and mutilated to an excessive degree. This has given rise to the "hydrostatic test" for determining whether a newly born infant, found dead, has been born alive. The lung which has never breathed sinks in water like any other solid organ; but if respiration has been once completely established, the lung floats, and cannot be made to sink by any ordinary method of manipulation. The application of this test, however, requires several precautions in particular cases, which are usually fully discussed in works on medical jurisprudence.The lungs, as a whole, are conical in shape, their apices situated at the top of the chest and projecting slightly into the root of the neck, and their base, which is concave in form, resting upon the upper surface of the diaphragm. They are of a pinkish gray color, and are variegated with spots and streaks of a dark ashen or blackish hue. They are quite elastic in consistency, owing to the abundant elastic fibres which they contain; and accordingly, when taken out of the chest, or even when the chest is widely opened, they spontaneously expel a portion of the air which they contained during life. Enough, however, still remains to give them the characteristic buoyancy by which they are distinguished. Each lung is covered, over the greater part of its surface, by a thin, smooth, moist, and polished serous membrane, the pleura, which, reflected outward at the root of the lung, also lines the internal surface of the thoracic cavity. These two free surfaces of the pleura being in contact with each other, or separated only by an extremely thin layer of serous fluid, the lungs and the walls of the chest slide gently over each other in the movements of respiration, without friction or injury.-The lungs are supplied with blood from two sources. First, the pulmonary artery brings the venous blood from the right ventricle of the heart and distributes it to the pulmonary capillaries, when it is returned to the left auricle by the pulmonary veins. This blood, which is in great quantity as compared with the amount of solid substance in the pulmonary tissue, is brought to the lungs, not for the nutrition of these organs, but for its own aëration. Secondly, the bronchial arteries, a number of small vessels which come off from the thoracic aorta, and follow the ramifications of the bronchi and bronchial tubes, supply these tissues with arterial blood for the purpose of their own nutrition. It is returned to the right side of the heart by the bronchial veins. The nerves of the lungs consist of the pulmonary branches of the pneumogastric nerve, and the pulmonary plexuses of the sympathetic. They are also provided with an abundant supply of lymphatic vessels; and the lymphatic glands belonging to them, known as the "bronchial glands," often become very conspicuous at the root of the lungs, from the deposit in adult life of a dark pigmentary matter in their substance.-The lungs are liable to a variety of acute and chronic diseases, the most important of which are pneumonia, or inflammation of the lungs, and pulmonary phthisis, or a wasting of the lungs owing to a tuberculous deposit in their substance. (See BRONCHITIS, CONSUMPTION, and PNEUMONIA.) They are also liable to be compressed by serous effusions into the cavity of the pleura, to be wounded by the extremity of a fractured rib, or to be the seat of hæmoptysis or of pulmonary apoplexy. LUNGWORT (pulmonaria officinalis), a perennial herb of the borage family, a native of Europe, and frequently found in old gardens. The creeping root stock throws up a large tuft of ovate-oblong leaves, which are coarsely hairy, with their dark green upper surface marked with numerous whitish spots; the flowers, which appear in spring, are in terminal clusters, on stems 6 to 12 in. high, rose-colored, changing to blue; there are several garden forms, varying in the size and marking of their foliage and the color of their flowers. Lungwort (Pulmonaria officinalis). The name would indicate that the plant had at one time a medicinal reputation; the spotted leaves were supposed by the old herbalists to resemble diseased lungs, and thus indicate its value in pulmonary diseases; it is, like some others of the family, simply mucilaginous.Smooth lungwort (Mertensia Virginica), formerly classed as a pulmonaria, is indigenous in New York and southward; it has something of the habit of the foregoing, but its leaves are smooth and spotless; its flowers are of an indescribably beautiful blue, and the plant is worthy of a place in the finest garden. LUNT, George, an American author, born in Newburyport, Mass., Dec. 31, 1803. He graduated at Harvard college in 1824, studied law, and commenced the practice of the profession in his native town. While preparing for the bar he was principal of the Newburyport high school. He was several times a member of the state legislature, both as a representative and senator. He began to write and publish poetry at an early age. A small volume of his poems appeared in 1839, and another in 1843 entitled "The Age of Gold." In 1845 he delivered a poem before the Boston mercantile library association called "Culture," which was afterward published. In 1848 he removed to Boston, and in the following year was appointed by President Taylor United States district attorney for Massachusetts, and held the office till March, 1853. In 1857 he became editor of the "Boston Courier," a democratic daily journal, which he conducted for many years. He has published a volume of poems entitled "The Dove and the Eagle" (1851); "Lyric Poems" (1854); "Julia" (1855); Eastford, or Household Sketches" (a novel), under the pseudonyme of Westley Brooke (1855); "Three Eras of New England, and other Writings" (1857); "Radicalism in Religion, Philosophy, and Social Life" (1858); and "Origin of the Late War" (1866). 