rendered on Sept. 21. The French ministry | tled population of the portion belonging to had given orders that no attempt should be made to hold any of the English possessions that were captured, and the victor agreed to accept a ransom for the city of 1,100,000 pagodas (about 9,500,000 francs); but Dupleix, governor general of the French Indies, jealous of Labourdonnais, refused to ratify his act. Labourdonnais was obliged by a storm to put to sea, and Dupleix, declaring void the articles of capitulation signed by him, removed all English property to Pondicherry, and burned the city. Labourdonnais, on his return to the isle of France, found a successor installed in his place by Dupleix. Returning home, he hoped there to receive justice; but three days after his arrival in Paris, on the night of March 2, 1748, he was seized and thrown into the Bastile, where he lay for three years and a half, ignorant of his accusation and not permitted to communicate even with his family. In 1751 a commission appointed by the council of state pronounced him innocent of all the charges brought against him, and gave him his liberty; but his spirit was broken, and his existence during his last years was embittered by poverty and suffering. The government afterward, recognizing the injustice done him, gave his widow a pension of 2,400 livres. In 1859 a statue was erected to him in the isle of Bourbon (now Réunion). His life was written by his grandson, the actor Bertrand François Mahé (8vo, Paris, 1827). Newfoundland in 1869 was 2,479, of whom 1,803 belonged to the church of England, 483 were Roman Catholics, 165 Wesleyans, and 28 belonged to the Kirk of Scotland. The Quebec portion in 1871 had 3,597 permanent residents, of whom 1,779 were of French origin or descent, and 1,309 Indians (Montagnais). The settlements are scattered along the shore of the St. Lawrence E. through the strait of Belle Isle to Cape Webuck, just N. of Hamilton inlet. W. of the St. Augustine river French is commonly spoken; E. of that point, including the Newfoundland settlements, English is the ordinary language. The chief occupations are fishing in summer, and hunting and trapping fur-bearing animals in winter. There are a few widely separated posts of the Hudson bay company, chiefly near the shores of Hudson bay and strait. In the interior are wandering bands of Nasquapee, Mistassini, and Montagnais Indians, numbering 4,000 or 5,000. The coast N. of Hamilton inlet is occupied by Esquimaux to the number of about 1,500, of whom 1,200 are under the control of the Moravian missionaries, who have four stations here, viz.: Nain (about lat. 56° 30′), founded in 1771; Okkak (lat. 57° 30′), 1776; Hopedale (lat. 55° 40'), 1782; and Hebron (lat. 58°), 1830. Each has a church, store, dwelling for the missionaries, and workshops for the natives. A vessel annually visits Nain from Europe, to bring supplies and carry back the furs LABRADOR, a peninsula of British North and other products collected by the natives. America, on the Atlantic coast, between lat. The English church has missions in the settle49° and 63° N., and lon. 56° and 79° W., com- ments subject to Newfoundland, and in 1853 a prising in its fullest sense all that territory church was consecrated at St. Francis harbor. bounded N. E. and E. by Hudson strait and Roman Catholic missions have long existed the Atlantic ocean, S. E. and S. by the strait W. of the strait of Belle Isle.-The coasts of of Belle Isle (separating it from Newfound- Labrador are rugged and forbidding. The land), the gulf of St. Lawrence, and the riv- chief indentation on the Atlantic is Esquimaux er St. Lawrence, S. W. by the Betsiamites or bay or Hamilton inlet (about lat. 54°), into the Bersimis river, Lake Mistassini, and Rupert's head of which falls the Ashwanipi or Hamilriver, and W. by Hudson bay; extreme length ton, the largest river of Labrador, and the outE. and W. from the E. entrance of the strait let of a lake of the same name. The princiof Belle Isle, 950 m.; extreme breadth on pal streams emptying into Hudson bay, comthe 75th meridian, 750 m.; area, about 450,- mencing at the south, are Rupert's river, the 000 sq. m. The E. portion (area about 125,- outlet of Lake Mistassini, the East Main or 000 sq. m.), from Cape Chudleigh (lat. 60° Slude_river, and the Great and Little Whale. 