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to preach in 1837. In 1841 he graduated at|lor and Poet," a novel dealing with the social Alleghany college, Meadville, Pa., united with and political abuses of the day with a vigor and the Erie conference of the Methodist Epis- earnestness which gained for the author the title copal church, and was elected professor of of the "chartist parson," and fully identified mathematics in his college. The withdrawal him with the theories of the "Christian socialof public funds from colleges by Pennsylva- ists." In a pamphlet entitled "Cheap Clothes nia in 1843 induced the trustees of the col- and Nasty," published just before "Alton lege to employ him to secure its endow- Locke" appeared, he had urged that public hyment. After a year spent in this labor, and giene and political economy demanded that no two years in the pastorate at Erie, Pa., he was individual man should be condemned from in 1846 recalled to the college, where he re- his birth to physical disease and moral demained until his election as editor of the spair. The story of "Alton Locke" was an "Western Christian Advocate" in 1856. He elaboration of this plea. In like manner his rocontinued in this office till 1864, when he was mance, "Westward Ho! or the Voyages and elected bishop. In 1867 he visited the mis- Adventures of Sir A. Leigh, Knt." (3 vols. 8vo, sion conferences of Germany and Scandinavia, 1855), is an expression of his belief that a rewhich had been placed under his superinten- ligious soul can be truly developed only in a dence. In May, 1869, he started on an episco- healthy body. His prose publications, in adpal tour around the world. He visited the dition to those mentioned, include "Yeast, a conferences on the Pacific slope, the China Problem" (1851); "Hypatia, or New Foes conference at Foochow, and the India confer- with an Old Face" (2 vols., 1853); "Sermons ence at Bareily, and had passed by way of on National Subjects preached in a Village Egypt through Palestine into Syria, when he Church" (2 vols., 1852); Phaethon, or Loose died. Besides numerous controversial treatises Thoughts for Loose Thinkers" (1852); “Alon slavery and other topics, he published "Re-exandria and her Schools" (1854); "Sermons surrection of the Human Body," "The Hermits" (12mo, Philadelphia, 1868), "Round the World, a Series of Letters" (2 vols. 16mo, Cincinnati, 1870), and two volumes of sermons. KINGSLEY. I. Charles, an English clergyman, born at Holne, Devonshire, June 12, 1819. He is the son of the Rev. Dr. Kingsley, rector of St. Luke's, Chelsea, and formerly vicar of Holne. In his 14th year he was placed under the care of the Rev. Derwent Coleridge, at Ottley St. John, and at the age of 20 was sent to King's college, London, whence in 1840 he removed to Magdalen college, Cambridge. He took his bachelor's degree in 1842. After a few months' study of the law he entered the church, and in 1844 was presented to the living of Eversley in Hampshire, of which parish he had previously been curate. From the commencement of his labors in the ministry he has taken part in various efforts to ameliorate the condition of the working classes, and his Twenty-five Village Sermons" (1844), addressed to the rustic people who formed the bulk of his parishioners, won the sympathies of those for whose benefit they were intended. His "Saint's Tragedy" (1848), a dramatic poem founded on the history of Elizabeth of Hungary, attracted attention not less from its literary merits than from its supposed enunciation of the doctrines of what was known as Christian socialism." The revelations subsequently made by Mr. Henry Mayhew in his series of papers on "London Labor and the London Poor" caused him to join the Rev. Mr. Maurice and others in a series of interviews with artisans and laborers, the result of which was the establishment among them of cooperative associations, for the purpose of undertaking work in common and sharing the proceeds. Under the influence of these investigations he published in 1850 " Alton Locke, Tai

for the Times" (1855); “Glaucus, or the Wonders of the Shore," a little treatise on marine zoology and botany; "The Heroes, or Greek Fairy Tales" (1856); "Two Years Ago" (1856); “Sir Walter Raleigh and his Times; " "Good News of God" (1859); "The Water Babies," a fairy story (1863); "The Roman and the Teuton," lectures delivered at Cambridge (1864); "Hereward, the Last of the English" (1866); "The Hermits" (1867); "How and Why?" (1869); "At Last: a Christmas in the West Indies" (1871); "Plays and Puritans," and "Prose Idyls (1873); "Westminster Sermons," and "Health and Education" (1874); and a variety of miscellaneous sermons and magazine articles. As a lyric poet he has attained a high rank by a number of pieces scattered through his prose writings and contributed to various periodicals. A collection of them, including "The Saint's Tragedy," was published in Boston in 1856, and republished in London in 1857, followed in 1858 by a volume containing " Andromeda," a hexameter poem, and other pieces. He was appointed professor of modern history at Cambridge in 1859, and after resigning his chair was made canon of Chester in 1869, and subsequently of Westminster, and chaplain to the queen. In 1872 he became editor of "Good Words." In 1873-4 he visited and lectured in the United States. II. Henry, an English author, brother of the preceding, born at Holne in 1824. He studied at Oriel college, Oxford, and passed many years in Australia. Returning to England in 1858, he published a novel of Australian life entitled "The Recollections of Geoffrey Hamlyn." Since then he has written "Ravenshoe" (1861); "Austin Elliot" (1863); "The Hillyars and the Burtons" (1865); "Leighton Court" (1866); "Mademoiselle Mathilde;" "Stretton, Hetty, and

