LOLIGO. See SQUID. to have acquired his art without the assistance of teachers. After travelling extensively he was from 1762 to 1773 concert master to the duke of Würtemberg, and applied himself so assiduously to the mastery of his instrument that he utterly eclipsed at Stuttgart a rival artist, Nardini, who returned in despair to Italy. Between 1775 and 1778 Lolli was attached to the court of Catharine II. of Russia, who loaded him with honors. Subsequently he performed in London, Paris, and other capitals. He was most celebrated for playing quick movements, and attained a wonderful rapidity and facility of execution. His compositions are of little value.-His son Filippo acquired eminence as a performer on the violoncello. LOLLARDS, a name given to several religious associations in the middle ages. Its etymology has been variously explained. Some suppose that it comes from the Ger. lullen, to hum, so that the term would signify persons speaking at religious services with a low, suppressed voice; others consider it a term of reproach, derived from the old English word loller, a vagabond; others derive it from Matthew Lollaert, a Dutch heretic who was put to death. In some papal bulls and other documents, by a sort of pun, the term Lollard is used as a synonyme for lollia, the tares which grow up with the wheat of the church. The name first appears in the Netherlands about the year 1300, and was sometimes given to a religious congre- LOMBARD, Peter, or Petrus Lombardus, an Italgation of men who devoted themselves to nur- ian theologian, born near Novara about the sing the sick and burying the dead, and who beginning of the 12th century, died in Paris called themselves Alexians; sometimes to the about 1160. He first studied at Bologna, and societies of the Beguins. In England it was St. Bernard placed him at the seminary of applied to the adherents of Wycliffe as early as Rheims. He afterward entered the university 1382, and in 1387 and 1389 it was used in epis- of Paris, where he became a pupil of Abélard, copal documents. It remained a common ap- and was so distinguished by his attainments pellation of the adherents of Wycliffe until the that he was appointed tutor to Philip, son of beginning of the reformation of the 16th cen- Louis the Fat, and became professor of thetury. The Lollards maintained all the princi- ology in the university, and in 1159 bishop pal doctrines of Wycliffe, especially that of the of Paris, but soon relinquished this office in Scriptures being the only rule of faith. At his favor of Maurice of Sully. The most remarkdeath their number in England seems to have able of his works is his Sententiarum Libri been very great. A chronicler of that time re- IV., a collection of passages from the fathers marks that it was difficult to meet two people bearing on controverted points in theology. It in the street without one being a Wycliffite. acquired a great reputation, being employed John Hereford, doctor of theology in Oxford, in the schools as a manual, and made the text John Ayshton, magister in Oxford, and John of innumerable commentaries. It was from Purney, a friend of Wycliffe, were their lead- this work that he derived his designation "masing men. In 1394 they petitioned the parlia-ter of sentences." It is still in repute, and ment for a reformation of the church. In 1401 LOLLI, Antonio, an Italian violinist, born in was reprinted in Paris (2 vols. 8vo) in 1841. LOMBARDY, a division of northern Italy, lying between lat. 44° 54′ and 46° 37′ N., and lon. 8° 32′ and 10° 50′ E., and bounded N. by the Alps, which separate it from Switzerland and Tyrol, E. by Venetia, S. by Parma, Piacenza, and Liguria, and W. by Piedmont; area (inclusive of portions of Piedmont comprised in the province of Pavia), 9,085 sq. m.; pop. in 1872, 3,460,824. It is divided into the provinces of Bergamo, Brescia, Como, Cremona, Milan, Pavia, and Sondrio. The province of Mantua, formerly part of Lombardy, has been lately added to Venetia, reducing the area to about 8,000 sq. m. and the population to 3,104,838. The greater part of the country is a plain sloping southward from the Alps toward the river Po, and which, being profusely watered and highly cultivated under a genial climate, is one of the richest and most productive regions in the world. Sondrio and the greater part of Como and Bergamo are mountainous, lying on the southern slope of the Alps. Among the most celebrated summits on the borders of Lombardy is the Splügen. Immediately S. of the mountain region is a sub-alpine or hilly district, beyond which spreads