were spreading, and who disregarded the old established Indian line. Texas finally established reservations in 1854, but the Lipans, instead of going on them, returned to Mexico, numbering at the time 560, and constantly raided into Texas. After the close of the civil war the United States endeavored to draw back the Indians who had gone to Mexico. Some of the Lipans entered New Mexico in 1872, but did not remain. The next year a party raiding into Texas were pursued by Gen. McKenzie, who struck a Kickapoo camp, killing several. Soon afterward the Kickapoos were induced to remove back to the United States, but efforts to recover the Lipans failed. LIPARI. I. A group of volcanic islands (anc. Folia or Vulcania insula) in the Tyrrhenian sea, between the W. coast of Naples and the N. coast of Sicily, from which they are distant from 12 to 40 m.; pop. about 22,000. The isl

Town of Lipari.

ands are 17 in number; the principal of them are Lipari, Vulcano, Stromboli, Salina, Panaria, Felicudi, and Alicudi, with many adjacent islets and rocks. They are all mountainous. The climate is salubrious and the air pure, and the principal products are fruits, wine, cotton, corn, peas, beans, &c. Storms and earthquakes are frequent. Lipari (anc. Lipara), the largest of the islands, is about 18 m. in circuit; pop. about 18,000. It supplies Europe with pumice stone, of which its surface is almost wholly composed. None of the islands except Lipari appear to have been anciently inhabited to any extent. At the commencement of the second Punic war a Carthaginian squadron was wrecked on the shores of Lipari and the island of Vulcano. Lipari was prosperous under the Romans, and was sometimes used as a place of exile for political offenders. It was much frequented for its hot springs, one of which still remains in use. II. A town, capital of the

group, on the E. coast of Lipari island, with a harbor nearly 2 m. in circuit, 38 m. N. W. of Messina; pop. about 6,000. It has an active trade in the produce of the islands with Palermo, Messina, and Naples. It contains a castle, a bishop's palace, several churches, a hospital, and some remains of antiquity. The greater part of the present fortress was built by Charles V. about the middle of the 16th century, after the town had been plundered by Khair ed-Din (Barbarossa).

LIPETZK, a town of Russia, in the government of Tambov, on the Voronezh, 230 m. S. S. E. of Moscow; pop. in 1867, 14,239. It is noted for its manufactories and mineral springs. LIPPE, or Lippe-Detmold, a German principality, bounded N. E. by the Prussian province of Hesse-Nassau, E. by the province of Hanover and by Waldeck, and on all other sides by Westphalia; area, 437 sq. m.; pop. in 1871,

111,135, of whom 2,638

were Roman Catholics, 1,035 Jews, and all the others Protestants, mostly Reformed. It is traversed by chains of the Teutoburg mountains, called here Lippe'scher Wald, and drained by the Werre and other small tributaries of the Weser. The staple productions are flax and timber. The principality comprises the counties of Lippe, Schwalenberg, and Sternberg, and several Westphalian places. The principal towns are Detmold, the capital, and Lemgo. In 1815 the principality became one of the states of the German confederation; in 1866 it joined the North German confederation; and since the beginning of 1871 it has formed part of the German empire. In 1848 a new constitution was promulgated, but the former and less liberal one was restored in 1853. The diet consists of only one chamber, numbering 21 deputies, 7 of whom are chosen by the nobility and 14 by the towns and rural communities. The revenue in 1871 amounted to $189,000, the expenditures to $186,000; the public debt in 1872 was $304,000. In virtue of a special military treaty with Prussia, the military force has been incorporated with the Prussian army. LIPPE SCHAUMBURG. See SCHAUMBURGLIPPE.

LIPPI. I. Fra Filippo, an Italian painter, born in Florence in 1412, died in Spoleto in 1469. He was of obscure parentage, and at an early age found refuge in the convent of the Carmelites in Florence, where he was induced by poverty to assume the habit of the order.

According to Vasari, he was the pupil of Masaccio. Impelled partly by a passion for his art, partly by a love of pleasure, he escaped to Ancona when about 18 years old, renounced his sacred profession, and established himself as a painter. While on a sea excursion near Ancona, he was captured by a Barbary corsair and carried into captivity in Africa. Drawing one day a sketch of his master in charcoal, the latter was so much pleased with the performance that he released him and sent him home. Fra Filippo visited Naples and Rome, gaining, in spite of his profligate life, so much celebrity that the Medici family recalled him to Florence. In 1459, while engaged in painting the walls of the convent of Santa Margherita in Prato, he seduced a young novice named Lucrezia Buti, who had sat for one of the figures in his pictures, and carried her away from the convent; a crime which it needed all the influence of the Medici to prevent the community from punishing summarily. A dispensation was finally procured from the pope to enable Fra Filippo to marry Lucrezia; but as he neglected to do so, her family contrived, it is said, to have him poisoned. He is generally considered one of the greatest of the painters before Raphael, and was one of the first to design the human figure of the size of life, and to paint landscape backgrounds with some feeling for nature. II. Filippino, the natural son of the preceding by the novice Lucrezia Buti, born in Florence in 1460, died in 1505. He followed the profession of his father, though free from his libertine tastes, and was among the first to introduce ornamental accessories from the antique into pictures. Many of his frescoes remain in Rome and Florence, some of which were long supposed to be by Masaccio.