66 LUPERCALIA, the ancient Roman festival of purification and expiation, celebrated annually on the 15th of February (a month called from Februa, another name for the festival), in honor of Lupercus (surnamed Februus, from februum, a purgation), the god of fertility. The appropriate sacrifices were goats and dogs, after the offering of which two patrician youths were led forward to the altar, and one of the priests touched their foreheads with a sword dipped in the blood of the victims; another immediately washed off the stain with wool and milk. The priests next partook of a banquet, at which they were plentifully supplied with wine. This over, they cut the skins of the goats that had been sacrificed into pieces, with some of which they covered parts of their bodies, in imitation of Lupercus, who was represented half naked, and half clad in goat skins; with the other pieces, cut into thongs, they ran through the streets, striking every person whom they met, especially females, who courted the flagellation from an opinion that it averted sterility and the pangs of parturition. Antony, on the day when he offered Cæsar the diadem, was officiating as a priest of Lupercus. The ceremonies of this festival are supposed to have symbolized the purification of the people. The order of the Luperci, said to have been instituted by Romulus and Remus, formed a college of which none could originally be members save the noblest patrician youths. This college at first consisted of two classes, styled the Fabiani and Quintiliani, to which Cæsar added a third, named Juliani; and hence the two former classes are termed by later writers Luperci veteres. LUPINE, the common name of plants of the genus lupinus. There is some doubt as to the origin of the name, but most authors regard it as coming from lupus, a wolf, and as having reference to the voracity of the plants in devouring the fertility of the soil. The genus belongs to the papilionaceous suborder of the great family of leguminosa, and contains about 80 species, some 56 of which are North American; the remainder are South American, with a few in the Mediterranean region. The country between the Rocky mountains and the Pacific is so rich in these plants as to be known to botanists as the lupine region. The species are herbs or half-shrubby plants, and comprise both annuals and perennials, with simple or digitately compound leaves, and flowers mostly in terminal racemes; the flowers are usually showy, mostly blue, though some are white, yellow, and variegated; the stamens are united into a tube by their filaments; the pod flattened, with thick valves, and often constricted between the rather large seeds. One species, the common wild lupine (L. perennis), is found from Canada to Fiorida, and as far west as the valley of the Platte; it is common in sandy soils, and is sometimes found in such abundance as to exclude almost all other vegetation. Its stem is erect and somewhat hairy; its leaves are digitate, consisting of from eight to ten lanceolate wedgeshaped leaflets, arranged around the end of the petiole; its flowers, on a terminal spike, are blue, or sometimes rose-colored, and specimens have been found with pure white flowers. The root is perennial, and throws up each successive season increasing flowering stems; it grows readily from the seeds. A natural patch of these charming plants overspreading a large area of sand, clothing the barren waste with beauty, cannot fail to attract the eye. Artificially propagated, the wild lupine succeeds best when raised from seeds, and in such LURCHER. See GREYHOUND. LURISTAN, a province of Persia, bordering on Irak-Ajemi, Fars, and Khuzistan; area, about 20,000 sq. m.; pop. unknown. It is extremely mountainous, being bordered by the Elwend, Awas, and Luristan ranges, and having the Bakhtiyari running through it, parallel with these, from N. W. to S. E. It is watered by the upper courses of the Kerkha and Karun rivers. Many of the valleys are luxuriant and fruitful; but the inhabitants are entirely nomadic, and there is no agriculture. Several tribes, dwelling in tents, wander about here, owning no allegiance but to their immediate chiefs, and waging continual war upon one another. The most ferocious of these are the Bakhtiyari. The only town is Khorremabad, 90 m. S. of Hamadan, which contains about 1,000 huts, a fortress, and a palace. many-leaved lupine (L. polyphyllus), as that has long been in cultivation as a showy garden plant; its stems grow 2 to 5 ft. high; the longpetioled leaves have 10 or more leaflets, and the raceme, 1 to 2 ft. long, is covered with blue or purple flowers; in some instances the flowers are white. Large, well established clumps of this are exceedingly beautiful; it is readily raised from seed, but the plants should be set where they are to bloom when quite young, as large specimens are apt to die when transplanted; this is sometimes found in gardens under the name of