France, who was mainly instrumental in the overthrow of the adventurer Concini (see ANCRE, MARSHAL D'), and superseded him in the favor of Louis XIII. His father was one of the richest landed proprietors of France. His mother was Mme. de Chevreuse (1785-1813), whom Napoleon banished from the court on account of her bold comments on the imperial régime. At the interposition of Talleyrand she was afterward permitted to return, and was even appointed lady in waiting to Josephine; but she did not conceal her dislike of the emperor, and refusing his order to escort the captive queen of Spain to France, on the ground that she would not perform the function of a jailer, she was again expelled from Paris, as were Mme. Récamier and Mme. de Staël. After the banishment of his mother, young Chevreuse, or De Luynes, as he afterward signed his name, was educated by his grandmother Mme. de Luynes, and spent seven years in the military service. His attention was turned to archæological studies by the discovery in Italy, on an estate belonging to him, of the remains of the Greek city Metapontum. After the revolution of July, 1830, he equipped at his own expense the national guard of Dampierre, and evinced his readiness to make further pecuniary sacrifices for the support of the government, but refused to take his seat in the legislature. In 1848 he became a member of the constituent assembly, and in 1849 of the legislative assembly. He was opposed to the republican party, and also hostile to Louis Napoleon, and was imprisoned for a short time after the coup d'état of Dec. 2, 1851. He was a generous patron of art and artists, collected at his manor of Dampierre a remarkable gallery of works of art, was admitted in 1830 to the institute as a free member of the academy of inscriptions and belles-lettres, and was appointed in 1854 to superintend the long projected catalogue of the imperial library, to which in 1862 he presented his collection of coins and medals. In 1864 he made an archæological and scientific tour in Syria and Palestine, an account of which was published after his death, by his grandson, under the direction of Count de Vogue: Voyage d'exploration à la Mer Morte, à Palmyre, à Petra, et sur la rice gauche du Jourdain (3 vols. 4to, Paris, 1871, relating to history and geography; a 4th volume, on geology, mineralogy, and palæontology, is to be added by Louis Lartet). Among the other works of De Luynes are: Etudes numismatiques (1835); Metaponte, in concert with Debacq (1836); and Choix de médailles grecques (1840).

LUZAC, Jean, a Dutch philologist, born in Leyden, Aug. 2, 1746, killed by an explosion of gunpowder in the port of Leyden, Jan. 12, 1807. He was of a French Protestant family, was educated for the bar at the Hague, and in 1772 became one of the editors of the "Leyden Gazette," a journal of European reputation, controlled since 1738 by his father and

uncle. For a number of years subsequent to 1775 he was its sole editor, in which capacity he became known as a friend or correspondent of Washington, Adams, Jefferson, and of many eminent Europeans. He was afterward Greek professor at the university of Leyden, and in 1795 published an address De Socrate Cive, dedicated to John Adams, whose son, John Quincy Adams, had studied under his direction. During the revolutionary troubles in Holland he was forbidden to lecture on Greek history; and having refused to obey this injunction, he was deprived of his professorship, which was however restored to him in 1802 with an increase of salary. Upon being suspended from his professional functions, he received a letter from Washington, expressing sympathy in his behalf. His Lectiones Attica, a defence of Socrates, was published in 1809. LUZERN. See LUCERNE.

LUZERNE, a N. E. county of Pennsylvania, intersected by the north branch of the Susquehanna river, and also drained by the Lackawanna, Nescopeck, Huntingdon, and Wapwallopen creeks; area, 1,427 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 160,915. The surface is mountainous, but diversified by many beautiful and fertile valleys, among which is that of Wyoming. It is traversed by several ridges of the Alleghanies and the Wyoming and Moosic mountains. It contains very rich and extensive coal fields. A branch of the state canal and several important railroads pass through it. The chief productions in 1870 were 104,297 bushels of wheat, 115,339 of rye, 368,537 of Indian corn, 475,988 of oats, 197,160 of buckwheat, 573,322 of potatoes, 38,555 lbs. of wool, 1,068,565 of butter, and 58,145 tons of hay. There were 7,431 horses, 12,306 milch cows, 9,210 other cattle, 12,051 sheep, and 10,430 swine. There were 886 manufacturing establishments, having $9,380,270 capital, and an annual product of $17,493,463; the most important were 39 manufactories of carriages, 5 of cars, 58 of clothing, 24 of furniture, 4 of gas, 3 of gunpowder, 23 of iron, 18 of machinery, 24 of saddlery and harness, 30 of tin, copper, and sheet-iron ware, 20 of cigars, 21 tanneries, 10 currying establishments, 3 distilleries, 7 breweries, 30 flour mills, 7 planing mills, and 74 saw mills. Capital, Wilkesbarre.