37', lon. 65°) at the E. entrance of Hudson Into Ungava bay, an inlet of Hudson strait, strait to the harbor of Blanc Sablon (lat. 51° flow the Koksoak or Koniapuscaw and Whale 25', lon. 57° 9′) at the W. entrance of the rivers, while the Nasquapee or Northwest rivstrait of Belle Isle, embracing the region drain-er and the Kenamou fall into Hamilton inlet ing into the Atlantic, belongs to Newfoundland; the remainder forms part of the Dominion of Canada. The portion (area 53,500 sq. m.) immediately W. of a line drawn N. and S. from Blanc Sablon to the 52d parallel, embracing the region draining into the river and gulf of St. Lawrence, forms part of Saguenay co., Quebec; the residue (much the larger part of the peninsula), comprising the N. and W. portions, which drain into Hudson bay and strait, is included in the Northwest territories. In a restricted sense, Labrador includes only the coast washed by the Atlantic. The set on either side of the Ashwanipi, the former from the north and the latter from the south. Proceeding up the St. Lawrence, the chief rivers that empty into the gulf and river are the St. Augustine, Natashquan, Mingan, St. John, Magpie, Trout, Moisie, and Betsiamites. There are many lakes, formed chiefly by expansions of the rivers. The interior of the country, according to Prof. Hind, is a lofty table land, in many parts thickly strewn with bowlders, and everywhere bleak and sterile. Where the surface is not burned, caribou moss covers the rocks, and stunted spruces, birches, ing season probably 30,000 men. According to official reports, the exports from the Labrador coast subject to Newfoundland in 1873 were valued at $1,132,935, the chief items being 303,208 quintals of codfish, 4,536 gallons of seal oil, 31,004 of cod oil, 1,467 tierces of salmon, and 43,413 barrels of herring. The value of the fisheries of the Quebec portion for the year ending June 30, 1873, was $518,140, the chief items of catch being 92,800 quintals of codfish, 8,146 barrels of herring, salmon to the value of $41,135, 7,225 seals, 26,975 gallons of seal oil, 400 of whale oil, and 23,283 of cod oil. These figures do not include large quantities of fish taken to St. John's, Harbor Grace, and other Newfoundland ports, and thence exported to foreign countries, nor the catch of American and Nova Scotian fishermen. It is estimated that the total annual value of the fisheries on the Labrador coast is more than $5,000,000. The shores and adjacent islets are also resorted to for sea-fowl eggs.Labrador was discovered by John Cabot in 1497. His son, Sebastian Cabot, who accompanied him in that voyage, subsequently again visited the coast, and entered and partly surveyed Hudson bay, giving names to several places. Henry Hudson explored the coast in 1610, after his discovery of the river which bears his name, passed through the strait now called Hudson strait, and entered the great bay, to which also he gave his name. The Portuguese called the country Terra Laborador, or cultivable land, a misnomer equal to that of Greenland. About the middle of the last century a settlement was formed on the coast by Mr. Darby, an American, for the purpose of establishing a whaling station and civilizing the Esquimaux; but the Indians made a descent on it, murdered many of his men, and broke it up. -See "A Journal of Transactions and Events during a Residence of nearly Sixteen Years on the Coast of Labrador," by G. Cartwright (3 vols., Newark, Eng., 1792); and "Explorations in the Interior of the Labrador Peninsula," by Henry Youle Hind (2 vols., London, 1863). LABRADORITE. See FELDSPAR. and aspens grow in the hollows. The highest mountains extend along the E. coast from lat. 54° to 59°. Mount Thoresby near the coast is 2,730 ft. high. The prevailing geological formation on the seaboard is granite, gneiss, or mica slate, above which in some places are beds of old red sandstone about 200 ft. thick, and a stratum of secondary limestone. Toward the interior the secondary rocks disappear. At Cape Château a series of basaltic columns presents a remarkable resemblance to an ancient castle. Very little is known of the mineral resources, but iron ore, limestone, granite, hornblende, lapis olaris, hematite, and the beautiful shining spar called labradorite are found, the last being collected by the Esquimaux on the seacoast and the shores of the lakes. In the south a stunted growth of poplars, pines, birch, and willow is found, and grass clothes the valleys for a few weeks in summer. Little vegetation exists in the north excepting mosses and lichens, though in some few favored spots the aspect is better. No kind of grain will ripen, but potatoes, Dutch turnips, cabbages, and other hardy vegetables come to perfection. Much