the Altamaha river; area, 550 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 4,491, of whom 3,288 were colored. It is drained by the Sapelo river and Jones's and Doctor's creeks. The surface is level and the soil fertile. It is intersected by the Atlantic and Gulf railroad. The chief productions in 1870 were 23,638 bushels of Indian corn, 26,- | 438 of sweet potatoes, 4,900,389 lbs. of rice, and 5,019 gallons of cane molasses. There were 1,800 milch cows, 3,055 other cattle, 684 sheep, and 4,449 swine; 9 lumber mills, and 3 brick and stone yards. Capital, Darien.

MCINTOSH, John, an American soldier, born in McIntosh co., Ga., about 1755, died Nov. 12, 1826. He was an officer of the Georgia line in 1775, and as lieutenant colonel defended the fort at Sunbury, in Liberty co., when it was besieged by Lieut. Col. Fraser, at the head of a considerable body of British troops. At the battle of Brier creek, March 3, 1779, he displayed great bravery, only surrendering when further resistance was impossible. After the close of the war he removed to Florida, and settled on the St. John's river. Here he was suddenly arrested by a band of Spanish troops and imprisoned in the fortress of St. Augustine, on suspicion of having designs against the Spanish government, and was finally sent to the captain general of Cuba, and by him incarcerated in the Morro castle at Havana. After nearly a year's imprisonment he was released, and returned to Georgia, but not until he had aided in destroying a fort on the St. John's opposite Jacksonville, and done the Spanish government some other injuries. In the last months of the war of 1812 he served at Mobile.

MCINTOSH, Lachlan, an American soldier, born at Borlam, near Inverness, Scotland, March 17, 1725, died in Savannah, Ga., Feb. 20, 1806. His father, John More McIntosh, with 100 highlanders, came to Georgia with Gen. Oglethorpe in 1736, and settled in the lower part of the state, at the place now known as Darien, but called by them Inverness. He became a clerk in a counting house at Charleston, where he remained until called on, Sept. 16, 1776, to take command of the first regiment organized in Georgia. Subsequently three regiments were raised, and he was appointed a brigadier general. In 1777 he fought a duel near Savannah with Button Gwinnett, who was fatally wounded. Gen. McIntosh now accepted a command in the central army under Washington, who selected him to conduct a campaign against the Indians in the west in 1778. With a small force he succeeded in restoring peace on the frontier. In 1779 he took command of the Georgia troops at Augusta, whence he subsequently marched to Savannah, in the siege of which place he commanded the first and fifth South Carolina regiments, and bore an active part. After the fall of Savannah he retreated to Charleston, and was present there when the city surrendered to Sir Henry Clinton, May

12, 1780, after which he was a prisoner of war for a long time. He was a member of congress in 1784, and a commissioner to treat with the southern Indians in 1785.

MCINTOSH, Maria J., an American authoress, born in Sunbury, Ga., in 1803. She was educated at the Sunbury academy, about 1835 removed to New York, and published in 1841 her first tale, "Blind Alice," under the pseudonyme of "Aunt Kitty." It was followed by "Jessie Graham," "Florence Arnott," "Conquest and Self-Conquest," "Praise and Principle," and other tales published between 1841 and 1846. In 1846 she published "Two Lives, or to Seem and to Be," and in the succeeding year her stories were collected in a single volume. Among her other works are: Charms and Counter-Charms" (1848); "Donaldson Manor" (1849); "Woman in America" (1850); "The Lofty and the Lowly" (1853), a picture of life on a southern plantation; "Violet, or the Cross and the Crown" (1856); "Meta Gray" (1858); and "Two Pictures" (1863).

MACKAY, Charles, a British author, born in Perth in 1812. He was educated in London and Brussels. From 1834 to 1844 he was on the staff of the London "Morning Chronicle," and from 1844 to 1847 editor of the Glasgow "Argus," after which he returned to London, where he still resides (1874). He lectured in the United States in 1858, and in 1860 established the "London Review." From 1862 to 1865 he was in the United States as correspondent of the London "Times" on the subject of the civil war. He has published “Songs and Poems" (1834); "The Hope of the World, and other Poems (1840); Longbeard," a romance (1840); "Memoirs of Extraordinary Popular Delusions (3 vols., 1841); "The Salamandrine," a poem (1842); "Legends of the Isles, and other Poems" (1845); "The Scenery and Poetry of the English Lakes," and "Voices from the Crowd" (1846); "Voices from the Mountains" (1847); "Town Lyrics" and "The Battle," a poem (1848); “Egeria, or the Spirit of Nature, and other Poems (1850); "The Lump of Gold, and other Poems," "The Song of the Brave," and "Ballads and other Poems" (1856); "Under Green Leaves" (1857); "A Man's Heart" (1860); "Studies from the Antique, and Sketches from Nature (1864); "Under the Blue Sky" (1871); and "Lost Beauties and Perishing Graces of the English Language" (1874).

