. "Pollution." J. A. Mihursky, University of Maryland. Lafayette alumnus, April, vol. 41, #4, pp. 35-38.

8. "Regional Planning and the Chesapeake Bay Environment-An Ecological Approach." J. A. Mihursky, A. J. McErlean, V. S. Kennedy, W. H. Roosenburg. University of Maryland Natural Resources Institute Ref. No. 70-23.

9. Statement Concerning Temperature Recommendations, University of Maryland. Natural Resources Institute, ref. No. 67–32, April 20, 1967.

10. "Thermal Loading-New Threat to Aquatic Life," J. A. Mihursky, University of Maryland. Catalyst, vol. 2, No. 3, Educational Series No. 85.

11. "Thermal Pollution, Aqua Culture and Pathobiology in Aquatic Systems," J. A. Mihursky, A. M. McErlean, J. S. Kennedy, University of Maryland, U.R.I. ref. No. 70-25.

12. "Water Temperature Criteria to Protect Aquatic Life," J. A. Mihursky and J. S. Kennedy. American Fisheries Society, special publication #4, 1967, pp.

20-32.

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RADIOACTIVE WASTE FROM REACTORS the problem that won't go away

THE

TWO

By JOEL A. SNOW

DECADES following the introduction of nuclear energy in warfare have seen a tremendous investment of time and money in an effort to put the nuclear genie to work for peaceful purposes. The principal thrust has been toward the development of commercially competitive electricity, generated by nuclear reactors Although at present no US. nuclear power plants are producing power at competitive costs, the threshold of effective competition seems to have been reached, both here and in other countries. As a result we can expect a tremendous expansion in the next few years in the number and size of nuclear generating plants scattered about the countryside. While there are only twelve electricity generating plants now operating or about to operate, there are thirty-six on order or under construction. This represents an increase in nuclear power capacity from the present 1.8 million kilowatts of electric power to almost 26 million kilowatts. Moreover, AEC projec tions indicate that by 1980, fully twenty per cent of the nation's electricity (over 100 million kilowatts) will be produced by reactors. Since the power industry is growing rapidly, twenty per cent of 1980 production is equal to almost half of the nation's present production,3

The public discourse about the mushrooming reactor industry has contained little discussion of the special environmental hazards associated with reactor operation. Before the nation becomes entirely committed to nuclear power, a thorough discussion of these special hazards is necessary.

There are three essentially distinct ways in which radioactive contaminants from reactor operations can threaten the health of the general public In normal day-to-day operations, nuclear plants release "low level" stack gases and liquid effluents into the environment. As Malcolm Peterson points out in the November 1965 S/C, these materials "must be evaluated with caution," for the following reasons

The total radioactivity incl des both long-lived and short-lived isotopes.

A small part of the total radioactivity released may have profound biological significance for inan Accordingly, it is not the total radioactivity released but rather the quantity of specific significant isotopes released which is important. For the most part, the radioactive materials released from present reactors have been very short-lived or do not enter a food chain to man. It is the exceptions which must be carefully evaluated.

In any industrial operation there is always the possibility of a major accident. There have been ten serious reactor accidents since 1949, and four reactors have been discontinued as a result. In 1957, an accident at Pile No I of the experimental Windscale reactor in Britain resulted in the release of 20,000 curies of radioactive iodine to the atmosphere. A reactor core explosion at the SL-I reactor in Idaho in January of 1961 resulted in the death of three men and a significant release of radioactivity to the environment. At the Ferm reactor in Michigan, in October, 1966, part of the reactor core melted down, releasing a small quantity of radioactivity to the environment and

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