hospital life insurance company. For many years he was president of the Massachusetts agricultural society. III. Francis Cabot, an American merchant, brother of the preceding, born in Newburyport, April 7, 1775, died in Boston, Sept. 2, 1817. In 1810 he visited England on account of his health; and on his return home, shortly after the commencement of the war of 1812, he became so strongly convinced of the practicability of introducing the cotton manufacture into the United States that he proposed to his kinsman, P. T. Jackson, to make the experiment on an ample scale. (See JACKSON, PATRICK TRACY.) The result of his project was the establishment of manufactures at Waltham, and the foundation of the city of Lowell, which was named after him. He visited Washington in 1816, and his personal influence with leading members of congress contributed largely to the introduction into the tariff act of that year of the protective clause which gave an impetus to the cotton manufacture in the United States. IV. John, jr., founder of the Lowell institute at Boston, son of the preceding, born in Boston, May 11, 1799, died in Bombay, March 4, 1836. He re

LOWELL, the name of a distinguished fam- | ily of Massachusetts, descended from Percival Lowell, a merchant who emigrated from Bristol, England, in 1639, and settled in Newbury, where he died Jan. 8, 1665. I. John, an American statesman and jurist, born in Newburyport, Mass., June 17, 1743 (O. S.), died in Roxbury, May 6, 1802. He was the son of the Rev. John Lowell, the first minister of Newburyport, and graduated at Harvard college in 1760. He studied law, was admitted to practice in 1762, represented Newburyport in the provincial assembly in 1776, and settled in Boston in 1777. He was elected to the convention which framed the constitution of Massachusetts in 1780, took a leading part in its deliberations, and was a member of the committee by which the constitution was drafted and reported. He inserted in the bill of rights the clause declaring that "all men are born free and equal," for the purpose, as he avowed at the time, of abolishing slavery in Massachusetts; and after the adoption of the constitution he offered through the newspapers his services as a lawyer to any person held as a slave who desired to establish a right to freedom under that clause. The position main-ceived his early education at the Edinburgh tained by him on this question was decided to be constitutional by the supreme court of the state in 1783, since which time slavery has had no legal existence in Massachusetts. In 1781 he was elected a member of the continental congress, and in 1782 was appointed by that body one of the three judges of the court for the trial of appeals from the courts of admiralty in the several states. In 1784 he was selected as one of the commissioners to establish the boundary between Massachusetts and New York. In 1789 President Washington appointed him judge of the district court of Massachusetts, and on the new organization of the United States courts in 1801 he was appointed by President Adams chief justice of the first circuit. He was one of the founders of the American academy, and for 18 years was a member of the corporation of Harvard college. II. John, an American lawyer and political writer, son of the preceding, born in Newburyport, Oct. 6, 1769, died in Boston, March 12, 1840. He graduated at Harvard college in 1786, studied law, was admitted to the bar before he was 20 years of age, and rose rapidly to the highest rank in the profession. In 1803 he visited Europe, where he remained three years, and after his return devoted himself chiefly to politics. Though he always refused to accept office, few men of his day in Massachusetts had so strong an influence on public opinion. His writings in the newspapers and his pamphlets, of which he published 25, were of eminent service to the federal party. From 1810 to 1828 he was the leading member of the corporation of Harvard university. He was one of the founders of the Massachusetts general hospital, and of the Boston Athenæum, savings bank, and