other Stories;" "Old Margaret" (1871); and "Reginald Hetheridge" (1874). He was for a time editor of the "Daily Review," and its correspondent in the Franco-German war.

KINGSLEY, James Luce, an American scholar, born in Windham, Conn., Aug. 28, 1778, died in New Haven, Aug. 31, 1852. He graduated at Yale college in 1799, and engaged in teach- | ing, first in Wethersfield, and afterward in his native town. In 1801 he was appointed a tutor in Yale college, and in 1805 received the newly established professorship of the Hebrew, Greek, and Latin languages in the same institution. He was relieved of a portion of his duties in 1831, when a separate professorship of Greek was instituted, and of another portion in 1835, when a professorship of sacred literature was founded. In Latin he continued to instruct until his resignation in 1851. He published a few Latin text books, a discourse on the 200th anniversary of the founding of New Haven, a history of Yale college in the "American Quarterly Register," and a life of Ezra Stiles in Sparks's "American Biography." KING'S MOUNTAIN, a post village in Gaston co., N. C., in the vicinity of which is an eminence of the same name, situated in York co., S. C., about 80 m. N. by W. of Columbia, which was the scene of a memorable conflict in the revolutionary war, Oct. 7, 1780. Immediately after the battle of Camden (August, 1780), Lord Cornwallis despatched Major Patrick Ferguson to scour the western part of South Carolina, and rejoin him at Charlotte, in Mecklenburg co., N. C. Ferguson's force was gradually increased by enlistments to 1,200 men, and the new recruits, mostly tory desperadoes of the worst stamp, committed frightful excesses upon the inhabitants of the country. In the latter part of September, when within a few days' march of Charlotte, he turned aside toward the mountains to disperse a small American force under Col. Clarke; but upon arriving at Gilbert Town, in what is now Rutherford co., N. C., he learned that a large body of "mountain men," as the frontiersmen of Georgia and the Carolinas were called, had assembled to oppose his progress. Breaking up his quarters, he pushed forward to join Cornwallis, sending expresses to inform the latter of his danger, all of whom, however, were intercepted. The patriot forces started immediately in pursuit. The main body, about 900 mounted men, marching all night, came up with Ferguson at 3 P. M. on the 7th, posted on King's mountain, a narrow stony ridge elevated about 100 ft. from the neighboring ravines, and upward of a mile in length. The Americans were formed into three bodies, the centre commanded by Cols. Campbell and Shelby, the right by Cols. Sevier and McDowell, and the left by Cols. Cleveland and Williams, which moved simultaneously from different points upon the enemy. Ferguson immediately charged Sevier and McDowell, and pushed them down the hill with the bayonet, the tories using rifles

and fowling pieces armed at the end with large knives. A flank fire from Cleveland and Williams caused him to turn against his new assailants; but the latter had scarcely been repulsed when he was confronted by the centre under Campbell and Shelby and the rallied troops of Sevier. In this manner the fight continued for upward of an hour, until the enemy, harassed on all sides by the fire of the riflemen, which was rapidly thinning their ranks, were thrown into confusion, and began to retreat along the ridge. Ferguson prepared for one final charge, and fell at the head of his regulars pierced by seven bullets, dying, according to tradition, by the hand of Col. Williams, who was also slain. His men, disheartened by his fall, surrendered to the number of nearly 800, 240 having fallen. Only 200 escaped. The Americans lost only 20 men killed, although a large number were wounded. This action did much to precipitate the downfall of British power in the south.

