knowledge the Assyrian supremacy in order to free the country from the barbarians. Ardys suffered another invasion from them in the latter half of the 7th century, but they soon retired, and he extended his dominion over the Greek city of Priene. Sadyattes and Alyattes were the next kings. The latter, reigning 49 years according to Herodotus, succeeded in taking Smyrna and laying waste Miletus, and subsequently in subjugating Phrygia and Cappadocia, which brought his territory to the confines of the Median empire. Having given asylum to a Scythian tribe which had been in Median slavery, a war ensued between him and Cyaxares, king of Media, which lasted several years with varied success. During the last battle occurred an eclipse which caused both parties to cease fighting and to conclude peace, agreeing on the river Halys as the boundary of the two empires. The dates assigned to this eclipse range between 625 and 579 B. C.; Larcher's computation fixing it at 597 has been adopted by most scholars. A daughter of Alyattes was given in marriage to Astyages, son of Cyaxares. Croesus, the son of Alyattes, rapidly subjugated the Ionian and Eolian cities, and extended his sway over most of Asia Minor. Cyrus, king of Persia, in the mean time advanced toward the Halys, destroying the Median empire. Croesus, underrating the strength of the enemy, and misled, it is said, by the oracles of Delphi and Oropus, began the important war which speedily ended in the capture of Sardes, the Lydian capital, and his own captivity. (See CRCESUS.) Soon after the departure of Cyrus the Lydians rose in insurrection, and compelled Tabalus, the Persian governor, to seek refuge in the citadel of Sardes. The Mede Mazares quickly repressed the rebellion, and Pactyas, the leader of the Lydians, escaped with the treasures, which Cyrus had put in his charge, to the Grecian isles; but after going from one to another, he was finally given up to the Persians. Lydia was thereafter a Persian satrapy, and shared the fate of the empire. Under the Persians, Lydia together with Mysia formed a satrapy of the empire. After the fall of the latter, it frequently changed masters. The Romans took it from Antiochus the Great of Syria, and gave it to Pergamus. After the death of the last Attalus, it became a part of the Roman province of Asia. It is now comprised in the Turkish vilayet of Aidin.-In regard to the culture of the Lydians, the Greeks considered them to be the inventors of the arts of stamping coins and dyeing wool. The Lydians were one of the earliest commercial people on the Mediterranean, and their scented ointments, rich carpets, and skilled laborers or slaves were highly celebrated. The Greeks received from them the Lydian flute, and subsequently the cithara of three and of 20 strings, and imitated their harmony. The Homeric poems describe the Lydians or Mæones as men on horseback, clad in armor, and speak of their

commerce and wealth. Lydia was rich in precious metals; vast quantities of gold were washed out of the sands of the Pactolus, and Croesus had gold mines in Pergamus. It seems that the worship of the Lydians resembled that of the Syrians, and was polluted with its immoral practices. Not far from Magnesia is a stone which projects about 20 ft. from a marble wall, and which is supposed to have been the idol of a native goddess. The ancient writers often mention the depravity of the Lydians, while admitting their skill and courage in war. When subdued they submitted quietly to their conquerors.-See Rawlinson's Herodotus; Spiegel, Eránische Alterthumskunde (2 vols., Leipsic, 1871-'3); and Duncker, Geschichte des Alterthums (4th ed., Leipsic, 1874 et seq.).

LYDIAN STONE, Basanite, or Touchstone, a velvet-black quartz or flinty jasper, used for testing gold alloys. The metal when rubbed upon the stone leaves a portion upon the black surface; and this being touched with a drop of nitric acid indicates to the experienced eye the comparative purity of the alloy by the color. Suitable pieces of quartz for this use were originally obtained in Lydia, whence the name.

LYE, Edward, an English philologist, born in Totness, Devonshire, in 1704, died at Yardley-Hastings, Northamptonshire, in 1767. He was specially devoted to the Saxon and Gothic languages. His first work was an edition of the Etymologicon Anglicanum of Junius, from the unpublished MSS., which appeared in 1743. He next published the "Gothic Evangelists" of Ulfilas. But his chief work was a large dictionary of the Anglo-Saxon and Gothic languages, which was finished just before his death (2 vols. fol., 1772).

