library, which is one of the best provincial libraries in France. Another celebrated public building is the Hôtel-Dieu, which was founded by Childebert and his queen in the 6th century, and consists of a series of buildings extending along the Rhône. The hospital of Antiquailles occupies the site of the ancient palace of the Roman emperors, and is devoted to lunatics and incurable diseases. The cathedral or church of St. John is a remarkable Gothic edifice; the church of St. Nizier is an elegant building of the 14th century; that of Ainay, and the churches of the Cordeliers and of St. Paul, are among the other interesting ecclesiastical structures. Lyons has about 30 Roman Catholic churches and chapels, four Protestant places of worship, and a synagogue. It is the seat of an archbishop, and has an academy, with faculties of Catholic theology, science, and literature; a lyceum, a veterinary school, many educational and charitable institutions, and a mont de piété. It has a branch of the bank of France, and a great number of courts of justice, among which is a conseil des prudhommes, a commercial tribunal, composed half of masters, half of workmen, designed to settle in a conciliatory spirit disputes respecting wages and other matters. The fortifications consist of 18 detached forts arranged in a circle of about 13 m. round the city, crowning the hills of St. Croix and Fourvières on the right bank of the Saône, and of La CroixRousse above the suburb of that name. They have been built since 1834, in consequence of the outbreaks of that year and of 1831. The chief work, Fort Montessay, has full command of the turbulent suburb of La Croix-Rousse, which may be entirely cut off from the city by a fortified barrack on the Place des Bernardines.-The jewellers and goldsmiths of Lyons transact a large business. In the sham jewelry trade Lyons ranks next to Paris. Carriages, glass and crystal, various kinds of acid, archil, soft soap, indigo, liqueurs, iron and machinery, leather, colored paper, &c., are all manufactured to some extent in Lyons; its beer is celebrated; the production of felt hats has declined; its dye houses for cotton, silk, and wool are of great importance; woollen shawls are extensively manufactured. All these branches of industry, however, are overshadowed by the silk manufactures. They were introduced into Lyons during the reign of Louis XI. by merchants of Florence and Lucca, and great factories were established in 1536 by Genoese manufacturers. From 1650 to 1680 the silk industry employed from 9,000 to 12,000 looms. After the revocation of the edict of Nantes, when many of the most skilful weavers went into exile at London, Crefeld, and other places, the number declined to about 4,000. It rose to 18,000 in 1788, was reduced to 3,000 or 4,000 by the revolution, but has since steadily increased; and in 1873 the number of looms in the city and its vicinity was estimated at 70,000, and the number of hands employed at 140,000, of whom about one half were in the city. The average annual value of the silk manufactures was estimated at $76,000,000, and the value of the raw silk imported at $60,000,000. Silk weaving is not conducted in factories, but in the dwellings of the master weavers, each of whom has usually from two to eight looms, which with the greater portion of their fittings are his own property. He and his family keep as many of the looms at work as they can, and | St. Pothinus among the number, and according employ compagnons for the remainder. The to later writers also St. Irenæus. Attila desolatter are not permanent residents, but remain lated the city in the middle of the 5th century, in the city only while there is a demand for when most of the great Roman monuments their labor. Apprentices and lanceurs (chil- were destroyed, although a few relics of them dren who prepare bobbins, &c.) constitute the still remain. From that time until the berest of the operatives. The silk merchants ginning of the 14th century the city was sucsupply the raw silk and the patterns to the cessively under the sway of the Burgundians, owners of the looms, to whom is intrusted the Franks, German emperors, and its feudal archtask of producing the web in a finished state. bishops and municipal council. Under Philip Half the wages paid by the silk merchants the Fair it was annexed to France. During go to the owners of the looms and half to the following period the city acquired great the laboring weavers. Most of the raw silk celebrity by its trade and industry. It was reaches Lyons through London, and some also fortified by Francis I., and embellished with via Paris and Marseilles. A school of art (in- quays and fine edifices under Louis XV. The stitution de la