in the latter city from 1848, and published, besides other works, Die Lehre vom Menschen (Glogau, 1854); Die Reise seiner königlichen Hoheit des Prinzen Waldemar von Preussen nach Indien, 1844-'6 (Berlin, 1857); Geographische Bilder (2 vols., 1858); Populäre Erdbildungskunde (Langensalza, 1858); Die Weltgeschichte in zusammenhängenden Einzelbildern (3 vols., Berlin, 1858-'9); Der illustrirte Rübezahl (Hirschberg, 1859); Der Weltfahrer Dr. Kane (Leipsic, 1860); and Der deutsch-französische Krieg (2 vols., Leipsic, 1870-'71). He left in manuscript two volumes of Naturlehre. KUYP, Albert. See CUYP.

KWANGTUNG, the most southerly province of China, bordering on the gulf of Tonquin and the China sea, and the provinces of Fokien, Kiangsi, Hunan, and Kwangsi; area, 79,456 sq. m.; pop. about 19,000,000. It is mountainous in the north, but the region near the Tonglong river, the Pe-kiang, and Si-kiang and the seacoast is among the most fertile in China. The province is the centre of the production of sugar, and among the other products are tea, rice, silk, tobacco, and fruits. Lacquered wares, cotton and silk goods, and other articles are largely manufactured. The numerous bays and rivers facilitate commerce, and along the coast are a large number of islands, including that of Hainan. Capital, Canton.

KWEICHOW, a S. W. province of China, bordering on the provinces of Szechuen, Hunan, Kwangsi, and Yunnan; area, 64,554 sq. m.; pop. about 5,000,000. It is rough and moun

China. Cereals, rice, tobacco, cassia, and timber are produced; also copper, iron, lead, and quicksilver. The largest river is the Wu, a tributary of the Yangtse. Capital, Kweiyang. KWICKPAK RIVER. See ALASKA.

L,

THE 12th letter of the Phoenician and other Semitic graphic systems (lamed) and of most modern European alphabets, the 23d in Arabic, the 27th in Persian and Turkish, and the 11th in Greek (2áμßda, the 12th before the dropping of the digamma) and Latin. It is one of the four liquids of grammarians (1, m, *, r), and of the four akshara yavarga (ya, ra, la, ca) or semi-vowels in the Devanagari. The sound is produced by placing the tip of the tongue against the upper incisor teeth, while the breath issues at its sides and the larynx vibrates; and it is hence called a lingui-dental. Priscian attributes to the Latin L three sounds, one full, one middle, and one slender. In English, German, and other languages, it has but one sound. The French mouillé (ly uttered with one breath, as in million) is generally expressed by following i, as in tilleul, but sometimes by l, as in œil, and lh, as in gentilhomme. The Spanish ll always has the mouille sound, even as an initial, and is reckoned as a separate character in the alphabet. It is expressed in Portuguese by lh, in Italian by gl before i, and in Magyar by ly, in all positions. The Polish, Ruthenic, and Lusato-Vendic barred is pronounced by pushing and swelling the tongue to the palate, as in Pol. płaski (Ger. platt), flat. The Welsh ll is pronounced with a hissing, as in llán or lhán (temple), Lloyd, &c., almost as if written fl. Some nations and persons cannot pronounce l, as for instance the Japanese, who use in its stead, as in Sagarien for Saghalien. The Chinese, on the contrary, unable