KINGSTON, a city and the county seat of Ulster co., New York, on the W. bank of the Hudson river, about 90 m. N. of New York and 55 m. S. of Albany, and on the N. bank of Rondout creek, which is navigable for 3 m. and is its harbor; pop. in 1874, about 22,000. It is the terminus of the Delaware and Hudson canal, and of the New York, Kingston, and Syracuse, and the Wallkill Valley railroads, which communicate by ferry with Rhinebeck, a station on the Hudson River railroad on the opposite bank of the river. Steamboats connect it with New York, Albany, and intermediate places. It has a wharfage front of 4 m. Forty-three steamboats owned in the city are employed in transporting freight and passengers, and in towing. The shipment of coal, blue stone, brick, ice, cement, lime, lumber, &c., exceed 2,500,000 tons per annum. Kingston is the centre of the blue-stone or flagging trade. The quarries are scattered through a region nearly 100 m. in length, reaching from the Delaware river to the Hudson, and the stone is brought to the city by wagon, rail, and canal. Hydraulic cement, for which Ulster co. is celebrated, is mainly shipped from Kingston, amounting to a yearly aggregate of 1,500,000 barrels. The largest cement manufactory in the country, that of the Newark lime and cement manufacturing company, situated in the city, turns out 225,000 barrels yearly. The stone is obtained by tunnelling the hills which face the creek and river, and by running galleries in the layers of rock. These galleries are nearly two miles in length, and are often sunk to a depth of 200 ft. The average thickness of the layers is 30 ft., and they incline at all angles from vertical to horizontal. The city also contains four founderies and machine shops, a planing mill, a manufactory of malt, four of cigars, one of glue, a tanning and currying establishment, nine breweries, 13 carriage factories, several boat and ship-building establishments, five brick yards, five national

banks with an aggregate capital of $1,125,000, | blue limestone, which is quarried in the vicinand three savings banks. It is divided into ity. Water is supplied partly from the river nine wards, and is governed by a mayor and and partly from wells, some of which are im18 aldermen. The recorder holds a police pregnated with mineral substances, and the court, and there is a volunteer fire depart- city is lighted with gas. There are many fine ment. The streets are lighted partly with public buildings, among which are the city gas and partly with kerosene. The disburse- hall and market, the custom house, the court ments for the year ending March 9, 1874, were house and jail, the post office, and the me$90,518 29. The bonded debt at that date chanics' institute. The Grand Trunk railway amounted to $650,660, of which $600,660 was passes within 2 m. of the city, and a freight contracted to pay for stock in railroads. Be- branch extends to the harbor. A railway is sides the county buildings, there are the music in course of construction to Pembroke, 120 m. hall, the almshouse, the city hall (in progress), N. The harbor is deep and commodious, and and several hotels. The educational institu- is protected by Wolfe and Garden islands, tions, besides several large private schools, which lie opposite the city at a distance of 3 embrace a number of graded and ungraded m. On the west is the entrance to the bay of public schools, having in 1873 46 teachers; pu- Quinté, and on the east the terminus of the pils enrolled, 3,291; average attendance, 1,951. Rideau canal, which connects the port with The number of children of school age (5 to 21) Ottawa. Haldimand cove, E. of the city, bewas 7,235; expenditures for school purposes, tween Point Frederick or Navy Point and $55,380, of which $32,248 were for teachers' | Point Henry, forms a deep and well sheltered wages. There are one daily and five weekly newspapers, and 21 churches, viz.: Baptist, 2; Episcopal, 2; German Evangelical Lutheran, 2; Jewish, 2; Methodist, 4; Presbyterian, 2; Reformed, 3; Roman Catholic, 3; children's church, 1.Kingston was incorporated as a city by act of March 29, 1872. It was formed from a portion of the town of the same name, and in cludes the greater part of the former villages of Kingston (pop. in 1870, 6,315), incorporated in 1805, and Rondout (pop. in 1870, 10,114), incorporated in

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1849, and the unincorporated village of Wilbur. The first permanent settlement was made soon after 1665. The first state convention of New York adjourned from Fishkill to Kingston in February, 1777, and here framed the first constitution of the state. In September following the state legislature met here, but dispersed on the approach of a British force under Sir Henry Clinton, which on Oct. 17 plundered the village and burned every house but one.

KINGSTON, a city, port of entry, and the capital of Frontenac co., Ontario, Canada, situated at the head of the St. Lawrence river, where it issues from Lake Ontario, and at the mouth of Cataraqui creek, 175 m. W. S. W. of Montreal, and 150 m. E. by N. of Toronto; pop. in 1844, 6,840; in 1861, 13,743; in 1871, 12,407. The apparent decrease is due to the removal of the garrison. The city is regularly laid out, the streets crossing each other at right angles. Most of the houses are built of

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Kingston, Canada.