MCKEAN, a N. county of Pennsylvania, bordering on New York; area, about 1,000 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 8,825. It is drained by the Alleghany river and branches, and numerous creeks. The surface is hilly, the soil of slate and shale formation, and it abounds with coal, iron, and salt. The Buffalo, Bradford, and Pittsburgh railroad passes through it. chief productions in 1870 were 8,444 bushels of wheat, 22,620 of Indian corn, 97,984 of oats, 54,983 of potatoes, 28,016 lbs. of wool, 197,200 of butter, and 15,243 tons of hay.

The

MACKEAN, Thomas, an American jurist, and a signer of the Declaration of Independence, born in Chester co., Pa., March 19, 1734, died in Philadelphia, June 24, 1817. In 1757 he was admitted to the bar, and in 1762 was elected a member of the Pennsylvania assembly, to which he was annually returned for the next 17 years. In 1765 he attended the general congress of the colonies at New York, and formed one of the committee who framed the address to the British house of commons; and in the same year he was appointed judge of the court of common pleas for New Castle county. In September, 1774, he took his seat in the first continental congress, as a delegate from the lower counties in Delaware. He was a member of congress, of which he was elected president in 1781, until February, 1783, being the only member who served without interruption during the whole revolutionary period. In 1777, while still a representative in congress from Delaware, he was appointed chief justice of Pennsylvania, and in the same year he also officiated as president of the state of Delaware, for which he drew up a constitution. He retired from the bench in 1799, on being elected governor of the state. His administration lasted until 1808, when he withdrew from public life. As a jurist he held a high position for integrity, impartiality, and learning. In politics he was one of the leaders of the republican party, the ascendancy of which in Pennsylvania was in no small degree owing to his exertions.

MCKEEVER, Isaac, an American naval officer, born in Pennsylvania in April, 1793, died in Norfolk, Va., April 1, 1856. He entered the navy as a midshipman in 1809, was made a lieutenant in 1814, and commanded one of a flotilla of five gunboats under the command of Lieut. Thomas ap Catesby Jones, which was captured by a British expedition upon Lake Borgne, La., in December, 1814. The gunboats mounted collectively 23 guns, and were manned by 182 men. The British expedition consisted of 42 large barges and other boats, manned by over 1,000 seamen and marines. The engagement, which was very severe, lasted more than three hours, and over 200 of the British were killed and wounded. Lieut. McKeever's vessel was the last one attacked, and he was severely wounded, together with most of his officers, before he surrendered. He became a commander in 1830, and a captain in 1838, performing much active service in both grades. He commanded the squadron on the coast of Brazil from 1851 to 1854. In 1855 he commanded the navy yard at Norfolk, Va.

McKENDREE, William, an American bishop, born in King William co., Va., July 5, 1757, died March 5, 1835. He served several years in the American army of the revolution, attained the rank of adjutant, and was present at the

MCKENDREE COLLEGE. See LEBANON, Ill. MACKENZIE, Sir Alexander, a Scottish traveller, born probably in Inverness, died in 1820. He emigrated to Canada when a young man, and obtained a situation in the counting house of Mr. Gregory, one of the partners in the northwest fur company. In 1789 he set out on an exploring expedition from Fort Chipewyan, on Lake Athabasca, where he had been stationed for about eight years, with four canoes and a party of 12 persons. For six weeks he threaded his way along the rivers and lakes of British America, till he reached the great northern ocean in lat. 69°. Having returned to Fort Chipewyan, he started in October, 1792, to explore the country toward the Pacific, reaching that ocean July 23, 1793, and regaining in safety the point of departure. He published a detailed account of these explorations, under the title of "Voyages from Montreal, on the River St. Lawrence, through the Continent of North America, to the Frozen and Pacific Oceans, in the years 1789 and 1793 " (London, 1801). He was knighted, and the river by which he had descended from Slave lake to the ocean was called after him.

MACKENZIE, Alexander Slidell, an American naval officer, born in New York, April 6, 1803, died in Tarrytown, N. Y., Sept. 13, 1848. His name was originally Slidell; that of Mackenzie, the name of his mother, was added to his own in 1837, at the request of a maternal uncle. He entered the navy as a midshipman in 1815, and made his first cruise to the Mediterranean in the frigate Java, commanded by Capt. Oliver H. Perry. In 1822 he took command of a merchant vessel to improve himself in seamanship. He was made lieutenant in 1825, and commander in 1841, and in both grades was in active duty in the Mediterranean, the West Indies, the Brazilian waters, and the Pacific. In 1842 he commanded the brig Somers, manned chiefly by naval apprentices; and on his passage from the coast of Africa in the autumn of that year, the existence of a mutinous plot on board was discovered, the principals of which were immediately placed in close