to utter r, always substitute l, as in Kilisit for Christ. There was no L in Zend. It is often mute in English before consonants, as in could, calm, half, psalm, &c. (although pronounced in similar positions in all other languages), and when final in some French words, as in baril, outil, sourcil, in fils, &c. In words transferred from one language to another, I is often interchanged with r, n, d, i, or u; as Eng. pilgrim (Lat. peregrinus), Fr. orme (Lat. ulmus, elm), Lat. lympha (Gr. viμon), Ulysses ('Odvoσevs), Ital. fiore, bianco (Lat. flora, blancus), Dutch goud (gold), &c.—-As a numeral sign, L denotes 30 in the Semitic (except Ethiopian, where it marks 2), Greek, Russian, Armenian, Cyrillic, and Georgian; 50 in Latin and Glagolitic (in the former as being a half of the ancient E or C, centum). A dash above it raises these values to as many thousands. In rubrication it marks 11. In abbreviations it stands for Lucius, Lælius, Lares, libens, libertus, locus, latus, libra (£, pound sterling), &c. L. S. stands for locus sigilli, place of the seal; LL. D. for legum doctor, doctor of laws. On old French coins L stands for Bayonne. LAALAND, an island in the Baltic belonging to Denmark, lying between lat. 54° 38′ and 54° 58′ N., and lon. 10° 58′ and 11° 53′ E.; greatest length 37 m., greatest breadth 17 m.; area, 460 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 62,000. Together with Falster and several small islands, it forms the district of Maribo (area, 640 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 90,706). The surface of Laaland is low, level, and mostly marshy. The

He was aide-de-camp to Lannes and Prince Eugène, and was severely wounded at the battle of Lützen in 1813. In the same year he married a lady of the legitimist Chastellux family, and after Napoleon's first abdication he entered the service of the Bourbons, but was the first to join the emperor after his return from Elba, who made him general and peer. He was one of the last to leave the battle field | at Waterloo. Supporting Napoleon II., and excepted from the amnesty, he left Paris, but imprudently returned, and Louis XVIII. had him shot despite the efforts of Benjamin Constant. Napoleon left 150,000 francs to his heirs.

LABETTE, a S. E. county of Kansas, bordering on Indian territory; area, 624 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 9,973. It is drained by the Neosho river and affluents of the Verdigris. The Missouri, Kansas, and Texas railroad passes through it. The chief productions in 1870 were 28,514 bushels of wheat, 128,543 of Indian corn, 32,489 of oats, 13,484 of potatoes, 69,218 lbs. of butter, and 5,956 tons of hay. There were 2,644 horses, 2,538 milch cows, 1,990 working oxen, 5,413 other cattle, 2,910 sheep, and 2,540 swine; 3 manufactories of furniture, 4 of tin, copper, and sheet-iron ware, and 8 saw mills. Capital, Oswego.

LABIENUS, Titus, a Roman general, died in 45 B. C. He was tribune in 63, the year of Cicero's consulship, and carried some measures in the interest of Cæsar, who in 58 took him as his lieutenant into Transalpine Gaul, and made him pro-prætor. He served with ability, and commanded the troops during Cæsar's absence. In 54 he twice defeated the Treviri, and reduced them to submission. He took a distinguished part in the great campaign against Vercingetorix in 52, and thought himself not inferior in military ability to Cæsar. On the outbreak of the civil war in 49 he went over to Pompey, but distinguished himself little, except for boastfulness and cruelty. He murdered the soldiers of Cæsar who fell into his hands at Dyrrhachium. After the defeat at Pharsalia he fled, through Corcyra and Cyrene, to the remnant of Pompey's army in Africa. In 46 he commanded an army which was repulsed by Cæsar near Ruspina, after which he served as lieutenant of Scipio. After the defeat at Thapsus he fled to Spain. In 45 he again fought against Cæsar at Munda; his cautious attempt to cover his camp, being mistaken for a retreat, produced a panic, and turned the undecided battle into a rout, in which he fell. He was an able lieutenant, but too vain and headstrong to command.

LA BILLARDIÈRE, Jacques Julien Houton de, a French naturalist, born in Alençon, Oct. 23, 1755, died in Paris, Jan. 8, 1834. In 1786 he was sent on a scientific mission to Syria and Palestine, explored the mountains of Lebanon, and brought back a valuable collection of plants. The results of his journey were published in his Icones Plantarum Syriæ rariorum Descriptionibus et Observationibus illus