haven. On both these promontories there are fortifications which command the whole harbor. Fort Henry is the principal work of defence; there are several martello towers near it, and as a military post Kingston is the strongest place in Canada after Quebec and Halifax. Steamers ply to Cape Vincent, N. Y., on the opposite bank of the St. Lawrence. The number of vessels entered from the United States for the year ending June 30, 1873, was 2,009, with an aggregate tonnage of 380,665; cleared for the United States, 1,655 vessels of 269,299 tons. The value of imports was $8,978,459; of exports, $1,358,202, making Kingston the second port of the province in the value of foreign commerce. Ship building and boat building are largely carried on, and there is a marine railway for repairing vessels. The other principal manufactures are of iron castings, mill machinery, steam engines, locomotives, leather, soap and candles, boots and

shoes, wooden ware, brooms, pianos, ale and beer, &c. There are three branch banks, and a loan and trust company. Kingston is divided into seven wards, is governed by a mayor, board of aldermen, and common council, and has a fire department and a police force. Among the charitable institutions are the house of industry, orphans' home, general hospital, Hôtel-Dieu hospital and orphan asylum, and house of refuge. The provincial penitentiary is about a mile W. of the city, and beyond the penitentiary is the Rockwood lunatic asylum. It is the seat of Queen's university and college (Presbyterian), with seven professors, and having an observatory connected with it; of Regiopolis college (Roman Catholic); and of a medical. college, with 11 professors. There are 10 academies and schools, a diocesan library, two daily and two weekly newspapers, and 17 churches, including the Roman Catholic cathedral.-Kingston is one of the oldest places in Ontario. A settlement was begun here by the French as early as 1672, under the name of Fort Cataraqui, which was subsequently changed to Fort Frontenac. The fort was destroyed by an expedition under Col. Bradstreet in 1758, and in 1762 the place fell into the hands of the British, from whom it received its present name. It became a city in 1838, and from 1841 to 1844 was the capital of Canada.

KINGSTON, a maritime city and the capital of the island of Jamaica, in the county of Surrey, on the S. coast, 12 m. E. N. E. of Spanish

Town, the former capital; lat. 18° N., lon. 76° 50' W.; pop. about 35,000. It is situated on the gentle slope of a branch of the Blue mountains, and stands on the N. shore of a magnificent bay defended by two forts. It is built in the form of an amphitheatre, with wide and regular streets; the houses, mostly of two stories, are solidly constructed of brick or wood, and painted green and white. The houses in the centre of the city form blocks or squares, and in the principal streets are furnished with verandas below and covered galleries above; while those in the outskirts are detached, and surrounded by delightful gardens. Besides the English church, the handsomest in the town, there are a Scottish, some Methodist, and several Roman Catholic churches, and two synagogues; but neither these nor the other public edifices, such as the theatre, hospital, courthouse, new penitentiary, workhouse, commercial subscription rooms, barracks, and jail,

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possess any architectural beauty. The bay or roadstead has a mean depth of six fathoms, and affords good mooring ground for 1,000 vessels of any size. It is bounded S. by a long and narrow strip of land named the Palisades, on the extreme point of which stands Port Royal, the naval station; but the entrance is considerably narrowed by a sand bank stretching in front of Fort Augusta, and the shelter is imperfect, owing to the lowness of the coast. The environs are covered with fine sugar plantations, interspersed with picturesque villas. The region to the west is extremely marshy, and to the east rises Long mountain. The climate is hot, and generally unhealthy for Europeans; the thermometer ranges from 70° to 95°; but alternate sea and land breezes in the morning and evening temper in a measure the almost suffocating atmosphere. The situation of Kingston, between Europe and the centre of the American continent, has rendered it an

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Kingston, Jamaica.

important commercial entrepot. The chief exports are coffee, sugar, tobacco, dyewood, and its highly esteemed rum; and the imports mainly consist of manufactured goods, flour, wine, ale, and salted meat. The total value of the exports for the year ending Sept. 30, 1870, was $6,315,813; of the imports, $6,600,146. It is connected by rail with Spanish Town.-Kingston was founded in 1693, after the destruction by earthquake of Port Royal; it was made a bishopric in 1856. In February, 1782, the town was almost completely destroyed by fire; and another disastrous fire which commenced on March 29, 1862, and in which a few persons perished, destroyed property to the value of $1,250,000. Yellow fever has at times committed fearful ravages here; and about one eighth of the population was carried off by cholera in 1850.

KINGSTON, a town of England. See KINGSTON-UPON-THAMES.