rain falls in summer near the sea. Sometimes on the coast the thermometer in July indicates 86°, but a short distance inland it is at all times more temperate. The winters are extremely cold. From December to June the sea is frozen, while on land travelling becomes almost impossible. The mean temperature of the respective months at the missionary stations of Okkak and Nain is: in January, 1.55°; February, 2-73°; March, 7.88°; April, 29-48°; May, 27-24°; June, 42-59°; July, 50 91°; August, 51-99°; September, 44-71°; October, 32.56°; November, 24-45°; December, 27-84°. The mean annual temperature at Nain is stated at 22-52°; at Okkak, 27.86°; at Hopedale, 27-82°. The prevailing winds on the E. coast vary between W. S. W. and N. W. There is less fog than on the island of Newfoundland, and the strait of Belle Isle is never frozen. The aurora borealis is frequent and of extreme brilliancy. The rivers abound with salmon, and the lakes with pike, barbel, eels, and trout; LABRADOR TEA (ledum latifolium), an inthe wilds with reindeer, black and white bears, teresting low evergreen shrub belonging to the wolves, foxes, hares, mountain cats, martens, heath family, and to the same suborder with and otters, with a few ermines, porcupines, and the kalmia, the rhododendron, and the azalea. beaver; the birds are white grouse, ptarmigan, It is found in moist places, from Pennsylvaspruce game, gray plover, a great variety of nia northward, especially in cold sphagnum water fowl, the white-tailed eagle, and several swamps, its much-branching stems spreading varieties of hawks. Mosquitoes are as abun- in every direction through the damp moss. Its dant as in more southern climates. Dogs and alternate short-petioled leaves are light green reindeer are the only domesticated animals, above, revolute at the margin, and the under both being used as beasts of draught.-The surface is clothed with a dense down or rather main wealth of Labrador is in its fisheries, in wool, which in the older leaves is of a rusty which, besides the settlers on the coast, a large brown color, a character by which the plant number of schooners from Newfoundland, the may be readily recognized; the leaves when Canadian provinces, and the United States (citi- crushed are fragrant. The flowers are in zens of which by treaty have the right to take crowded terminal corymbs, white with distinct and cure fish on the shore E. of Mount Joly, petals, forming an exception to the rule in this lon. 61° 40′, near the mouth of the St. Lawrence family, in which the flowers are mostly monoriver) are engaged, employing during the fish-petalous. The common name has reference to the use made of the leaves as a substitute for tea by the inhabitants of Labrador. It is found in the northern parts of Europe also, and the leaves are said to be used in Russia for tanning leather, and as a substitute for hops in brewing. The leaves of this and the only other species, L. palustre, are said to possess narcotic properties. The writer has found the plant to succeed in cultivation in a soil largely composed of peat. LABROUSTE, Pierre François Henri, a French architect, born in Paris, May 11, 1801. He studied at the collége Ste. Barbe and afterward under Léon Vaudoyer and Hippolyte Lebas, entered the school of fine arts in 1819, and took the grand prize in 1824. In 1843 he began the construction of the new library of Ste. Geneviève, his most noted work and the best existing example of the romantic or neoGreek style, of which he was one of the founders and the most distinguished master. Among his other works are the hospital of Lausanne, the prison of Alexandria, and the school of Ste. Barbe des Champs. LA BRUYÈRE, Jean de, a French moralist, born in Paris about 1644, died in Versailles, May 11, 1696. At the recommendation of Bossuet he was appointed teacher of history to the grandson of the great Condé, in whose service he remained for the rest of his life in a literary capacity, with a pension of 1,000 crowns. He was admitted a member of the French academy in 1693, and left the reputation of a genial philosopher, whose happiness consisted in cultivating the best society and in reading the choicest books. His power of observation and his literary attainments are attested by his celebrated Caractères, ou les Mœurs de ce siècle, founded upon the "Characters" of Theophrastus, which he translated into French and prefixed to his own. Hallam says that he incomparably surpassed his Greek model. The first edition appeared in the beginning of 1688. Three