LYELL, Sir Charles, a British geologist, born at Kinnordy, Forfarshire, Nov. 14, 1797. He graduated at Exeter college, Oxford, and in 1821 entered upon the practice of the law, but soon abandoned it in order to devote himself to geological pursuits, his natural taste for scientific studies having been stimulated by the lectures of Dr. Buckland, professor of geology at Oxford. At this period mere geological speculations, for which the previous half century had been distinguished, had given place to systematic investigation of nature. Lyell entered earnestly into this work, and his early papers, published in the "Transactions of the Geological Society" and in Brewster's "Journal of Science" in 1826 and 1827, chiefly upon the recent deposits of Forfarshire, Dorsetshire, and Hampshire, display remarkable powers of observation; while his use of the phenomena to illustrate and explain the mode of formation of similar deposits in more ancient periods exhibits a readiness to detect points of resemblance for which his subsequent writings are especially distinguished. In 1830 appeared his "Principles of Geology," which rapidly went through several editions, and was received with the greatest interest for the variety of

instructive facts brought together from the observations of the author and from others gathered from all parts of the world, for the clear and attractive style in which these were presented, and more than all for the skill with which operations now going on were made to explain those of past periods, and to account for the present condition of the surface of the earth. In successive editions the work so increased, that in 1838 the author divided it into two distinct treatises, retaining in one, which he called "Elements of Geology," the description of the formations of past periods, and giving in the other, "The Principles," the description of processes now going on by which the phenomena of the older formations are explained. In the edition of 1851 the "Elements" appeared with the title of " Manual of Elementary Geology," which, after passing through many editions, was replaced in 1870 by his "Student's Manual of Geology." These works placed their author in the first rank among geologists, and gave to the science itself a new character, removing from it all dependence upon visionary speculations by showing how its principles should be deduced in the true system of inductive philosophy from well observed facts.-In 1841 Lyell visited the United States, having been invited to deliver a course of lectures on geology in Boston. He availed himself of the opportunity to travel over a large portion of the northern and middle states, and as far south as Kentucky, giving special attention to the geological features of the country, and learning also by intercourse with the geologists and naturalists of the several states the results of their investigations. He also studied the different institutions of the country, particularly those of learning; and in a year thus spent in the United States, Canada, and Nova Scotia, he gathered a vast fund of information, some of the fruits of which are presented in his work entitled "Travels in North America in the years 1841-'2" (2 vols., London, 1845; 2d ed., 1855). The scientific matter contained in this book was prepared chiefly for the general reader; his more extended observations were presented in numerous papers published in the "Proceedings" and "Transactions" of the geological society of London, the "Reports of the British Association," and the " American Journal of Science." This work contained the most complete geological map of the United States published up to that time, in the compilation of which Lyell was greatly aided by Prof. James Hall of Albany. In September, 1845, he again embarked for the United States, and remained in the country till June, 1846. He visited portions of the northern states which he had not before seen, and devoted nearly six months to a tour through the southern states. He examined the most interesting localities of the tertiary formations in the states bordering on the Atlantic and the gulf of Mexico, passed up the Mississippi river, making many observations

of the deposits upon its banks and its influence as a geological agent, and in southern Missouri visited the sunk country of New Madrid devastated by the earthquake of 1811-'12. In 1849 he published “A_Second Visit to the United States" (2 vols., London; 3d ed., 1855). Everywhere his observations were extended beyond the geological structure of the country, and included the manners and customs of the people he met with, and their various institutions; his criticisms upon these are expressed in a liberal and philosophical spirit.-In the modern progress of geology Lyell's name is more identified with the arrangement of the tertiary formations than with any other department. He first classified them into groups distinguished by the relative proportion of living and extinct species of fossil shells which they contained, and gave them the names of eocene, miocene, and pliocene, founded on this distinction, as described in the article GEOLOGY. He has investigated with special care those great natural phenomena in progress which involve long periods of time, and has undertaken to give approximate estimates of the time elapsed, based upon the results produced and the rate at which these are now proceeding. Thus, in visiting active volcanoes, he has sought to determine the age of the accumulations of lava from data afforded in modern times of their rate of increase. In examining the region of extinct volcanoes of central France, he applied the same method of reasoning to show that vast periods must have elapsed while the successive volcanic and fluviatile deposits were produced; and in his second visit to the United States he found in the Mississippi river, and the great delta of its sediments deposited near the gulf, materials for another class of calculations of the same general character. In 1863 appeared his "Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man," a work in which he brought together a great amount of research with regard to prehistoric times. Lyell had previously opposed the doctrine of development, but in this remarkable work gave his adhesion to the theories of Darwin on the origin of species. Lyell was elected president of the geological society in 1836 and again in 1850, knighted for his services to science in 1848, in 1855 received from Oxford the degree of D. C. L., and in 1864 was created a baronet.