Mackenzie, who had been already outlawed, issued a proclamation offering $100 and 300 acres of land to volunteers. Here he was joined by many American sympathizers; but owing to the exertions of Gen. Scott, the camp was broken up, and Mackenzie was taken prisoner and sentenced to 12 months' confinement in Rochester jail. On being set at liberty he found employment on the press of the United States, and was for five or six years a contributor to the New York "Tribune." During that period he published some political pamphlets, one of which was compiled from papers found in the custom house, where he held a clerkship for a short time. On the proclamation of amnesty in 1849 he returned to Canada, and was again speedily elected to parliament, where he sat till 1858. From his retirement almost up to the time of his death he published in Toronto "Mackenzie's Message," a weekly journal. Toward the close of his life his friends raised a sufficient sum to purchase for him an annuity and a homestead near the city. MACKENZIE RIVER, a river of British North America, in the Northwest territories of Canada, which has its head in Great Slave lake, and, after a N. course of about 1,200 m., empties through several mouths into the Arctic ocean, in about lat. 69° N., lon. 135° W. It flows through beds of coal and lignite, and is navigable by steamers throughout, though the rapids below Great Bear river in times of low water might prove an obstacle. Its width, which is irregular, sometimes extends to two miles. The ice breaks up at Fort Simpson, one of the Hudson Bay company's posts, in lat. 61° 51', about the beginning or middle of May, and the river is open to its mouth about the end of that month. Floating ice generally prevents navigation even in the upper part of its course before the beginning of June. The chief tributaries of the Mackenzie are Mountain river or Rivière aux Liards from the west, and Great Bear river, the outlet of Great Bear lake, from the east. Mountain river rises beyond the Rocky mountains near the sources of the Yukon, and empties into the Mackenzie at Fort Simpson; it has a rapid current, and its navigation is dangerous.-The Mackenzie is but a part of a stream 2,500 m. in length, the upper portions of which bear different names. It rises as the Athabasca in the Rocky mountains, near the source of the Columbia, and, after an extremely rapid descent through a fertile and well wooded country, receiving the waters of Lesser Slave lake from the west, and a little further down successively those of Lac La Biche and the Clearwater or Little Athabasca river from the east, enters the S. W. extremity of Lake Athabasca. The portion between the affluent from Lac La Biche and the Clearwater river is called rivière à la Biche or Red Deer river. After leaving Lake Athabasca it is called first the Rock and then the Slave river, until it loses itself in Great Slave lake. The Hudson Bay company's boats

ascend with only two interruptions to Jasper House, more than 2,000 m. from the Arctic ocean. These interruptions are a group of rapids in rivière à la Biche, and another in Slave river. Just below Lake Athabasca the Peace river enters from the west. This stream, which is considered by some the source of the Mackenzie, rises in the Rocky mountains near the source of Fraser river, and flows through a beautiful and fertile valley; it is navigable by the Hudson Bay company's boats throughont nearly its entire course. The Mackenzie river was discovered and first navigated in 1789 by Alexander Mackenzie, from whom it derives its name.

MACKEREL, a well known acanthopterygian fish of the scomberoid family, and one of great utility to man, from its countless numbers and excellence as food. This family includes also the bonito and its allied forms, the tunny, the pilot fish, and the sword fish. The scales are small, delicate, and smooth, the bones light, the tail slender, and gill covers unarmed; the first dorsal fin continuous, the rays of the second and of the anal detached, forming finlets, and with a large interval between the dorsals; the body is fusiform, the caudal fin powerful, the tail usually with a slight keel on the side, the vertical fins without scales; a row of small conical teeth in each jaw; branchiostegal rays seven; most of the species have no air bladder. The common European mackerel (scomber scombrus, Cuv.), so well known for the beauty and brilliancy of its colors and the elegance of its form, has a pointed nose, the under jaw the longer, the gill covers large and smooth, the pectorals and ventrals in advance of the dorsal, the former the most anterior, five finlets above and below the tail, vertically over each other, and the tail crescent-shaped; the color above the lateral line is fine green varied with blue, and marked with broad, descending, undulating, dark lines; the lower parts are silvery with golden tints. According to Anderson, the mackerel performs migrations almost as extensive as the herring; it probably inhabits almost every part of the European seas, and comes into shallow water at particular seasons to breed; were it not for these periodical visits, no effective fishery could be carried on, as it would be impracticable to follow the shoals over the ocean; great as is the number caught, it is very small compared with those which escape. It is caught on the shores of Great Britain from March to June, spawning in the latter month; the young, called shiners, are 6 in. long by the end of August; in winter they retire to deep water, though a few are taken on the Cornish coast all the year round; as many as 500,000 eggs have been counted in a single female. The mackerel is very voracious, feeding principally on the fry of other fish; it grows rapidly, and attains an average length of 15 in., and a weight of 2 lbs., though some considerably exceed this. It is considered better in May or June than earlier or later in the