LIPPINCOTT, Sara Jane (CLARKE), an American authoress, known by her nom de plume of "Grace Greenwood," born at Pompey, Onondaga co., N. Y., Sept. 23, 1823. Much of her childhood was passed at Rochester. About 1842 she removed with her father to New Brighton, Pa., and in 1853 was married to Leander K. Lippincott of Philadelphia. She published occasional verses at an early age under her own name, but her first prose publications appeared in the "New York Mirror" in 1844, under the signature which she has since retained. She has published "Greenwood Leaves" (1850-'52), "History of my Pets" (1850), "Poems" (1851), "Recollections of my Childhood" (1851), "Haps and Mishaps of a Tour in England" (1854), "Merrie England" (1855), "Forest Tragedy and other Tales" (1856), "Stories and Legends of Travel" (1858), "History for Children" (1858), "Stories from Famous Ballads (1860), "Stories of Many Lands," ," "Stories and Sights in France and Italy," ," "Records of Five Years" (1867), and "New Life in New Lands" (1873). She is also the author of several addresses and lectures, and has been largely connected, as editor or contributor, with periodical literature.

LIPTO (Ger. Liptau), a county of N. Hungary, watered by the Waag, an affluent of the Danube; area, 872 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 79,273, mostly Slavs. The N. E. portions belong to the highest division of the northern Carpathians, known as the Tátra range. The inhabitants are engaged in agriculture and raising of cattle. There are mines of gold, silver, copper, and iron. Capital, Szent-Miklós.

LIQUIDAMBAR (L. styraciflua), the sweet gum tree or bilsted, a large deciduous tree, placed by some botanists in family by itself, while others unite it with the witch hazel and a few other genera to form the witch-hazel family, the hamamelacea. The tree grows 60 to 70 ft. high and 2 ft. or more in diameter, with a grayish bark; the small branches and twigs have the corky layer of the bark developed as prominent longitudinal ridges; the rounded leaves are five- to seven-lobed, giving them a star shape, unlike those of any others

of our forest trees; the lobes are pointed and glandular serrate; the leaves are 3 to 6 in. in diameter, smooth and shining, and fragrant when bruised. The flowers are usually monocious, in globular heads or catkins; the staminate clusters consist of numerous stamens intermixed with scales; the fertile flowers consist of two-celled, two-beaked ovaries, with scales in place of a calyx, and cohering in a globular head. The fruit is a spherical woody mass an inch or more in diameter, prickly with the hardened beaks of the ovaries; the seeds are small, winged, escaping from the head by openings between the beaks. But a very small proportion of the seeds perfect themselves, and the pods are filled with the abortive ones, which appear like sawdust. The tree is found from southern New England to Illinois and southward to the gulf. The wood is soft, finegrained, and can be readily stained or polished,

but on account of its want of durability can only be used for interior work; hence it has but little value as a timber tree, and it is a very poor fuel. A decoction of the bark is used as a domestic remedy in diarrhoea and other cases requiring astringents; the leaves of the tree, according to Porcher, contain large amounts of tannic and gallic acid, and their employment in tanning has been suggested. The generic name, which is a mongrel compound of Latin and Arabic, means liquid amber, and has reference to an exudation resembling storax, which is only developed in the tree in warm climates. (See BALSAMS.) The chief utility of the tree is in its ornamental character; and for planting for decorative purposes it is in some respects not excelled by any other native of our forests. When crowded by other trees, it is drawn up with a straight trunk and presents but little beauty; but where it has room to properly develop itself, it forms a fine, broad, rounded head like a maple, and with its bright, clean, star-shaped leaves is a most attractive object. Its greatest beauty is however seen in autumn; its foliage in ripening assumes various pleasing tints, ultimately becoming a dark purplish red or crimson, and adding essentially to the brilliancy of the autumn landscape. The tree is readily raised from seed, but cannot be successfully transplanted from the forest unless taken when very young.

LIQUORICE, or Licorice, a medicinal article derived from plants belonging to the genus glycyrrhiza (Gr. yavкuç, sweet, and pica, a root), commonly from the G. glabra, and probably a portion is furnished by G. echinata. A species, G. lepidota, is found on the shores of Lake Erie, but more abundantly further west, which has in a measure the taste of the foreign plant. The glycyrrhizas are herbaceous plants of the natural order leguminosa, having erect stems 4 or 5 ft. high, with few branches, leaves alternate, pinnate; flowers violet or purple, formed like those of the pea, and arranged in axillary spikes on long peduncles. The fruit is a smooth or bristly pod, with one to four small kidney-shaped seeds in a single cell. The root, which is perennial, attains the length of several feet, and is sometimes more than an inch in diameter. When three years old it is dug, and when cleansed and dried is ready for the market, in which state it is known as liquorice root or stick liquorice. The extract of liquorice, sometimes called in commerce Spanish juice, and popularly known as ball liquorice, is prepared by boiling the root with water; the saturated decoction is then decanted off and evaporated to proper consistence for forming the substance into cylinders 5 or 6 in. long and an inch in diameter. These, packed in cases with bay leaves, are the extract of liquorice of commerce. It is dry and brittle, of shining fracture, of sweet and peculiar taste, and, if pure and genuine, entirely soluble in water. This, however, is rarely the