editions were exhausted in the first year of its publication, and six more before the author's death. La Bruyère left also an unfinished work, published in 1699 under the title of Dialogues posthumes sur le quiétisme, and contained in an edition of the works of La Bruyère, La Rochefoucauld, and Vauvenargues (Paris, 1820). Many editions of La Bruyère's "Characters" were published after his death in Holland and France. The first complete edition based upon the original work was prepared by Walckenaer (Paris, 1845), followed by an improved edition by Destailleur (1855), and an edition by Gennequin the elder with illustrations (1858). Many have since appeared, the latest being that by Alphonse Lemerre (1872). The English translation by the poet Rowe (London, 1709) has been often reprinted. In 1861 a new edition of his works was published (12mo, Caen), with notes by Georges Mancel.-See La comédie de La Bruyère, by Edouard Fournier (Paris, 1866), and Caractères de La Bruyère, in Lemerre's edition of French classics, with a sketch and notes by Ch. Asselineau (1872). LABUAN, a British island in the Malay archipelago, off the N. W. coast of Borneo, in lat. 5° 22' N., lon. 115° 10' E.; area, 45 sq. m.; pop. in 1871, 4,893. The chief settlement is at Victoria at the S. E. end, where there is a government establishment and a fair harbor. In the interior are swampy tracts of jungle. The island is well supplied with water, and good coal is found near the N. E. end. In 1866 about 12,000 tons were mined. Petroleum also is found, and ironstone and freestone are quarried. A railway has been built from the mines to the place of shipment, 5 m. distant, and several new roads have been opened. The chief exports are coal, sago, birds' nests, pearls, and camphor. The exports in 1872 amounted to £134,984 (including £65,890 reexports); imports, £129,198; total tonnage (exclusive of numerous native craft) entered, 7,708 tons; cleared, 7,808 tons. The colony was created an episcopal see in 1855. island was ceded to Great Britain in 1846 by the sultan of Brunai, through the influence of Sir James Brooke, the rajah of Sarawak. The LABURNUM, the ancient Latin name as well as the popular one for a small, hardy, deciduous tree of the family leguminosa. It was formerly placed in the genus cytisus, and is found in most works as C. laburnum; but some important characters separate it from cytisus, and it stands in recent works as laburnum vulgare. The common laburnum was introduced from Switzerland into Great Britain near the close of the 16th century, and is now largely cultivated as an ornamental tree. It has a smooth Europe it is also called bean trefoil. Its hard and heavy wood is largely used for ornamental work, and for handles to knives and other instruments; it takes a high polish, and has a greenish color; the French call it the ebony of the Alps. Rabbits are so fond of its bark, that they eat it in preference to that of any other tree. The seeds are highly emetic, and may be regarded as poisonous, and their great profusion and brilliant appearance render it somewhat objectionable to cultivate the tree, from the danger of children or cattle being tempted to eat them. A hybrid (probably a graft hybrid) between this and a purple-flowered species obtained by a French horticulturist, M. Adam, is known as Adam's laburnum. Its flowers, which are of a dull purple color, frequently revert to one or the other parent; and the same branch, and even the same cluster, bears pure yellow and purple flowers of the parent species, as well as the dull purple ones of the hybrid. The alpine or Scotch laburnum (L. alpinum) attains a greater size than the one already described; it is a native of southern Europe, and cultivated forms of the two are so much alike that it is probable they are not specifically distinct. LABYRINTH, a structure of intricate passageways which it is impossible to traverse without a clue. Three labyrinths are mentioned in ancient story. The best authenticated is the labyrinth of Egypt, situated at Arsinoë, near Lake Moris. Herodotus visited and describes it. It consisted of 3,000 chambers, half of them below ground, the subterranean apartments being sacred burial places. It was extant in Pliny's time. Ruins at the modern village of Howara in Fayoom have been identified by Lepsius with those of the labyrinth. Another structure, on a smaller scale but on the model of that of Egypt, was reported to have been built near Cnossus in Crete, by Dædalus, as a place of confinement for the fabled monster the