trata (4to, Paris, 1791-1812), with elegant drawings by Redouté. When the expedition under D'Entrecasteaux was sent in search of La Pérouse in 1791, La Billardière sailed on board the Recherche as naturalist, spent a few months at the Cape, visited many of the large islands and archipelagos in the Pacific ocean, and was finally taken prisoner at Java by the Dutch in October, 1793. His botanical collections, consisting of 4,000 plants, three fourths of which were of species previously unknown, were carried to England; but when, after a captivity of nearly two years, he returned to his native country, they were returned to him. In 1800 he was elected a member of the academy of sciences, and thenceforth devoted his whole time to arranging his botanical treasures and publishing the results of his observations. LABLACHE, Luigi, an Italian singer, born in Naples, Dec. 6, 1794, died there, Jan. 23, 1858. He was the son of a French merchant, and studied vocal and instrumental music in one of the conservatories of Naples. He was idle and unruly, but was compelled to finish his studies, and made his début in 1812 at the little theatre of San Carlino as a buffo singer. In 1817 he appeared at the Scala theatre in Milan in Rossini's Cenerentola, with such success that Mercadante wrote for him the opera of Elisa e Claudio, and for several seasons he filled the leading basso parts in that city. In 1824 he sang for the first time before the Viennese, who in their enthusiasm caused a medal to be struck in his honor. After an absence of 12 years Lablache returned to Naples to assume the duties of royal chapelmaster and fill an engagement at the San Carlo theatre, and appeared in the works of Rossini and Bellini. In 1830 he went to Paris and London, where, in the maturity of his powers, he made his début at the Italian opera in the character of Geronimo in Il matrimonio segreto. Thenceforth until within a short time of his death, with the exception of the year 1834, when he returned to Naples to sing in the Elisir d'amore, he appeared chiefly in Paris and London. During the last 25 years of his life he was the leading basso of his own and perhaps of any other time. His voice, a base of the purest quality, unsurpassed in resonance, in flexibility and compass, was not less remarkable than his artistic skill in the management of it, and his dramatic versatility. Originally of an imposing and graceful presence, he became exceedingly corpulent in middle life, although this never detracted from the impressiveness of his performance in serious parts. He was at one time singing master of the queen of England. His only daughter was married to Thalberg.

LA BLANCHÈRE, Pierre René Marie Henri Moullin de, a French naturalist and photographer, born at La Flèche, Sarthe, May 2, 1821. After studying the natural sciences, he established himself in Paris in 1855 as a photographer, with a view of applying that art to scientific purposes. He was president during five years

of the société du progrés de l'art industriel, and superintended its semi-annual exhibitions in the Champs Elysées. At a later period he was commissioned by the government to execute photographic illustrations of the various types of French fishes and of the management of the piscicultural establishments at Hüningen and Concarneau; and these he collected in an album, which attracted much attention at the exhibition of 1867. His principal works are: Répertoire encyclopédique de photographie (a periodical, 6 vols., 1862-7); Nouveau dictionnaire général des pêches (4to, illustrated); Les ravageurs des forêts (1865); La pêche aux bains de mer, and Voyage au fond de la mer (1868). LABORDE, Henri, viscount de, a French painter, born in Rennes, May 2, 1811. He is a son of Gen. Count Henri François de Laborde (1764-1833). He studied under Delaroche, and produced in 1836 "Hagar in the Wilderness," which is at the museum of Dijon, and in 1837 "The Confession of St. Augustine," one of his best works, which has been purchased by the government. His "Capture of Damietta" (1841) and "Knights of St. John of Jerusalem" (1845) are at Versailles. His "Dante at La Verna" (1847), a historical landscape, for which he received a first medal, was burned in 1870, during the bombardment of Saint Cloud. He has published Études sur les beauxarts en France et à l'étranger (2 vols., Paris, 1864), and Ingres, sa vie et sa doctrine (1870).

LABORDE, Jean Benjamin de, a French composer, born in Paris, Sept. 5, 1734, guillotined July 22, 1794. While young he became a favorite of Louis XV., and dissipated nearly the whole of his fortune; but he cultivated his taste for music, and during the life of his patron produced several successful operas. He published Essai sur la musique ancienne et moderne (4 vols., 1780), and several works on history, chronology, and geography. At the breaking out of the revolution he became obnoxious in consequence of being one of the farmers general, and retired to Rouen, but was brought back to Paris, and executed."