L. macrophyllus. Among the yellow-flowered species of the western coast are L. arboreus, L. sulphureus, &c.; and among the white-flowered ones, L. densiflorus is sometimes seen in gardens. L. arboreus often reaches the height of 10 ft. and forms a large bush, which is quite shrubby at base; while an annual species (L. uncialis), recently LUSATIA (Ger. Lausitz), a region of Germany, described by Mr. Watson, is less than an inch which formerly constituted the two margravihigh. Some of the exotic lupines in cultiva- ates of Upper and Lower Lusatia, the former tion are the yellow lupine from Europe (L. being the southern division. They were boundluteus); the hairy lupine (L. hirsutus), with ed N. by Brandenburg, E. by Silesia, S. by Bovery hairy leaves and pods, and flowers blue, hemia, and W. by the duchy of Meissen; area rose color, or white; and the white lupine about 4,200 sq. m., of which the southern part (L. albus), which has its leaves smooth above is mostly mountainous. The inhabitants are and hairy beneath, and smooth pods. The Germans and Wends, the latter descendants of last named species grows spontaneously in the the ancient Slavic Lusici and Milzieni, and Mediterranean region, and was formerly used speaking a peculiar Slavic dialect. Lusatia was as pulse; it is now employed in continental made tributary to the German empire in the Europe as a green manure, the crop being earlier part of the 10th century by Henry I., ploughed under for the purpose of enriching and finally subdued and converted to Christianthe soil, in the same manner that our farmers ity by his successor Otho I. Its possession, use clover and buckwheat, a practice men- however, was for many centuries an object of tioned by Columella and other early writers contention between the princes of Poland, Boon agriculture; the seeds of this species, as hemia, Brandenburg, and Meissen. In the latwell as those of L. termis, are sparingly used ter part of the 15th century it submitted to as food by Egyptians and Arabs; the seeds Matthias Corvinus, king of Hungary. After are fed to poultry, and the young tops of the his death it was reannexed to Bohemia, with plants are eaten by cattle.-Perhaps the most which it became subject to Ferdinand I. of important economical use of the lupines is one Hapsburg, brother of the emperor Charles V., recently determined by the experiments of the in 1526. Having revolted during the thirty San Francisco park commission. Much of the years' war against the sway of Ferdinand II., land directly upon the coast consists of shift- it was subdued by John George, elector of Saxing sands; deep cuttings disclosed the fact ony, and ceded to him in 1635. By the treaty that the roots of some species of lupine pene- of Vienna of 1815 all Lower with a part of trated to the depth of 20 ft., and suggested the Upper Lusatia was ceded to Prussia, the foridea that these plants might be made useful in mer being annexed to the province of Brandenbinding the loose sands; barley, which germi- burg, and the latter to that of Silesia. The nates more rapidly than the lupine seed, was remaining part of Upper Lusatia forms the cirsown to protect the lupines while very young, cle of Bautzen in Saxony. Görlitz, Luckau, and this held the sands until the slower-grow- and Guben are among the principal towns of ing plants became established; the species of Prussian Lusatia; Bautzen, Zittau, and Calupine selected were L. arboreus and L. albi-menz, among those of the Saxon division. frons, which grow naturally in such situations. In a single year the lupines covered the sands with a dense vegetation 2 to 3 ft. high, sufficient to prevent them from shifting during the severest storms, and to allow of the growth of various maritime pines, willows, and other trees, as well as such grasses as flourish in sandy localities.-A revision of the genus lupinus, by Sereno Watson, is to be found in the "Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences," vol. viii. (May 13, 1873). LUSHINGTON, Stephen, an English jurist, born in London, Jan. 16, 1782, died Jan. 21, 1873. He was the second son of Sir Stephen Lushington. He was educated at Eton and Oxford, was called to the bar at the Inner Temple in 1806, and became an advocate at doctors' commons in 1808. In 1820 he was one of the council engaged in the defence of Queen Caroline. He was appointed judge of the consistory court in 1828, and of the high court of admiralty in 1838. He was a liberal member of parliament, which he first entered in 1807 and finally left in 1841, when the act disqualifying judges of the admiralty to sit in the house of commons impelled his retirement from political life; and ill health made him withdraw from the bench in July, 1867. He was the legal adviser of Lady Byron, and gave his opinion that the offence of her husband, as stated by her, was one which should for ever preclude any reunion between them. He died without disclosing the secret. ver. LUSITANIA, in ancient geography, the country of the Lusitani, and in a wider sense the name of one of the three provinces into which the Iberian peninsula was divided by Augustus. The Roman province occupied, like modern Portugal, the W. side of the peninsula, extending from Cape St. Vincent E. to the mouth of the Guadiana and N. to the Douro. It consequently did not include the N. provinces of Portugal, Minho and Tras os Montes. Eastward