the great plain. The principal rivers are the Po and its tributaries, the Ticino, Olona, Adda, Oglio, Chiese, and Mincio. The Maize is the grain most extensively raised, one lakes are large and important, and renowned third of the arable land being devoted to it. for their picturesque beauty. The most re- The average product per acre is said to be 25 markable are the Lago Maggiore and Lake bushels, and on the richest lands from 50 to Lugano, which are partly in Switzerland, the nearly 80 bushels. Wheat is chiefly raised in lake of Como, and the lake of Garda, the the alpine region. The grape vines are trained largest and one of the most beautiful of Ital- upon trees, and extend in graceful festoons ian lakes, separating Lombardy from Venetia from one tree to another. Wine is abundant, on the east. The climate is healthy except in but generally of inferior quality. Potatoes the marshy districts, and mild except among are little cultivated, and their production is the mountains of the north. The winter lasts almost exclusively confined to the alpine reabout two months, and on the plains snow gion; they are not relished by the people, scarcely ever remains on the ground. In the and most attempts to extend their cultivamountain region are forests of fir, oak, larch, tion have failed. The chief manufacture is birch, and chestnut. The southern declivities that of silk, but cotton, woollen, and flax manof the mountains produce the vine, the mul- ufactures are likewise extensive; and there berry, and a variety of fruit trees common to are considerable iron works in various parts the temperate zone. The sub-alpine region of the country.-Lombardy was anciently a and the great plain produce silk, wine, maize, part of Cisalpine Gaul. It owes its present millet, chestnuts, orchard fruits, and vegeta-name to the Lombards, Longobardi, or Langobles. The mineral products of Lombardy, com- bardi, an ancient Germanic people of Suevic prising iron, copper, lead, alabaster, &c., are race, whose name is derived in some of their unimportant.-The Lombards are fine types national writings from their habit of wearing of the Italian nation, blending the most attrac- long beards, while some modern critics derive tive qualities common to all their countrymen it from Ger. lang, long, and Barte, in Old Gerwith some of the characteristics peculiar to man a battle club, or from lang and Borde, the Teutonic races. They are generally intelli- in Low German a bank of a river. The last gent and amiable, and fine specimens of physi- refers to the banks of the Elbe, where they cal beauty abound among both sexes. Educa- first appear in history in the time of the emtion is widely diffused. The dominant religion peror Augustus. Having figured for some is the Roman Catholic, but the number of time in the history of Arminius and MarboProtestants is increasing; that of Jews hardly duus, they soon after disappeared, and in the exceeds 3,000. More than two thirds of the 5th century reappeared in Hungary on the population are employed in agriculture. The northern bank of the Danube, which they country is better cultivated than any other in crossed in the following century after a sucEurope. Irrigation, for which the streams cessful war of extermination against their forafford ample facilities, is universally and skil- mer masters, the Heruli. South of the Danfully employed. The water of the rivers is ube, in Pannonia, they carried on a protracted so distributed by canals that there are few war against the Gepida; and after the final farms without a copious supply. The pur- annihilation of their enemies they crossed the chase and sale of water for irrigation forms Julian Alps under their victorious king Alboin, a business of much importance, and is con- and in northern Italy founded, in 568, a powducted with great strictness, the volume of erful state, with feudal institutions. Their water being accurately measured and paid for kingdom lasted for more than 200 years, their at a high rate. Great attention is bestowed most remarkable monarchs being Autharis, upon meadows, and the maintenance of live who embraced Christianity; Rotharis, who stock in the best possible condition. The promulgated a code of written laws in 643; chief labor of ploughing is performed by oxen. Grimoald, who reformed the laws of the preThe live stock is fed entirely in stalls on grass, ceding; Luitprand, who conquered Ravenna in which can be cut from the meadows all the 728; Astolphus, who attempted the conquest year round. Pigs are fattened on Indian corn. of Rome; and Desiderius, with whom