LABORDE. I. Jean Joseph, marquis de, a French financier, born at Jaca, Aragon, in 1724, guillotined in Paris, April 18, 1794. He amassed a large fortune in mercantile operations, and rendered important financial assistance to the government, for which he was made court banker and a marquis. When the French took part in the American war, he furnished the king with the money for despatching the troops. He was a friend of Voltaire, whose affairs he managed gratuitously. Toward the end of 1793 he was arrested, and, after a few months' imprisonment, sentenced to death by the revolutionary tribunal, as having participated in the royalist plots for the subversion of the republic. II. Alexandre Louis Joseph, count de, son of the preceding, a French archæologist and politician, born in Paris, Sept. 15, 1774, died there, Oct. 24, 1842. He was sent to Vienna at the beginning of the

revolution, entered the Austrian army, reached the rank of major, and returned to France after the treaty of Campo Formio (1797). He then devoted himself to travels and artistic pursuits. In 1800 he accompanied Lucien Bonaparte, ambassador to Spain, and during nearly two years explored the provinces of the peninsula, in company with several artists, whose expenses he paid. On his return to France he undertook the publication of his great work, Voyage pittoresque et historique de l'Espagne (4 vols. large fol., 1807-'18), which cost him the better part of his fortune. He afterward held several offices, and was a member of the chamber of deputies for most of the time from 1822 to 1840. He took an active part in the revolution of 1830, and was for some time prefect of the Seine, and afterward aide-de-camp to Louis Philippe. Besides the Voyage de l'Espagne, he published Itinéraire descriptif de l'Espagne (5 vols. 8vo, with an atlas, 1809); Les monuments de la France, classés chronologiquement, &c. (fol., 1816-26); Voyage pittoresque en Autriche, avec un précis de la guerre entre la France et l'Autriche, 1809 (3 vols. fol., 1821– '3), &c. III. Léon Emmanuel Simon Joseph, count de, a French archæologist, son of the preceding, born in Paris in June, 1807, died there, March 30, 1869. He studied at Göttingen, travelled in the East, and on his return published, in conjunction with M. Linant, Voyage de l'Arabie Pétrée (Paris, 1830-'33), and Flore de l'Arabie Pétrée (4to, 1833). In 1837 he began a large and splendid publication, Voyage en Orient, consisting of travels in Asia Minor and Syria, which was published in parts and finished in 1862. In 1842 his Commentaire géographique sur l'Exode et les Nombres secured his election to the academy of inscriptions. In 1841 he entered the chamber of deputies, where he showed little interest in political questions. In 1845-7 he published a series of letters on public libraries, the fourth of which, on the Mazarin palace, is full of historical interest. This led him to a larger illustrated publication, Les anciens monuments de Paris; the first part was published in 4to in 1846, but it was not continued. He was also the author of the following unfinished works: Les ducs de Bourgogne, études sur les lettres, les arts et l'industrie pendant le 15 siècle (2 vols. 8vo, 1849-'51); La renaissance des arts à la cour de France (vol. i., Peinture, 1855); and De l'union des arts et de l'industrie (2 vols. 8vo, 1856). He was for several years curator of the antiquities in the Louvre, but resigned in 1854, and in 1857 was appointed director of the archives of the empire. In 1867 he founded the museum of archives in the hôtel de Soubise.