He

high school, and entered Harvard college in
1813; but after two years' study, his health
being impaired, he made in 1816 and 1817 two
voyages to India, the first to Batavia, returning
by Holland and England, and the second to
Calcutta. After his return he engaged for a
few years in commerce, but in 1830-31 his
wife and two daughters, his only children, died
in the course of a few months, and for the rest
of his life he devoted himself to travel.
spent one year in traversing the United States,
and then travelled through Europe, Asia Mi-
nor, Egypt, the countries on the upper Nile,
Arabia, and Hindostan. His main object was
to penetrate the Chinese empire from the In-
dian frontier. But he was prostrated by dis-
ease when he reached India, and died three
weeks after his arrival. By his will, made
while in Egypt amid the ruins of Thebes, he
bequeathed about $250,000 for the maintenance
in Boston of annual courses of free public lec-
tures on religion, science, literature, and the
arts. The Lowell institute, as it is called, went
into operation in the winter of 1839-'40, and
has been highly successful. V. Charles, an
American clergyman, son of Judge John Low-
ell, born in Boston, Aug. 15, 1782, died in
Cambridge, Jan. 20, 1861. He received his
early education at Medford and at Andover
academy, graduated at Harvard college in 1800,
and began the study of law, which he soon
abandoned for that of theology. In 1802 he
visited Europe, and studied for two years at
Edinburgh, and afterward travelled on the
continent, returning to the United States
in 1805. On Jan. 1, 1806, he was settled as
minister of the West (Congregational) church
in Boston, retaining its pastorate until his
death, a period of fifty-five years. In 1837-

|

'40 he travelled extensively in Europe and the tics, slavery, and other topics. A second series East. Besides many occasional discourses, he of his "Poems" (Cambridge, 1848) contained published two volumes of sermons (Boston, "The Present Crisis," "Anti-Texas," "On the 1855). VI. Mary. See PUTNAM, MARY LOWELL. Capture of certain Fugitive Slaves near WashVII. Robert Traill Spence, an American author, ington," and others which obtained great popbrother of the preceding, born in Boston, Oct. ularity among the opponents of slavery. In 8, 1816. He was educated at Round Hill the same year were published at Cambridge school, Northampton, and at Harvard college, "The Vision of Sir Launfal," a poem founded where he graduated in 1833. He studied med- upon the legend of the search for the Holy icine and afterward theology, and in 1842 was Grail, and the "Biglow Papers," a witty and ordained a clergyman of the church of Eng- humorous satire, consisting of various poems land by the bishop of Newfoundland and Ber- in the Yankee dialect, ostensibly by Mr. Homuda, whom he accompanied as chaplain first sea Biglow, and edited, with an introduction, to Bermuda, and then to Newfoundland, where notes, glossary, index, and "notices of an he was settled for some years as rector of Bay independent press," by Homer Wilbur, A. Robert. During a severe famine which pre- M., pastor of the first church in Jaalam, and vailed in the island he was appointed com- prospective member of many literary, learned, missioner for distributing food, became ill and scientific societies." This satire was mainthrough overwork, and returned home. He ly directed against slavery and the war with soon after became rector of Christ church, Mexico in 1846-'7. It has passed through Newark, N. J., and subsequently of Christ several editions in the United States, with adchurch in Duanesburg, N. Y., and still later ditions, and has been twice reprinted in Engprincipal of St. Mark's school in Southborough, land. In 1848 also appeared anonymously “A