Martinière), to which a profes- citizens manifested great enthusiasm in behalf sor is attached who teaches the adaptation of of the revolution of 1789, and subsequently designs to the loom, or the mise en carte, and embraced the Girondist party. Afterward which gives free instruction in drawing and they rose against the convention, killing the modelling to about 200 pupils, has done much president of the Jacobin club (Challier), and to improve manufacturing skill. The demand the city was subjected to a siege by a republifrom the United States has given a great im- can army under Kellermann at the beginning pulse to the silk industry of Lyons, and led to of August, 1793, and compelled to surrender the manufacture of a cheaper but strong kind after a heroic resistance of two months. As a of fabric. In connection with the silk trade is punishment the convention doomed the city to an establishment in the palais des beaux-arts, destruction. Collot d'Herbois and Fouché were called the condition, where, by the agency of sent there as commissioners; the city and its heat, the unwrought silk is reduced to an equa- environs were deluged with blood, and several ble weight and dryness. The weavers are im- thousand persons were put to death. Under perfectly educated, but are not much addicted the reign of Napoleon I., when the loom of to intemperance. Continuous hard labor, how- Jacquard, a native of Lyons, was introduced, ever, has degraded them physically; they are the city recovered its prosperity; but it was subject to scrofulous and spinal diseases and again shaken in 1814 and 1815, and still more rheumatism, and many of them are exempted seriously by the commercial crisis which folfrom military service on account of debility or lowed the revolution of 1830. A strike for deformity. The upper and middle classes of higher wages produced in November, 1831, a Lyons are thriving, and include many fami- terrible insurrection. The operatives seized lies of great wealth. The neighborhood of the the hôtel de ville, but evacuated it on the arcity is adorned with a great number of beau- rival of Marshal Soult and the duke of Orleans. tiful villas. One great drawback to the more A formidable political outbreak in April, 1834, rapid increase of the industrial establishments is could only be quelled after several days' fightthe want of coal. The deficiency of water has ing in the streets. A new calamity was added been remedied since 1856 through the opera- by the inundation of 1840. The revolution of tions of the great water works company, in con- 1848, however, did not create any great disnection with the canalization of France. The turbances. In 1856 Lyons was desolated by same company has also introduced a better another inundation. During the war of 1870system of sewerage.-The ancient city of Lug-'71 it was repeatedly the scene of popular comdunum was mainly built on the hill of Fourvières (anc. Forum Vetus). Munatius Plancus, governor of Gaul, founded there a colony as early as 43 B. C. Augustus, under whom it became the capital of the province (Gallia Lugdunensis), established there a senate, a college of magistrates, and an athenæum. It also became the centre of the four great Roman roads which traversed Gaul. Caligula instituted there games and festivals. Claudius, who was born there, gave to Lugdunum the privileges of a Roman city. In A. D. 58 it was destroyed by fire, but rebuilt by Nero. Trajan, Hadrian, and Antoninus erected in the city many monuments, and annual fairs were established. Having declared for Albinus, it was pillaged by his rival Septimius Severus after his victory near the town (197). Several martyrs were put to death during the persecutions against the Christians, motions, which were however easily checked. The radical spirit of the masses manifested itself after the war chiefly under the mayoralty of Barodet, and in the election of Ranc to the national assembly in May, 1873. LYONS, a town and village, capital of Wayne co., New York, on the Erie canal and the New York Central railroad, 44 m. W. of Syracuse, and 36 m. E. of Rochester; pop. of the town in 1870, 5,115; of the village, 3,350. The village contains a handsome court house, a national bank, 20 peppermint distilleries, several manufactories, a graded public school, two weekly newspapers, and seven churches. The annual production of oil of peppermint amounts to 100,000 lbs., and there is considerable trade in tobacco, grain, cider, apples, and other fruit. LYONS, Gulf of (Fr. golfe du Lion; anc. Gal licus Sinus, also Mare Gallicum), a gulf of the | 1817, was envoy extraordinary to the United States from 1859 to 1864, afterward ambassador to Turkey, and since 1867 has been am LYRE (Gr. 2upa), one of the most