the kingHorses, mules, and asses are employed for dom ended, being conquered by Charlemagne draught. The dairies are extensive, and are in 774. Under the successors of the latter the managed with great care and with the most Lombard cities, with Milan at their head, grew scrupulous cleanliness. They produce immense prosperous and powerful, and adopted repubquantities of excellent cheese, known through- lican institutions. After a long struggle with out Europe as Parmesan from having been the emperors, these cities became independent originally exported from Parma. The farms by the treaty of Constance in 1183. The famare generally small, most of them varying in ily of the Visconti soon afterward became size from 7 to 25 acres. The most numerous powerful in Milan, of which city Giovanni class of cultivators, called coloni or colonists, Galeazzo Visconti became duke in 1395, with occupy cottages with less than three acres of an extensive territory. His daughter Valenland. Silk is the staple production. Rice was tina married Louis, duke of Orleans, whence introduced from the East as early as the 10th arose in the early part of the 16th century a century, but its cultivation is restricted by claim on the part of France to the duchy, the government on account of its insalubrity. which was then in possession of the house of Sforza. The emperor Charles V. supported Francesco Sforza against the French, and in 1540, after Francesco's death, bestowed Milan as a vacant fief of the empire on his son Philip II.; and it continued to be a possession of the Spanish crown till 1706, when it was annexed by Austria. In 1796 Bonaparte conquered Lombardy, and it became successively a part of the Cisalpine republic, of the Italian republic (1801), and of the kingdom of Italy (1805). It was restored to Austria after the downfall of Napoleon by the treaties of 1815, and was united with Venice to form the LombardoVenetian kingdom of the Austrian empire. By the treaty of Zürich, Nov. 10, 1859, the whole of Lombardy, with the exception of the fortresses of Mantua and Peschiera, was added to the dominions of Victor Emanuel, to which these fortresses with all Venetia were also annexed by the treaty of Vienna of 1866. LOMBOK (native, Tanak Sassak), an island of the Indian archipelago, separated by the strait of Lombok from Bali on the west, and by the strait of Allas from Sumbawa on the east; area, about 1,850 sq. m.; pop. about 250,000. The island is nearly square, with a narrow peninsula projecting from the S. E. angle. It is crossed by two mountain ranges, nearly parallel; that on the N. side culminates in the peak of Mt. Rinjani, an extinct volcano, 8,000 ft. high; the other range follows the S. shore. Between these two is an undulating plain which is well watered and very fertile. There are many rivers, most of which empty into the two straits. The island is of volcanic formation, while in the straits on either side are several small coral islands. The coasts along these straits are indented with several very fine harbors. Oranges, bananas, jambas, and rambutans grow abundantly, and there are extensive forests of cocoa trees. Rice is cultivated with great skill, and large crops are produced. Cotton, coffee, maize, and tobacco are also raised. Hogs, goats, and fowls abound, and small hardy horses, oxen, and buffaloes are bred for exportation. Among the native birds are green doves, black cuckoos, golden orioles, and white cockatoos. No tiger or other feline animal exists on the island. In passing eastward across the strait of Lombok, there is a sudden change in the fauna, from an Asiatic to an Australian character. The inhabitants of Lombok are said to be more civilized than those of the neighboring islands. They are especially skilful in the manufacture of firearms and cutlery, and their krises or daggers are in demand throughout the archipelago. The exports are cattle, hides, horns, cotton, tobacco, cocoa oil, dried beef, and timber; the chief imports are opium, liquors, coarse cloths, raw silk, metals, and porcelain. The chief town is Amponam, on the strait of Lombok. Four miles inland from this is the village of Mataram, the capital. The government is an absolute monarchy, mildly administered. The governing class are Brahmans, but the common people are all Mohammedans. The numerous petty chiefs are frequently at war with one another. In 1815 a great eruption of a volcano on Sumbawa, 60 m. away, sent such showers of ashes over Lombok that many of its fertile fields were rendered desolate, and thousands of the inhabitants perished. From this