Minotaur; but antiquaries discover nothing more labyrinthine in that locality than the caves and quarries of Mt. Ida. A third labyrinth was in the isle of Lemnos; remains of it were extant in the time of Pliny, but none can now be traced. A similar structure was said to exist on the island of Samos, and another, called the labyrinthine tomb of Lars Porsena, near Clusium, in Etruria; but no particulars are known of either, and their existence at any time is doubted. LABYRINTHODON (Gr. 2aßipulos, labyrinth, and odors, a tooth), a gigantic fossil reptile, so named by Prof. Owen from the complex labyrinthic structure of the teeth; the same animal had been previously called cheirotherium by Kaup, from the resemblance of its tracks to impressions of the human hand. This animal, which possesses both saurian and batrachian characters, probably most nearly resembled a gigantic frog about 10 or 12 ft. long. A historical sketch of the discoveries in connection with this reptile may be found in the "Pro ceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History" (vol. v., 1856, p. 298), and full details on its affinities in the "Annals and Magazine of Natural History" (vol. viii., London, 1852, pp. 305-313). Footprints and bones of the labyrinthodon have been found in the trias of England and Germany; from an examination of the head and teeth, vertebræ, pelvis, and bones of the extremities, Prof. Owen constructed an animal intermediate between the crocodile and the frog. Pictet (Traité de paléontologie, 1853) calls it mastodonsaurus, and considers it a saurian from the presence of scutes on the skin and the form of the teeth. The general shape of the head is frog-like, as also are the double occipital condyles, narrow palatal processes of the maxillary, the roof of the mouth, the row of small teeth across the anterior part of the palate and a longitudinal row on the palate concentric with the maxillary teeth, the lower jaw and the vertebræ, and bones of the fore limbs; on the other hand, the facial and nasal parts of the skull are crocodilian, as are the maxillary tusks, the strong transverse pro cesses for ribs, bony dermal plates, &c. In some of the dental characters it resembles fishes. The size of the tracks varies from 4 to 12 in. in length, with five toes on each, one turned in like the human thumb; the hind foot was three or four times as large as the fore foot; there is no positive evidence that the animal had a tail; its progression seems to have been slow and awkward, the legs having been swung outward like the course of a scythe. Near each large step, and 13 in. before it, is a smaller one of the fore foot, the distance from pair to pair being about 14 in. The American cheirotherium made a double series of tracks, and evidently belonged to a different genus from that of Europe. LAC, a resinous exudation from the twigs and branches of various kinds of trees in the East Indies, caused by the punctures of the insect coccus ficus, which swarms upon trees yielding a milky juice. The exuding juice forms an incrustation around the twigs, and in this the insects make the cells for containing their eggs. Upon the outside the concrete resinous lumps are marked with numerous pores as if perforated with a needle; within are seen many oblong cells, which often contain dead insects. The substance is of a deep reddish brown, of shining fracture, astringent, and bitterish. It colors the saliva red, and produces a dye of this color but little inferior to the real cochineal. Indeed, before the discovery of the latter it was the material of the fine rich crimson dye of the ancients, and of the durable reds of the dyers of Brussels and Holland. The coloring matter is readily extracted by warm water; the lac itself is for the most part soluble in alcohol, also in an aqueous solution of borax, by which it may be distinguished from most common resins with which it is sometimes adulterated; when burned it diffuses a strong agreeable odor. The crude article broken off with the twigs is known as stick lac, and is sold by those who gather it at from 2 to 4 lbs. for a penny. When the stick lac is broken up and its coloring matter is partially removed by water, it is called from its granular appearance seed lac. This is sometimes melted into masses and called lump lac. The more familiar variety known as shell lac is prepared by melting LA CAILLE, Nicolas Louis de, a French asthe seed lac and straining it through fine linen tronomer, born at Rumigny, near Rheims, bags, upon a flat, smooth surface