ancient and famous of the family of stringed instruments, the origin of which is lost in antiquity. It was familiar to the Egyptians, and to the nations of western Asia, by whom it was introduced among the Greeks. The latter, however, had a special tradition which attributed its invention to Mercury, who is described in the Homeric "Hymn to Mercury as form Mediterranean, on the S. E. coast of France, be- Greek Heptachord. ing a lyre out of the stretched perpendicularly from the bottom. When played, it was placed in an upright position between the knees, while the cithara rested upon the knees, and the sounds were pro Egyptian Lyre in the Berlin Museum. duced by the plectrum, or lyre stick of ivory or polished wood, in the hands of the performer, and sometimes by the fingers alone. The Egyptian lyres, constructed on a similar principle, though less elegant in form, were of considerable power, having 5, 7, 10, and 18 strings, and were played in a similar manner. In the Berlin museum is a well preserved one pierced for 13 strings. The lyre, though invented by Mercury, became the peculiar instrument of Apollo, the tutelary god of music and poetry, and was employed to perform the prelude to recitations of epic poetry, and to fill up pauses between the parts. It also gave its name to that species of poetry called lyric, to which it originally furnished an accompaniment. LYRE BIRD, a large tenuirostral passerine bird, of the family certhiada or creepers, and Only two species of this singular bird are described, both natives of Australia, constituting the genus menura (Davies). The common lyre bird (M. superba, Dav.) from the form of the legs has been placed among the gallinaceous tribes, and its name of wood pheasant indicates its general resemblance to these; it has also been ranked with the hornbills among the conirostres, and by others in the neighborhood of the thrushes; but it seems most nearly allied to the wren family. The length is about 43 in., of which the tail is 25; the bill is rather more than an inch long, resembling that of a peacock, strong, keeled, broad at the base, and of a black color; the nostrils are long and narrow, in a fossa near the middle of its length; the wings moderate and rounded; the body about the size of that of a pheasant; tail very long, and of a singular form, differing in the two sexes; tarsi long and robust, covered with broad scales in front; toes and claws long and strong, fitted for scratching; orbital region naked. The general color above is brownish black, and grayish brown below; the head slightly crested, and the throat rufous; there are three kinds of feathers in the tail, which are long and 16 in number; 12 have long slender shafts, with delicate filaments more and more distant toward the end; the middle two feathers, longer than the rest, are pointed at the end and barbed only on the inner edge; the external two feathers are broad, growing wider to the ends, and curving outward like an elongated S, the two resembling much the outline of the ancient lyre; the curved part is black with a narrow white border, and pearly beneath with bright rufous spots on the inner web. They are shy, running rapidly among the brush wood, and scratch for slugs, beetles, and insects, generally among the fallen leaves; they fly but little. They live in pairs in rocky places overgrown with bushes; their motions are graceful, the males strutting and displaying the tail feathers like a peacock; the voice is very varied and pleasing, especially in the morning and evening; the nest is made of roots and moss, shaped like a basin and roofed; the eggs are said to be only two in number. The second species (M. Alberti, Gould) is smaller, with a shorter tail, and with the outer feathers shorter than those succeeding them internally. They represent the rasorial type of the passeres. LYSANDER, a Spartan soldier, killed in battle in 395 B. C. There is no mention of him in history till 407 B. C., when he succeeded Cratesippidas as navarch or commander of the Spartan fleet in the Egean. Having increased his fleet to 70 ships, by contingents from the insular and Asiatic allies of Sparta, and obtained pecuniary assistance from Cyrus, recently appointed satrap of Ionia, he defeated the Athenian fleet off Notium, in consequence of the rashness of Antiochus, whom Álcibiades had intrusted with its temporary command. Lysander's term of service having expired, he was succeeded in 406 by Callicratidas, who was killed at the battle of the Arginusæ. The allies of Sparta then urged the reappointment of Lysander; but as the Lacedæmonian law did not allow the office to be held twice by the same person, he was named vice admiral, virtually with the chief command, though nominally