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LYGDAMIS, a tyrant of Naxos, born about 580 B. C. He became a leader of the popular party in Naxos, and when they conquered the oligarchy he obtained the chief power. ring his absence to assist Pisistratus on his third return to Athens, there was a revolution in Naxos; but Pisistratus subdued it and made Lygdamis tyrant of the island, about 540. Lygdamis assisted Polycrates (532) in obtaining the tyranny of Samos; but a few years later he himself was put down, with other tyrants, by the Lacedæmonians.

LYGODIUM (Gr. Avywông, flexible), a genus of climbing ferns, with much divided leafy fronds,

having stalked divisions in pairs, so that the frond appears like a slender stem bearing opposite, petioled leaves; the divisions of the frond are lobed, or sometimes even pinnate; the fructification is upon separate divisions, which are much narrower than the sterile ones, and bear upon the back two rows of scale-like indusia, each of which covers usually but a single spore case, which has a complete ring at the apex and opens by a longitudinal slit. There are a number of species, natives of warm countries, and extending to New Zealand, Japan, and North America. But one species (L. palmatum) is found on this continent; it extends from Massachusetts westward to Kentucky, and sparingly southward; in its eastern localities it is a rare plant, but in some parts of Kentucky it grows in abundance. The fronds, 1 to 4 ft. high, are from slender running root stocks; they climb upon bushes and tall weeds; the lower or sterile divisions, or

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Lygodium palmatum.

frondlets, are round-heart-shaped and palmately five- to seven-lobed; the fertile ones, borne at the upper portion of the frond, are many times forked and form a terminal panicle. The great delicacy and grace of this fern make it much sought after for decorative purposes, for which it is used in both the fresh and dried state; it is employed to festoon picture frames, ornament white window curtains, and the like. One of the famous localities for this plant is at East Windsor hill, Conn., from which such large quantities were taken away yearly that an act was passed by the state legislature to prevent its extermination. The attempts to cultivate it frequently fail from the fact that the root stock is so fine and spreading that in taking up the plant this is in good part left behind. With careful management it can be transplanted. Some of the exotic species are favorite greenhouse plants, but there is much confusion in regard to the names; they are to be found in collections as

L. polymorphum, L. scandens, L. volubile, &c., and generally have their sterile divisions much cut and divided.

LYLY, John. See LILLY.

LYMAN, a S. county of Dakota, bounded N. and E. by the Missouri river, recently formed, and not included in the census of 1870; area, about 700 sq. m. It is intersected by White river and another affluent of the Missouri.

LYMAN, Phineas, an American soldier, born in Durham, Conn., about 1716, died in West Florida in 1775. He graduated at Yale college in 1738, and subsequently practised law in Suffield. In 1755, being commander-in-chief of the Connecticut militia, he served with Sir William Johnson at the battle of Lake George, and, after his commander had been disabled, conducted the engagement to a prosperous conclusion. He was present at the unsuccessful attack upon Ticonderoga by Abercrombie, and at the capture of Crown Point and the surrender of Montreal; and in 1762 he commanded the provincial troops in the expedition against Havana. Subsequently he passed many years in England in efforts to procure a grant of land on the Mississippi for the purpose of establishing a colony, and in 1775 embarked for that region, but died on the way. The emigrants who followed him encountered many misfortunes, and after the subjugation of the country by the Spaniards in 1781-2 were obliged to take refuge in Savannah.

LYME-REGIS, a parliamentary borough and seaport of Dorsetshire, England, 22 m. W. of Dorchester; pop. in 1871, 2,333. The town lies between two rocky hills, a portion of it being on their steep sides. It is well built, well paved, and lighted with gas. It has a good harbor, protected by a semicircular pier; but its business is now very small. Lyme-Regis has recently become a fashionable watering place, with libraries, assembly rooms, &c. It received its first charter about 1250, and furnished Edward III. with three ships for the siege of Calais. It was besieged unsuccessfully by the royalists for two months in 1644.

LYMPH (Lat. lympha, clear, pure water, from Gr. vuon, a water spirit), the nearly transparent and colorless fluid found in the lymphatic or absorbent vessels extensively distributed over the body, in nearly all the organs and tissues. The lymphatic vessels commence in the substance of the tissues, probably by minute plexuses, converge toward the central parts uniting with each other into larger branches, which usually follow the same course as the corresponding blood vessels, pass through_a series of small solid glandular organs, the "lymphatic glands," and finally empty into the venous system by two main trunks, viz.: the "thoracic duct," bringing the lymph from the lower extremities, the trunk, left upper extremity, and left side of the head and neck, which opens into the left subclavian vein; and the "right lymphatic duct," bringing the lymph from the right upper extremity and the right