of wood, to March 15, 1713, died in Paris, March 21, 1762. harden. It dries in thin sheets, which break He was a pupil of Cassini in the observatory up into small fragments. Their color is from of Paris, assisted Maraldi in the survey of the orange to dark reddish brown; they are more coast between Nantes and Bayonne, and afteror less transparent, hard, brittle, and shining. ward (1739-'40) took part in the measurement The substance is soluble in alcohol, but not in of the arc of the meridian, correcting the results water, and possesses neither taste nor smell. of Picard, and proving the flattening of the It softens readily by heat, so that it has run earth toward the poles. Being appointed protogether in masses when stowed in the hold of fessor of mathematics in the Mazarin college, a ship. It contains, as found by Hatchett, 90-9 he published (1741-'50) lectures on mathemaper cent. of resin and 0.5 of coloring matter; tics, mechanics, astronomy, and optics, which the remainder is wax, gluten, and foreign mat- have passed through many editions. He next ter. Stick lac contains about 10 per cent. of devoted himself to astronomical observations, coloring matter and 68 per cent. of resin. The both at his observatory and at the Cape of Good coloring matter is separated by treatment with Hope. His catalogue of stars made at the latwarm water and evaporation, and, made into ter station excited especial surprise from the square cakes, is known as lac dye, lac lake, or quickness and accuracy of its formation. By cake lake. When scraped they yield a bright simultaneous observations made by himself at red powder like carmine. A varnish and pig- the Cape and by Lalande at Berlin, he estabment combined is prepared from stick lac for lished the distance of the moon and of the the process of japanning. The natives of India planets Mars and Venus. While there he reemploy the substance in various ways. They ceived orders to survey the island of Bourbon color it with yellow orpiment and make it into and the isle of France (Mauritius). bracelets, chains, and other ornaments in imi- return he investigated anew the problem of tation of gold. They prepare with it a good finding the longitude at sea, and proposed the varnish, which they color with cinnabar or modern plan of a nautical almanac. In 1757 some other pigment. The wheels of their lap- he published his Astronomia Fundamenta; in idaries are covered with a preparation of lac, 1758, Tables solaires; and soon after, Bouwhich by its adhesive nature retains the pol- guer's treatise De la gradation de la lumière, ishing powders. The chief uses of shell lac are and a new edition of the Nouveau traité de for manufacturing sealing wax, and as the basis navigation by the same author. After his for spirit varnishes and the French polish. The death his friend Maraldi published his treatise best red sealing wax contains 48 parts in 100 on the "Southern Starry Heavens," and his of it, together with 19 parts of Venice turpen- "Voyage to the Cape." La Caille was the autine, 1 of balsam of Peru, and 32 of finely pow-thor of a large number of other treatises, chiefdered cinnabar. It forms 60 per cent. of the ly on astronomical subjects. best black sealing wax, the other ingredients being 10 parts of turpentine and 30 of levigated | bone black. The coloring matter and some insoluble ingredients, which are never wholly removed from shell lac, injure it for a varnish for light-colored works; but recent methods of bleaching, one of which by chlorine was introduced by Dr. Hare, have in a great measure removed this difficulty. (See VARNISH.) The adhesive quality of lac adapts it for cements for broken porcelain, and united with caoutchouc it makes the famous marine glue. A weak solution of it in alcohol is recommended in surgery to be spread on bandages for dressing wounds and ulcers. Formerly it was used in medicine, but it has no specific action.-The best stick lac is brought from Siam, and next to this ranks that from Assam. In the best articles the sticks are frequently incrusted entirely around with the lac to the thickness of a quarter of an inch; and the substance also forms large oblong bunches of much greater thickness. The Bengal stick lac is commonly in very scanty and irregular incrustations. The capacity of production is said to be many times greater than the demand, though the annual exportations amount to several million pounds of lac dye and shell lac. On his LACANDONES, an Indian tribe of Central America, whose territory, formerly embracing |