LABOUCHERE. I. Henry, Baron Taunton, an English statesman, born in London, Aug. 15, 1798, died July 13, 1869. His father, Peter Cæsar Labouchere, whose ancestors left France at the period of the revocation of the edict of Nantes and became established in Holland, was a partner in the banking house of Hopo

and co. of Amsterdam, and settled in England, where he married a daughter of Sir Francis Baring. The son was educated at Oxford, and in 1826 entered parliament as member for St. Michael's. About the same time he visited America, to study the operation of republican institutions, which confirmed his liberal opinions, and he was long recognized as one of the most prominent leaders of the British liberal party. He sat for St. Michael's till 1830, when he was returned for Taunton, retaining this seat by successive reelections till 1859, when he was raised to the peerage. From 1832 to 1834 he was one of the lords of the admiralty, and from 1835 to 1839 vice president of the board of trade, master of the mint, and privy councillor. He was chief secretary for Ireland from 1846 to 1847, president of the board of trade from 1847 to 1852, and from 1855 to 1858 secretary of state for the colonies. As he had no male heir, his title became extinct at his death. II. Henry Du Pré, an English politician, nephew of the preceding, born in London in 1831. He was in the diplomatic service from 1854 to 1864, and was a liberal member of parliament from July, 1865, to April, 1866, and from April, 1867, to November, 1868. During the siege of Paris he was correspondent of the London "Daily News," and his letters were published as the "Diary of a Besieged Resident in Paris" (London, 1871). LABOUCHÈRE, Pierre Antoine, à French painter, born in Nantes about 1818. He completed his studies under Delaroche, and became known as a historical painter, most of his works relating to Luther, Ulrich von Hutten, Melanchthon, and Erasmus. Among the more recent ones are "The Death of Luther" and "Charles V." (1866).

puis les Romains jusqu'à nos jours (1843), and Essai sur les lois criminelles des Romains concernant la responsabilité des magistrats (1845). In 1845 he was elected a member of the academy of inscriptions, and in 1849 he became professor of comparative legislation in the collége de France. Under the empire Laboulaye took part in various attempts of the liberal party to direct public opinion, and was several times an unsuccessful candidate for the corps législatif. A firm friend of the United States and of republican institutions, he took a deep interest in our civil war, and publicly expressed his sympathy, both in his writings and his speeches, with the federal government. In 1870 he was a member of the commission of inquiry into the administrative organization of the city of Paris and of the department of the Seine, and some weeks before the plébiscite of Napoleon he publicly advocated the necessity of an affirmative vote. In July, 1871, he was elected to the national assembly, and was made president of the commission for the reorganization of superior instruction. In March, 1873, he was appointed director of the collége de France. Among his works not already mentioned are: Histoire politique des ÉtatsUnis, 1620-1789 (3 vols. 8vo, 1855-'66); Les Etats-Unis et la France (1862); L'État et ses limites (1863); Paris en Amérique (18mo, 1863); Les mémoires et la correspondance de Franklin (1866); and Lettres politiques (1872). He has published also a number of tales and translations, and contributed numerous articles to the leading periodicals. II. Charles Pierre Lefebvre, a French industrialist, brother of the preceding, born in Paris in 1813. He entered the army as lieutenant of artillery, but resigned in 1836 and devoted himself to the industrial arts. He turned his attention specially to the founding of metallic type, and he is the inventor of many ingenious and valuable processes and machines for type making. He was also the editor and principal writer of the Dictionnaire des arts et manufactures (2 vols. 8vo, 1847; 3d ed., 1867), and the author of a number of valuable treatises on mechanics, industrial art, the mechanical equivalent of heat, &c.

LABOULAYE. I. Édouard René Lefebvre, a French author, born in Paris, Jan. 18, 1811. He studied law, and became known first by his Histoire du droit de propriété foncière en Europe depuis Constantin jusqu'à nos jours (8vo, Paris, 1839). In 1842 he published Essai sur la vie et les doctrines de Frédéric Charles de Savigny, and the same year he became an advocate of the royal court of Paris. Two other elaborate works followed, Recherches sur la condition civile et politique des femmes, de

came a captain in 1724. In 1734 he was appointed director general of the isles of France and Bourbon. These colonies, which he found in a state of anarchy, grew rapidly in prosperity under his government, and became the depots of commerce between Europe and the Indies. He built fortifications, aqueducts, quays, canals, hospitals, and ship yards, and introduced the culture of manioc, sugar, indigo, and cotton. In 1746, during the war between England and France, he improvised a fleet, dispersed the squadron of Admiral Barnet before Madras, and bombarded the city, which sur