LUZON, or Luçon, an island in the Pacific, belonging to Spain, the largest and most important of the Philippine archipelago, lying between lat. 12° 30' and 18° 46' N., and lon. 119° 50' and 124° 10' E., separated from the island of Samar by the narrow strait of San Bernardino; length N. W. to S. E. 520 m., greatest breadth E. and W. 140 m.; area, about 40,000 sq. m.; pop. about 4,500,000. The island consists of two divisions, connected by an isthmus not more than 10 m. wide, and the northern of which is much the larger. The coast line of the northern division is in general very regular, except where indented by the bay of Davilican on the east, and the gulf

of Lingayen and the bay of Manila on the west. The coast line of the southern division is broken here and there by numerous bays and inlets, the principal of which are the Bahia de San Miguel and the Seno de Albay on the north, and the Seno de Ragay and others on the south. The face of the country is very mountainous; two chains, the Caravallos on the east and the Sierra Madre on the west, both of volcanic origin, traverse the whole of the northern division, with little interruption on either side; the mean elevation of both systems is about 4,000 ft. above the sea, and nowhere exceeds 7,000 ft. These chains unite southward, and trend along the isthmus in a single ridge of inconsiderable height; but the southern division is roughened by numerous hills and volcanic peaks. Among the principal volcanoes at present in activity in the island are Mayon in the southwest, an eruption of which destroyed the town of Malinao, and injured Albay and four other towns, in 1766, and in 1814 completed the ruin of Albay; Bulusan, at the extreme south, which serves as a beacon to navigators; Albay, which has had many destructive eruptions; and Taal, in the midst of the lake of Bonbon, which constantly emits dense volumes of smoke. Between Taal and Mt. Mainit (which signifies hot), about 15 m. distant, subterranean communication exists; and the waters of numerous thermal springs, bursting from the base of Mainit, rush to the lake of Bay (100 m. in circuit), darkening the air with such clouds of steam that the lake at a distance appears to be in continual ebullition. The crater of the extinct volcano of Socolme, which rises island-like from the bosom of Lake Bay to a height of 1,500 ft., is now filled with water, forming a most picturesque lake; and the crater of Mt. Maijay, one of the loftiest peaks in Luzon, also contains a lake of unfathomable depth. The lava which once flowed from the crater covered up numerous cavities, easily recognizable by the hollow sound; and inundations or earthquakes at times form in the crust vast fissures, which the natives call the "mouths of hell." In the district surrounding San Pablo are numerous circular lakes and heaps of rotten stones, basalt, and various species of lava, attesting the former existence of violent volcanic influences. Between the mountain ranges in the northern division are extensive plains of great fertility, watered by a large number of rivers, chief among which are the Apari or Cagayan, in the province of the same name, falling into the sea at Apari, after a course of 180 m., and the Pasig, issuing by seven branches from the lake of Bay and emptying into the bay of Manila. Both of these streams are navigable for vessels of considerable size. There are two distinct seasons: the wet, from June to December, when the S. E. winds prevail, and the rains are so copious as to cause the rivers to overflow and inundate the plains; and the dry, embracing the re

mainder of the year, in which season water preserved in reservoirs during the summer is used for irrigation. The soil is very fertile, and gives abundant harvests with little care. All the mountains are clothed with a magnificent vegetation, and especially the volcanoes, on whose declivities flourish dense forests of gigantic trees, with palms, rattans, lianas in great variety, and particularly the wild sugar cane, often rising to a height of 12 ft.; while in the bosom of the hills are rich gold, copper, iron, and coal mines. Among the chief products are rice, of which more than 30 kinds are grown, wheat, indigo, tobacco (in Nueva Ecija and Cagayan), vegetable silk (abacá, from which are manufactured various kinds of tissues), coffee, cacao, cotton, the sugar cane, pepper, bamboos (from which are made weapons and instruments as sharp as those of steel, pots for boiling food, and from the filaments hats, baskets, and ropes), the cocoanut palm, and an endless variety of leguminous plants. The manufacture of tobacco is monopolized by the government, which at Binondo (its principal establishment) alone employs from 15,000 to 20,000 hands, making cigars for home consumption and export. To the manufactures already mentioned should be added matting of great fineness and brilliant colors, straw hats, cigar cases, baskets, cambric finer than that of France, coarse earthenware, side arms, and carriages. Ships are built; clever workers in gold, silver, and copper are common; and the native women are expert at fine needlework. The island is divided into 24 provinces. The capital is Manila, and other towns of some importance are Cavite, Apari, and Santa Cruz. (See PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.)