calamity it has but slowly recovered. LOMENIE, Louis Léonard de, a French author, born at St. Yrieix, Haute-Vienne, in 1818. He is descended from the family of the cardinal Loménie de Brienne, who was comptroller of finances in 1787 and prime minister for a few months in 1788, and died from the brutal treatment of the revolutionists in 1794. He early applied himself to literature in Paris, and published, under the pseudonyme of Un Hom me de Rien, a series of political and literary biographies known as the Galerie des contemporains illustres (10 vols. 18mo, Paris, 1840'47). In 1845 he was selected as the substitute of J. J. Ampère in the chair of French literature at the collége de France, and in 1864 became permanent professor, in which office he has since been succeeded by Guillaume Guizot; but he holds a professorship in the polytechnic school. Many years since he commenced the publication in different periodicals of another series of biographical sketches, Les hommes de '89, but their issue was suspended. His most valuable work is Beaumarchais et son temps, études sur la société française (2 vols. 8vo, 1855; 2d ed., 1858). This was translated into English in 1857 (4 vols.), and abridged in New York. In January, 1874, he was elected a member of the French academy as successor of Prosper Mérimée. LOMOND, Loch, the largest lake in Scotland, 15 m. N. W. of Glasgow, lying between Dumbartonshire on the west and the counties of Perth and Stirling on the east. It is 24 m. long, and has its greatest width, about 7 m., near the S. end, from which it contracts until at the N. extremity it is less than 1 m. wide. Its depth also varies greatly, seldom exceeding 60 ft. in the S. portion, while toward the north it increases to nearly 600 ft. Its surface is only about 22 ft. above the level of the sea. The lake contains a number of islands, receives the Endrick and a large number of rivulets, and discharges its surplus waters into the frith of Clyde by the river Leven. Loch Lomond is celebrated for its grand scenery, being surrounded by high and rugged mountains toward the north, the most conspicuous of which are Ben Lomond on the east and the Arrochar hills on the west, and toward the south by an elevated and diversified country dotted with villas. Steamers ply on the lake. Rob Roy's cave, or the Cave of the Rock, at the base of Ben Lomond, on the banks of the lake, is celebrated as having been the hiding place of that famous freebooter; and in former times Robert Bruce found a secure shelter in the same locality. LOMONOSOFF, Mikhail, a Russian poet, born near Kholmogor, in the government of Arch angel, in 1711, died in St. Petersburg in April, 1765. He was the son of a fisherman. With the aid of a priest he acquired some knowledge, and clandestinely repaired to Moscow, where he found ample protection and the means to complete his studies at St. Petersburg and elsewhere. After studying mathematics at Marburg and mineralogy at Freiberg, he returned to St. Petersburg, and was made an associate of the academy, professor of chemistry, and in 1760 rector of the university. He wrote works on history, rhetoric, astronomy, chemistry, and other branches of science; but his fame rests chiefly on his poetical writings, especially his odes, and on his grammar of the Russian language. The academy of sciences of St. Petersburg published his works (6 vols., 1794; new ed. by Smirdin, 3 vols., 1847); and his biography has been written by Polevoi (2 vols., 1836). LOMZA (Pol. Lomia). I. A W. government of Russia, in the kingdom of Poland, bordering on Prussia and the governments of Suwalki, Grodno, Siedlce, Warsaw, and Plock; area, 4,401 sq. m.; pop. in 1867, 456,429. It is watered by the Bug and its affluent, the Narew. It formerly belonged to Masovia, and a portion of the province was for some time annexed to Prussia. The principal towns are Lomza, Pultusk, and Ostrolenka. II. A town, capital of the government, on the Narew, 70 m. N. E. of Warsaw; pop. in 1867, 10,340. It has a gymnasium, a Piarist college, an arsenal, påper mills, and manufactories of leather and woollen goods. It was once a place of considerable importance, but was destroyed by the Swedes, and has never recovered its former prosperity, though the population has greatly increased within the last generation. LONDON, the metropolis of Great Britain, situated on the Thames, 60 m. W. from the sea by the course of the river to the Nore light, and 40 m. in a straight line; lat. (of the centre of the dome of St. Paul's cathedral) 51° 30′ 48" N., lon. 0° 5′ 48′′ W. It includes parts