in the interior it extended far beyond the boundaries of Portugal, embracing the N. part of the old Spanish province of Estremadura and the S. part of Leon. The country of the Lusitani, however, was much smaller than the province to which its name was given. In this sense Lusitania included mainly the region between the Tagus and the Douro, from the Atlantic on the west to the present frontier of Portugal on the east. The province was anciently rich and fertile, and possessed valuable mines of gold and silBesides the Lusitanians, it contained several other tribes, of whom the most important were the Vettones, the Turduli Veteres, a branch of the Turdetani, and the Celtici, who were a remnant of the old Celtic population of the peninsula. The chief city of Lusitania was Olisipo, the modern Lisbon, which was always a place of importance, though the Romans made Emerita Angusta, the modern Merida, the capital of their province. The Lusitani, according to Strabo, were the greatest nation of the peninsula, and the one most frequently and longest at war with the Romans. They were a brave and turbulent race, and much addicted to brigandage, especially those who dwelt among the mountains. They revolted in 153 B. C., and carried on for 14 years a gallant struggle against the Romans, who for a time were compelled to acknowledge their independence. Viriathus, who became their chief in 147, was finally assassinated by three of his own friends who had been bribed by the Romans, and the subjugation of the Lusitanians was soon afterward effected. LUSTRATION (Lat. lustratio, also lustrum), purification by sacrifices or other ceremonies. Originally ablution in water was the only rite observed by the Greeks, but afterward sacrifices, &c., were added. They were employed both to purify individuals, cities, fields, armies, or states, and to call down the blessing of the gods. The most celebrated lustration of Greece was that performed at Athens, in the | days of Solon, by Epimenides of Crete, who purified that city from the defilement incurred by the Cylonian massacre. A general lustration of the whole Roman people took place every fifth year, before the censors went out of office. On that occasion the citizens assembled in the Campus Martius, and the sacrifices termed suovetaurilia, consisting of a sow, a sheep, and an ox, were offered up, after being carried thrice round the multitude. This ceremony, to which the name lustrum was particularly applied, is said to have been instituted by Servius Tullius in 566 B. C., and was celebrated for the last time at Rome in the reign of Vespasian. The term was also applied to the period which intervened between the lustra, and, as that period consisted of five years, later writers occasionally used the word lustrum to designate that space of time generally. All Roman armies were lustrated before they commenced military operations. The Roman shepherd at the approach of night adorned his fold with branches and foliage, sprinkled his sheep with water, and offered incense and sacrifices to Pales, the tutelary divinity of shepherds. Whatever was used at a lustration was immediately after the ceremony cast into a river, or some place inaccessible to man, as it was deemed ominous for any one to tread on it. LUTE, a musical stringed instrument of the guitar species, formerly in general use, but long superseded by the harp and guitar. In shape it is not unlike the section of a pear. It is played like the guitar, and the music was written in tablature, but in so complex a manner that it is difficult to translate it into modern notation. It is supposed to be of eastern origin, and its invention has been ascribed to the Arabs. LUTE, or Lating (Lat. lutum, clay), a soft adhesive mixture used in chemical operations for making tight the joints of an apparatus. Its ingredients vary according to the kinds of vapors to be confined, and the temperatures to which it is to be exposed. Fire-brick clay, finely pulverized and made into a paste with water, withstands the highest degrees of heat, and makes tight joints when carefully applied and gradually dried and baked. Fibres of asbestus are advantageously intermixed with the clay. Fat lute is very generally used where the temperature is not excessively high, and where the vapors to be confined are corrosive. It is made of pipe clay worked to a soft and ductile paste with linseed oil. It must be applied to perfectly dry surfaces, and may be strengthened by binding over it slips of bladder. Common putty may often be substituted for it. Hydraulic lime and plaster of Paris make very useful lutes for many purposes, especially when rendered impervious by washing them over with oil, or a melted mixture of equal parts of wax and oil. Caustic lime thoroughly worked into the white of an egg, laid on slips of cloth and thus applied over the junctions to be luted, firmly adheres like a cement. White lead and oil laid on slips of cloth, and paste and paper, or glue and paper, and linseed meal made into a paste with water, milk, lime water, or weak glue, all serve as lutes for special operations. LUTHER, Martin, the leader of the German reformation, born in Eisleben, now a town of Prussian Saxony, on St. Martin's eve, Nov. 10, 1483, died in the same place, Feb. 18, 1546. His father was originally a poor peasant, but became a miner, and ultimately acquired a house and