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by an incompetent tribunal. Her banker, who was in the interest of her adversaries, refused to advance her money to leave the country, whereupon she proceeded to his residence, pistol in hand, and extorted it from him. Upon arriving in England she found public opinion strongly against her. Foote satirized her in his "Trip to Calais," under the name of "Kitty Crocodile," which however she found means to have prohibited; but, with a vindictiveness which nothing could appease, she caused some outrageous charges to be trumped up against him, the mortification attending which so affected him that he died soon after. On April 15, 1776, the trial of the duchess came on in Westminster hall, which had been fitted up with great state for the purpose, and during the five days that it lasted attracted members of the royal family and throngs of distinguished persons. The duchess, attended by numerous counsel, addressed the peers with great energy, but was declared guilty. Thereupon she pleaded the privilege of the peerage, having now virtually become the countess of Bristol, to which title her first husband had succeeded, and thus escaped the punishment of burning on the hand, with which Dunning had threatened her. She retained her fortune, however, and the utmost efforts of her opponents were powerless to affect the validity of the late duke's will. Thenceforth she became a voluntary exile, visiting various European courts, and among others that of Catharine II. of Russia, who received her with great kindness. She ended her days at her château in the neighborhood of Paris.

KINGSTON, Elizabeth Chudleigh, duchess of, born in 1720, died near Paris, Aug. 28, 1788. Her father, Col. Chudleigh, governor of Chelsea college, died when she was very young, leaving his family in narrow circunstances. As she grew up, her beauty and vivacity attracted much attention; and in her 18th year, by the influence of Mr. Pulteney, afterward earl of Bath, she was appointed a maid of honor to the princess of Wales, the mother of George III. At the princess's court in Leicester house she became one of the reigning toasts of the day, and among her numerous admirers was the duke of Hamilton, whose proposals of marriage she accepted, with the understanding that the nuptials should be celebrated on his return from a visit to the continent. During his absence Capt. Hervey, grandson of the earl of Bristol, became enamored of her, and with the assistance of her aunt, Mrs. Hanmer, who intercepted the letters addressed by the duke to Miss Chudleigh, succeeded in alienating her affections from his rival and in persuading ber to be secretly married to himself. The day after the marriage, which took place Aug. 5, 1744, she conceived so violent a dislike for her husband that she resolved never to see him again. The duke of Hamilton soon after returned to England, and was naturally astonished that his claim to her hand should be rejected. To escape his reproaches, and those of her mother, who was a stranger to her marriage, at her apparently unreasonable rejection of this and other advantageous offers, she visited the continent, where she pursued a career of scandalous dissipation. During a residence at Berlin Frederick the Great paid her marked KINGSTON-UPON-THAMES, a municipal borattentions, and at Dresden the electress loaded ough, town, and parish of Surrey, England, on her with presents. Returning to England, she the E. bank of the Thames, at the mouth of resumed her duties at the court, and became the Ewell, 8 m. W. S. W. of London; pop. of one of the leaders in the fashionable profligacy the borough in 1871, 15,257. It extends about of the age. The marriage with Capt. Hervey, 14 m. along the river, is irregularly built, and however, perpetually annoyed her, and in order contains several interesting edifices, among to destroy all evidences of it she contrived to which are an ancient cruciform church and a tear the leaf out of the parish register in which handsome town hall. In 1872 there were 18 it was recorded. The death of her husband's places of worship, of which 8 belonged to the grandfather, the earl of Bristol, having im- church of England. There are several endowed proved his prospects of succeeding to the earl-schools. A Roman town or station was built dom, she obtained the restoration of the leaf. Meanwhile the duke of Kingston, ignorant of her marriage, solicited her hand; and having prevailed on her husband to allow a divorce by mutual consent to be pronounced at doctors' commons, she was married a second time, March 8, 1769. The duke died four years afterward, leaving her in possession of a princely fortune on the condition that she should not again marry. Forthwith she plunged into a course of licentiousness, the censure excited by which constrained her to leave the country for a time. She sailed for Italy in her own yacht, and while living in Rome in great magnificence learned that the family of the duke of Kingston were about to establish against her a charge of bigamy on the ground that her first marriage had been declared void

on the site now occupied by Kingston, and various traces of it, such as coins and other antiquities, have been brought to light. A great ecclesiastical council was held here by Egbert in 838, and many Saxon kings were crowned here.

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KINGSTOWN, a seaport and watering place of Ireland, in the county and 7 m. by railway S. E. of the city of Dublin, on Dublin bay; pop. in 1871, 16,387. It possesses, in the words of the tidal commissioners' official report, one of the most splendid artificial ports in the United Kingdom." The harbor of refuge, begun in 1816, from designs by Rennie, consists of two piers and a breakwater, the E. pier being 3,500 ft. long, and the W. 4,950 ft., with an entrance 850 ft. wide, and enclosing an area of 250 acres, with a depth of water of from 15 to 27 ft.; it cost £750,000. A revolv

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