LUZULA, a genus of glumaceous plants, called wood rushes; they belong to the juncacea or

ed, while in the rush it is many-seeded and often three-celled. There are five species found in the northern states, three of which are peculiar to high mountains or far northern localities, while two are quite common in woods, meadows, and pastures; all of our species are natives of Europe also. The hairy wood rush (L. pilosa) is common in woods, and the field wood rush (L. campestris) is usually found in drier places; they both flower early in May; the former has but one flower to each stalk of the umbel, while the latter has several flowers in compact clusters to each stalk. In all the species the flowers have the general structure of the lily family, but the six sepals are husklike and green or straw-colored. The plants have no important use, but are interesting in their structure and for their early flowering.

LYCAON, a mythical king of Arcadia, generally represented as a son of Pelasgus by Melibæa, daughter of Oceanus, and described by some as the first civilizer of his country, by others as a barbarian who defied the gods. He became by several wives the father of a great number of sons, who were so notorious for arrogance and impiety that Jupiter resolved to punish them. Appearing to them at their dwelling in Arcadia disguised as a poor man, they invited him to a repast, at which was served up the flesh of a boy whom they had murdered. The god rejected the horrible food, and transformed Lycaon and all his sons save one into wolves, or according to some destroyed them by a flash of lightning. The flood of Deucalion was said to have been a consequence of the crimes of the Lycaonidæ.

LYCAONIA, in ancient geography, a division of Asia Minor, bounded N. by Galatia, E. by Cappadocia, S. by Cilicia, S. W. by Isauria (which at certain periods was regarded as a part of it), and W. by Phrygia, and now included in the Turkish vilayet of Konieh. It was a narrow table land, deficient in water, with frequently varying boundaries. The inhabitants, according to the Acts of the Apostles, spoke a peculiar dialect. They were warlike and skilled in archery. The principal town was Iconium, now Konieh. Lycaonia is first mentioned in Xenophon's history of the expedition of the younger Cyrus, at the time of which it belonged to the Persian empire. After its conquest by Alexander and his death, it was attached to the kingdom of Syria, and subsequently came into the possession of Eumenes, king of Pergamus, while a portion of it was ruled by native chieftains. In the latter half of the 1st century B. C. it was conquered by Amyntas, king of Galatia, with which country it passed on his death to the Romans under Augustus, being annexed to the province of Cappadocia.

LYCEUM, the principal gymnasium at Athens, dedicated to Apollo Lyceus, whence its name. It was situated in the eastern suburb of the city, and was surrounded with lofty plane trees. It was elaborately adorned by Pisistra

tus, Pericles, and Lycurgus the orator. Here Aristotle and his disciples taught, and were called peripatetics from their habit of walking up and down its porches while lecturing.

LYCHNIS (Gr. xvos, a light or lamp), a genus of old-world plants belonging to the pink family (caryophyllacea), and so called either on account of the flame color of some species, or because the cottony leaves anciently answered as wicks for lamps; the botanical name is in common use for the garden species. The scarlet lychnis (L. Chalcedonica), from Siberia, sometimes called Maltese cross, is an old garden plant, its single and double forms being from a fine rich scarlet to rose color and even white. Jupiter's lychnis and rose-of-heaven are names for L. flos-Joris and L. cali-rosa, species sometimes cultivated. The ragged robin or cuckoo lychnis (L. flos-cuculi) is a well known early summer plant, usually with double pink-red flowers. Another common plant in old gardens is the mullein pink or rose cam

Scarlet Lychnis (L. Chalcedonica).

pion (L. coronaria), which has its stem and leaves covered with a white cottony down, and flowers varying from deep crimson to white. L. Sieboldii, from Japan, and L. Haageana, probably a hybrid, are comparatively recent introductions. The garden species are readily raised from seeds, and most of them are selfsowing; some are not perfect perennials, and need to be multiplied by division if it is desired to have them continue from year to year. Some of the species are weeds in Europe, and two have become naturalized in this country. The evening-blooming lychnis (L. vespertina), of which a double form is sometimes cultivated, has white or pinkish flowers, which open in the evening; it is as yet only sparingly established in the older states. The corn cockle, quite too common in our grain fields as well as those of Europe, is an annual, softly-hairy plant, with showy purplish-red flowers; this was formerly called agrostemma githago, but