side of the head and neck, which opens into the right subclavian vein. According to Robin, the lymphatic vessels at their commencement are closely in contact with the capillary blood vessels, so much so that the lymphatic often embraces the capillary blood vessel for one half, two thirds, or even three fourths of its circumference. It is evident that the lymph moves in the lymphatic vessels always in one direction, namely, from the circumference toward the centre, and does not like the blood return again in the opposite direction. It is a fluid taken up by absorption at the periphery, thence carried inward toward the centre of the circulation, and finally mingled with the venous blood at a short distance from the heart. -The fluid contained in the lymphatic vessels of the intestine during digestion has received a distinct name, that of "chyle," since it differs from the lymph in general by its opaque white color, and by containing an abundance of molecular fat and a larger proportion of albuminous matters. The composition of both lymph and chyle, and the difference between them, are shown in the following analysis, by Dr. G. O. Rees, of the lymph and chyle from the ass:

The lymph and the chyle are not therefore to be considered as two distinct fluids; since chyle is only the lymph of the intestine, which during the digestive process has absorbed an unusual proportion of nutritive materials. The lymph also contains, in addition to the above ingredients, small quantities of urea, sugar, and albuminose, the two latter varying in amount with the part of the body from which the fluid is taken and the period of the digestive process. The lymph, like blood, coagulates soon after it is removed from the vessels, owing to the fibrine which it contains, forming a more or less colorless and transparent solid clot and fluid serum. It contains a very small number of round, white, granular corpuscles, similar to the white globules of the blood, but of smaller average size. When taken from the thoracic duct of the living animal it also always contains a certain proportion of red blood globules, sufficient to give to its clot a slight rosy tinge after it has been exposed for a short time to the air; but this is believed by some authorities to be owing to an accidental rupture of some of the small blood vessels connected with the lymphatic system. The quantity of lymph discharged daily into the venous system is very considerable. In the dog, the fluid discharged from the thoracic duct and collected by means of a silver canula

inserted into its extremity, at various periods after feeding, is on the average 175 part per hour for every 1,000 parts of the entire weight of the animal, making 42 parts in 1,000 for the whole 24 hours. In a dog weighing 30 lbs. this would give 14 lb. of lymph and chyle daily. In a young kid weighing 14 lbs., 540 grains of lymph may be drawn from, the thoracic duct per hour, representing rather more than 14 lb. in 24 hours. M. Colin, of the veterinary school of Alfort in France, obtained from the thoracic duct of an ox in 24 hours more than 80 lbs. of fluid, and from a young bull a little more than 100 lbs. in the same time. In the horse, according to the same experimenter, the quantity is less than in the ruminating animals; but even in the horse he estimates the daily quantity at from 40 to 50 lbs. per day, or about 41 per cent. of the entire weight of the animal. This corresponds with the results above mentioned as obtained in the case of the dog; and applying these lower estimates to the human subject, for a man weighing 140 lbs., it would give from 6 to 63 lbs. of lymph and chyle per day. This quantity indicates the activity of the absorption by which the lymph is taken up from the tissues and returned by a circuitous route to the venous circulation.

LYNCH, Patrick Nieson, an American bishop, born at Cheraw, S. C., March 10, 1817. After studying under the direction of Bishop England in the diocesan seminary of Charleston, he went to Rome in 1834, and studied philosophy and theology in the college of the Propaganda. He received his doctor's degree in the beginning of 1840, was ordained priest, and returned to Charleston, where he was appointed rector of the seminary and professor of theology. In 1845 he became rector of St. Mary's parish in that city, in 1847 rector of the cathedral, and in 1850 vicar general of the diocese. After the death of Bishop Reynolds in 1855 he was appointed by the pope administrator, was named bishop of Charleston Dec. 9, 1857, and consecrated March 14, 1858. During his administration Bishop Lynch has built several churches in his diocese, and founded a convent of Ursulines, an orphan asylum, and a large number of elementary schools for children of both sexes. It was also chiefly through his energy that the beautiful cathedral of St. Michael was completed. This and many of his churches and educational establishments having been destroyed during the civil war, Bishop Lynch has since 1865 devoted himself to preaching and lecturing throughout the northern and middle states for the purpose of collecting funds sufficient to repair these ruins. In 1869 he was present at the council of the Vatican, and sustained the definition of the dogma of papal infallibility. He has published several essays on astronomical, historical, and theological subjects.

LYNCH, Thomas, jr., one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, born in Prince George's parish, S. C., Aug. 5, 1749, died at