Mass. In July, 1873, he became professor in Fable for Critics," an ingenious rhymed essay Union college. In 1858 he published at Bos- upon the principal living American authors. ton a novel of Newfoundland life and scenery, In July, 1851, Mr. Lowell visited Europe, trav"The New Priest in Conception Bay;" in elling in England, France, and Switzerland, 1860, "Fresh Hearts that failed 3,000 Years and residing for a considerable period in Italy. Ago, and other Poems;" and in 1874, "Antony He returned home in December, 1852. In the Brade," a story of school-boy life. VIII. James winter of 1854-'5 he delivered a course of 12 Russell, an American poet, brother of the pre- lectures on the British poets. In January, ceding, born in Cambridge, Mass., Feb. 22, 1855, on the resignation of Mr. Longfellow, he 1819. He graduated at Harvard college in 1838, was appointed professor of modern languages and recited a "Class Poem," which was print- and belles-letters in Harvard college. To qualed in 1839, and which contained many strokes ify himself more fully for the duties of the of vigorous satire and much sharp wit. He office, he went to Europe in May, and after studied law in Harvard university, was admit- spending a year in study, chiefly at Dresden, ted to the bar in 1840, and opened an office in he returned home in August, 1856. From Boston, but soon abandoned the profession and 1857 to 1862 he edited the "Atlantic Monthdevoted himself entirely to literature. In 1841 ly," in which many of his writings first aphe published a volume of poems entitled "A peared. In 1863, in conjunction with Charles Year's Life," which has never been reprinted, E. Norton, he assumed the editorship of the though many of the poems, revised by the "North American Review," to which he had maturer taste and judgment of the author, also been a frequent contributor, and retained have been incorporated into the subsequent the charge of it till 1872. In 1864 he pubcollections of his writings. In January, 1843, lished "Fireside Travels;" in 1867, a new sehe commenced, in conjunction with Robert ries of the "Biglow Papers" and "Melibœus Carter, the publication at Boston of "The Hipponax;" in 1868, "Under the Willows, and Pioneer, a Literary and Critical Magazine." other Poems;" in 1869, "The Cathedral," a Three monthly numbers were issued, containing poem; and in 1870, two volumes of literary articles from Poe, Neal, Hawthorne, Parsons, essays, "Among my Books" and "My Study Story, and others, besides the editors, when Windows." He was appointed to write the the publishers, involved in debt by other pub- poem to be delivered on commemoration lications, failed, and the magazine was dis- day" at Harvard university, when memorial continued. Mr. Lowell's next publication was ceremonies were held for alumni of the unia volume of "Poems" (Cambridge, 1844), versity who had fallen in the civil war; and comprising "A Legend of Brittany," "Pro- the "Commemoration Ode" then recited, one metheus," "Rhæcus," and numerous smaller of the noblest of his poems, was afterward inpieces, among which were sonnets to Wendell cluded in one volume with "Under the WilPhillips and J. R. Giddings, expressing decided lows," &c. In 1872 he again visited Europe, anti-slavery sentiments. A volume of prose, returning in 1874. The degree of LL. D. was entitled "Conversations on some of the Old conferred upon him in 1874 by the English Poets" (Cambridge, 1845), next appeared. It university of Cambridge. IX. Maria (WHITE), is a series of essays in the form of dialogues on an American poet, wife of the preceding, born Chancer, Chapman, Ford, and poets and poetry in Watertown, Mass., July 8, 1821, died in in general, interspersed with remarks on poli- Cambridge, Oct. 27, 1853. Her marriage with