subordinate to Aracus. He at once proceeded to Ephesus, gathered a powerful fleet, established his personal authority in Miletus, took Cedreæ in Caria and sold its inhabitants into slavery, and carried Lampsacus by storm. The Athenian armament soon arrived, and fixed its station at Egospotami, on the opposite side of the Hellespont. It consisted of 180 ships, under the command of ten generals, none of whom except Conon was qualified for his position. Over against the Athenians in the harbor of Lampsacus lay the Spartan fleet. For four successive days the Athenian commanders sailed across the intervening sea, with their ships in battle array, and dared their enemy to come out of his harbor. On the fifth, when the Athenians, grown presumptuous, had beached their triremes, Lysander rowed swiftly across the Hellespont, and captured the entire navy of Athens, with all its seamen, except eight or nine galleys that escaped with Conon to Cyprus, and the sacred ship Paralus that bore to Athens the intelligence of the disaster. This catastrophe decided the fate of Athens, which surrendered to Lysander early in 404, and also brought to a close the Peloponnesian war. He was now by far the most powerful man in Greece, and the pride and arrogance natural to him were manifested in the most unrestrained manner. A residence in Sparta was no longer tolerable to him, nor did he return thither till recalled by the ephori to answer for his misconduct in Asia. After the accession of Agesilaus he was appointed one of the 30 councillors who were to accompany that king in his expedition to the East; but his arrogance soon destroyed whatever influence he may have had with Agesilaus, and at his own request he was sent to superintend affairs in the Hellespontine cities. In 395 he was placed in command of a military force which was destined to cooperate with the army of Pausanias in reducing the Baotians and their allies. He entered Boeotia and laid siege to Haliartus, but was surprised by the Thebans under the walls of that city, and slain. It is said that at the time of his death he was involved in a conspiracy which had for its object the destruction of the exclusive right of the Heraclidæ to the throne of Sparta. LYSIAS, an Athenian orator, born in Athens in 458 B. C., died there in 378. In 443 he emigrated with an Athenian colony to Thurii in Italy, and there completed his education. After the destruction of the Athenian armament in Sicily (413), he and 300 others were expelled from Thurii by the partisans of Sparta. He returned to Athens in 411, where he was imprisoned as an enemy of the oligarchs, and had he not contrived to effect his escape would probably have been put to death. When Thrasybulus was organizing at Phyle that band of patriots with which he restored liberty to Athens, Lysias, then sojourning at Megara, sent him money, arms, and mercenaries. On the overthrow of the tyranny of the thirty he returned to Athens (403), and thenceforth chiefly devoted himself to the composition of speeches for parties engaged in litigation, sometimes however pleading in perThere formerly existed over 400 orations ascribed to him, but only 230 of these were admitted to be genuine. The number now extant is 35. None delivered by himself, save that against Eratosthenes, have come down to us. The best editions of his remaining works are by J. Taylor (London, 1739), Förtsch (Leipsic, 1829), and Franz (Munich, 1831). There is an English translation of some of his principal orations by Dr. Gillies. son. LYSIMACHIA (Gr. vos, release from, and páxn, strife, or in honor of King Lysimachus), a genus of plants of the natural order primulacea. They are herbaceous, perennial, and have entire leaves and axillary or racemed, mostly yellow flowers. Species are found in almost all parts of the world, and there are several in the United States. Some are cultivated as garden plants, the most popular of these being the moneywort (L. nummularia), with a prostrate, creeping stem, opposite, roundish leaves, solitary axillary flowers, and ovate acute sepals. It is a pretty plant for covering rock work, or for cultivating in a wire basket, or some hanging ornamental design from which its pendent stems can droop. It is an excellent plant for carpeting the soil beneath shrubs, as it soon forms a dense, closely clinging mat. In some places this has escaped from cultivation and become thoroughly naturalized. Within a few years a variegated form has appeared, an unhealthy-looking plant, with dull yellow leaves. Several others, as L. thyrsiflora, are in cultivation, but are rarely seen in our gardens. Moneywort (Lysimachia nummularia). Among our native species is one with a tall stem on which the leaves are arranged in |