of the counties of Middlesex, Surrey, and Kent, extending N. and N. W. to Clapton, Highgate, and Hampstead; E. and S. E. to Bow, Barking, Plumstead, and Eltham; S. and S. W. to Sydenham, Norwood, Tooting, Wandsworth, and Fulham; S. and W. to Hammersmith and Wormwood Scrubs; area, 122 sq. m. The population increased from about 50,000 in the 12th century to nearly 200,000 in the 17th. In 1801, by the first systematic census, it was 958,863; in 1821, 1,378,947; in 1841, 1,948,417; in 1861, 2,803,989; and in 1871, according to the census statistics of the metropolitan board of works, 3,266,987. The ratio of increase from 1841 to 1851 was 19.7 per 1,000; in 1851-'61 it declined to 17.3, and in 1861-'71 to 15 in the metropolis proper, but respectively advanced to 27.7 and to 42 in the outlying districts. The registrar's tables for 1871 give the population of the various divisions of the metropolis as follows: Of the total population returned by the registrar in 1871, 3,029,260 were born in England and Wales, 41,029 in Scotland, 91,171 in Ireland, 20,324 in the colonies and India, 5,170 in the islands of the British seas, and 1,205 in ships at sea. The remainder, 66,101, were foreigners, nearly half Germans, and the rest comprising almost all nationalities. The population was estimated by the registrar in the middle of 1874 at 3,400,000. The postal district covers an area of 250 sq. m. The metropolitan police district comprises many towns, villages, and parishes formerly independent, and still often spoken of as such, and extends over the whole of Middlesex (exclusive of London City, which has its own police) and the surrounding parishes in the counties of Surrey, Kent, Essex, and Hertford, of which any part is within 12 m. of Charing Cross, and not over 15 m., embracing an area of 687 sq. m. and a population in 1871 of 3,808,360, or including the City police district 3,883,092, being one eighth of the whole population of the United Kingdom, and 500,000 more than that of all Scotland. This does not include transient residents, whose number is immense at all times, and especially between May and August, when the patricians, politicians, and votaries of fashion are in town, together with many interested in parliamentary business. At this time London is most brilliant, the West End resembling a fashionable watering place, where distinguished people unite affairs of state with social pleasure, and where the rush from the club houses to parliament, to galleries of art, to the drives in the parks and gardens, and to the opera, balls, and receptions, is incessant. Autumn and winter find the West End comparatively deserted, but with the pleasant walks along the new embankments and increasing improvements, and the animation of the popular thoroughfares and the business regions, the metropolis is at all times attractive, and full of boundless resources and of grandeur, although the atmosphere is always lurid with the smoke of coal, and is often foggy and damp.-The following are the ten parliamentary boroughs of the metropolis: City of London (pop. in 1871, 74,732), Westminster (246,413), Chelsea (258,011), Marylebone (477,555), Hackney (362,427), Finsbury (443,316), Tower Hamlets (391,568), Lambeth (379,112), Southwark (207,335), and Greenwich (167,632). Their population is only about 3,000,000, the remainder belonging to non-metropolitan electoral districts. The City, though containing a much smaller number of residents than any of the other East Ham Level London and its Environs. boroughs, and which further declined between 1861 and 1871 to the extent of 40,000, is on account of its commercial and financial importance represented by four members of parliament, and the other nine boroughs by two each. The city of London proper, the original nucleus of the metropolis, and called distinctively "the City," has for its base the N. bank of the Thames, with its W. line extending to Middle Temple lane, where, crossing Fleet street at Temple Bar and Holborn at Southampton buildings, it skirts Smithfield, VOL. X.-38 Barbican, and Finsbury circus on the north; traversing the end of Bishopsgate street Without, and proceeding southward down Petticoat lane across the end of Aldgate street and along the Minories, it finally reaches the Thames at the tower of London. The City comprises 110 parishes, four of which are without the walls. Westminster is bounded N., from Tottenham Court road to its suburban limit at Kensington gardens, by Oxford street; while on its extreme W. side, crossing the centre of the Serpentine in Hyde park, it reaches the |