two furnaces at Mansfeld, whither he removed six months after Luther's birth, and left at his death about 1,000 florins in money. The reformer was brought up under pious but severe and rough discipline. At school he was once flogged 15 times in a single forenoon. He calls the German schools of those days purgatories, and the teachers tyrants and taskınasters. While at school in Mansfeld he had to beg his bread with his companions by singing from house to house in the neighboring villages. "It is God's way," he says, "of beggars to make men of power, just as he made the world of nothing," His condition was not materially improved at the Franciscan school in Magdeburg, where he spent one year. From there he was sent to the Latin school at Eisenach, his favorite town. At first he had still to beg his bread by singing hymns in the street, and felt at times so discouraged that he nearly gave up study altogether. But a liberal lady, Ursula Cotta, took the poor boy, who had engaged her sympathy by his musical talent and earnest devotion in church, to her house, dispelling the gloom from his mind, and supporting him till he was prepared to enter the university of Erfurt in 1501 at the age of 18. Here he studied with great zeal and success the Latin classics and the scholastic (Aristotelian) philosophy, and graduated in 1505 as M. A. His moral conduct during all that time was unblemished. His father, who in the mean time was able to assist him, intended him for the legal profession. But the sudden death of an intimate friend in a duel, and his own narrow escape from death, first by a severe illness, and then by lightning, which struck with terrific force on the ground near his feet on the road between Erfurt and Stotterheim, so strongly excited his religious feelings and filled him with so vivid a sense of the vanity of the world, that he resolved to forsake it, and entered the Augustinian convent at Erfurt, July 17, 1505. Here he subjected himself to the severest monastic discipline and the humble services of sweeper, porter, and beggar. His deep mental conflicts, penances, and mortifications of the flesh seriously undermined his health and brought him to the brink of despair. The ascetic exercises led him more and more to a knowledge of his own moral helplessness, and to the cross of Christ as the only source of justification and peace. In this process he was greatly assisted by the study of the Bible, complete copies of which he first found in the university library, and in the convent at Erfurt, by the writings of St. Augustine, his favorite among the fathers, the sermons of the German mystic Tauler, the commentaries of Nicholas de Lyra (hence the saying, Si Lyra non lyrasset, Lutherus non saltasset), and the advice of his fatherly friend Johann Staupitz, a practical mystic, and superior of the Augustinian order in Germany. The cloister of Erfurt may therefore be called the birthplace of Lutheran Protestantism and of the evangelical doctrine of justification by faith without the works of the law. "God ordered," says Luther, "that I should become a monk, that, being taught by experience, I might take up my pen against the pope." After having spent three years in the convent and taken orders (1507), Luther was called in 1508, at the instance of Staupitz, as professor of scholastic philosophy to the university of Wittenberg, which had been founded a few years before by Frederick the Wise, elector of Saxony. In 1512 he took the degree of D. D. He lectured on theology, especially the Psalms and the Epistles of Paul, his favorite apostle, freely expressed his dislike for the dry and stiff formalism of the prevailing scholasticism, and led the students from ecclesiastical tradition to the fresh fountains of the Scriptures, and to the evangelical system of his favorite St. Augustine. But he had no idea of being in conflict with the genuine spirit of Catholicity. On the contrary, when in 1510 he made a journey to Rome in the interest of his order, he devoutly ascended on his knees the scala santa opposite the church of St. John Lateran, although an inward voice, as he declares, repeated the passage, "The just shall live by faith." It required, however, only the proper external occasion to call out the reformation as it was fully prepared, not only in the mind of Luther, but for centuries past in the Latin church at large, both negatively and positively, by the antiCatholic sects, and the movements of Wycliffe in England, Huss in Bohemia, Savonarola in Italy, Wessel and many others in Holland and Germany. This occasion was the abuses attending the promulgation of an indulgence under the authority of Pope Leo X. to all who, besides fulfilling other conditions, should contribute money for the rebuilding of St. Peter's at Rome. The person intrusted with the dispensation of these indulgences in Saxony was a Dominican monk named Tetzel, who seems to have discharged his functions in a manner which many devout Catholics regarded as profane. He went far beyond the received doctrine of the Roman canonists of the age, and made the granting of ecclesiastical remissions little if any better than an open sale. Against this profanation of holy things Luther raised a bold protest in the famous 95 Latin theses which he posted up on the doors of the Schlosskirche at Wittenberg, Oct. 31, 1517. He enclosed a copy of them to the archbishop of |