66

Mr. Lowell took place in 1844.. A volume of her poems was privately printed in Cambridge in 1855.

LOWER, Richard, an English physician, born in Cornwall about 1631, died in London in 1691. He was educated at Christchurch, Oxford, where he took the degree of M. D. at the age of 34. He was the first to successfully perform the operation of transfusion of blood upon the living animal, which he did upon the dog about 1665; an account of the operation was communicated to the royal society and published in the "Philosophical Transactions," vol. i. Taking up his residence in London, he was chosen fellow of the royal society and of the college of physicians. His principal publication was his Tractatus de Corde, item de Motu et Calore Sanguinis et Chyli in eum Transitu (London, 1669).

LOWER EMPIRE. See BYZANTINE EMPIRE. LOWESTOFT, a seaport town of Suffolk, England, 39 m. N. E. of Ipswich; pop. in 1871, 15,246. It has a parish and three other churches, and several dissenting chapels, a theatre, an assembly room, a reading room, library, two free schools, a mechanics' institute, and a fishermen's hospital. It is the terminus of branches of the East Suffolk and Great Eastern railways. The chief branch of industry is ship building, and there are also some breweries and refineries. The trade, formerly almost confined to coasting, has received a great impetus from the formation of a harbor. In 1871 the imports were valued at £105,561; exports, £54,474. The number of entrances during the year was 178, tonnage 27,774; clearances, 133, tonnage 11,160. Near the harbor is the new town of South Lowestoft. LOWNDES. I. A S. county of Georgia, bordering on Florida, and watered by the Withlacoochee and its branches; area, about 600 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 8,321, of whom 4,045 were colored. The surface is level and the soil productive. The Atlantic and Gulf railroad passes through it. The chief productions in 1870 were 166,570 bushels of Indian corn, 47,373 of oats, 37,258 of sweet potatoes, 2,799 bales of cotton, and 34,920 lbs. of rice. There were 691 horses, 780 mules and asses, 3,243 milch cows, 7,475 other cattle, 3,473 sheep, and 14,353 swine. Capital, Troupville. II. A central county of Alabama, bounded N. by the Alabama river, and watered by its branches; area, about 750 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 25,719, of whom 20,633 were colored. The surface is undulating and the soil fertile. The Mobile and Montgomery and the Western Alabama railroads pass through it. The chief productions in 1870 were 453,187 bushels of Indian corn, 23,225 of sweet potatoes, 55,517 lbs. of butter, and 18,369 bales of cotton. There were 1,081 horses, 2,706 mules and asses, 1,901 milch cows, 3.266 other cattle, and 8,465 swine. Capital, Haynesville. III. An E. county of Mississippi, bordering on Alabama, and intersected by the Tombigbee river;

area, 569 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 30,502, of whom 23,022 were colored. The surface is undulating, and the soil a dark and very fertile loam. The Mobile and Ohio railroad and the Columbus branch pass through it. The chief productions in 1870 were 12,407 bushels of wheat, 429,280 of Indian corn, 12,084 of sweet potatoes, and 16,073 bales of cotton. There were 1,122 horses, 3,042 mules and asses, 3,595 milch cows, 4,035 other cattle, 2,006 sheep, and 11,893 swine; 5 manufactories of carriages, 1 of pig iron, 2 of saddlery and harness, 3 of tin, copper, and sheet-iron ware, 2 of woollen goods, 10 flour mills, and 3 saw mills. Capital, Columbus.

LOWNDES, Rawlins, an American lawyer, born in the British West Indies in 1722, died in Charleston, S. C., Aug. 24, 1800. His parents settled when he was very young in Charleston, where he received his education, adopted the legal profession, and practised with great success. In 1766 he was appointed by the crown associate judge. Within three months he delivered the opinion of the majority of the court, but contrary to that of the chief justice, in favor of the legality of public proceedings without the employment of stamped paper. In 1768 he moved a resolution in the colonial assembly for the erection of a statue of William Pitt, in acknowledgment of his services to the colonies and the British constitution. The measure was carried, and the statue still remains in Charleston. In 1775 he was elected a member of the council of safety, and of the committee appointed under it. In 1776 he was one of a committee of 11 appointed to draft a constitution for the province, and subsequently a member of the legislative council created by the constitution. In 1778 he was elected president of the province, and gave his official assent to the new constitution. He exerted himself energetically to resist the advance of the British forces, but, having fewer than 10,000 men in the field, was unable to resist overwhelming forces by sea and land; and after the capture of Charleston he remained for some time a prisoner. In the assembly of South Carolina he strenuously opposed the motion to accept the federal constitution, objecting to the restriction which it imposed upon the slave trade, which he declared to be the great source of the strength and prosperity of the south; to the clause giving power to congress to regulate commerce; and to the centralization of power which would accrue to the federal government. In the closing sentence of one of his speeches he said: "I wish for no other epitaph than this: 'Here lies one who opposed the federal constitution, holding it to be fatal to the liberties of his country.' At the close of the debate the resolution was carried against him by only a single vote.-His son WILLIAM JONES, born Feb. 7, 1782, was a member of congress from 1810 to 1822, when he resigned, and died at sea, Nov. 22, while on a voyage to Europe for his health. He was