case, for the article is subject to gross adulterations. The Spanish liquorice is frequently nothing else than a mixture of the juice with the worst kind of gum arabic, called Barbary gum. Metallic copper scraped off the evaporating pans is very frequently present; and starch and flour sometimes constitute nearly one half of the substance. These adulterations Dr. Hassall found extended to the different kinds of roll and pipe liquorice, and Pontefract lozenges, which last, made near the town of that name, are usually considered as presenting a very pure form of the extract. Liquorice is refined by dissolving the impure extract in water without boiling, separating the insoluble matters and also the acrid oleo-resinous portions which by long boiling were extracted from the root, and reforming the article in cylinders of the size of pipe stems. But in the place of the substances removed others are commonly intro

Liquorice Plant (Glycyrrhiza glabra).

duced, as sugar, flour, starch, and gelatine.The most important proximate principles found in liquorice are: 1, glycyrrhizine or glycione, a glucosite (C48H36O18, or C16H12O6), a transparent yellow substance, of a sweet taste, but distinct from sugar, scarcely soluble in cold but exceedingly so in boiling water, with which it gelatinizes on cooling; 2, a crystallizable principle identical with asparagine; 3, a brown acrid resin. Besides these, it contains starch, albumen, extract of gum, salts, &c. Glycyrrhizine is present, according to Dr. Hassall, in the fresh root, the undecorticated powder, and the decorticated powder, in the respective percentages of 8.60, 10:40, and 13.0, and the pure extract should contain 10 to 15 per cent. The commercial extracts vary more or less from this. Liquorice is used in medicine chiefly as a demulcent, especially in affections of the bronchial tubes, and also to

Nossa Senhora dos Martyres, erected by Alfonso I. on the site of the crusaders' camp, and consequently the most ancient parish in Lisbon, the beautiful church of Santa Engracia, and that at São Roque. A large number of convents seated on the various hills, and mostly massive and imposing structures, present the appearance of palaces and fortresses. Among the other public buildings of importance are the Castello de São Jorge, on one of the highest eminences, which with the ground immediately surrounding it formed the original Moorish city; the military arsenal, in the easternmost district, on the banks of the river; the naval arsenal, adjoining the Largo do Pelourinho, and erected by Pombal after the earthquake; the custom house, on the east side of the Praça do Commercio; the exchange; the mint, with a coining machine worked by steam; the polytechnic institute, the architecture of which is chaste in style and admirable in execution; and above all, the grand aqueduct, constructed under John V., conveying water from springs some 10 m. N. W. of the city to the reservoir Mãi d'Agua, near the Praça do Rato. This magnificent structure crosses the valley of Alcantara upon a series of lofty arches, the maximum height of which is about 250 ft. Lisbon abounds in hospitals and charitable institutions; the most interesting of the former is São José, and of the latter the Real Casa Pia, now located in the convent of São Geronimo at Belem, for foundlings, orphans, and little wanderers. There are five theatres, a museum of natural history, and a botanic garden, three general cemeteries near the city for natives, and several smaller ones for foreigners. The English burial ground, called by the Portuguese Os Cyprestes, on the Estrella hill, contains the tombs of Fielding the novelist and Dr. Philip Doddridge. Adjoining the ground is a school for English children of both sexes whose parents are in straitened circumstances. The Limoeiro, now the principal prison, was formerly a palace. The only bridge worthy of mention is that over the small stream of Alcantara, on the road to Belem, with a beautiful statue of St. John Nepomuck, the patron of bridges, executed by the sculptor Padua. Near the bridge is a large collection of royal carriages. Among the scientific and learned societies may be mentioned the royal academy of sciences, founded in 1778; the society for the promotion of national industry; the society for the amelioration of the laboring classes; the royal marine academy, with its observatory; the military college; royal academy of artillery and engineers; school of music; the national library, with over 150,000 volumes; and the library of the cortes, with 30,000 volumes. The educational establishments comprise the royal schools of Vicente de Fora for philosophy, the sciences, and the ancient languages; the royal school of design and architecture; and a number of elementary schools, public and private. Besides the thea

tres, there are several other places of amusement, such as the Circo dos Touros, for bull fights, constructed in 1831, with accommodation for an immense number of spectators, and a profusion of public gardens and promenades. -The port (or rather roadstead) of Lisbon is very spacious, offering excellent anchorage for whole fleets together, and is justly regarded as one of the finest in Europe. The entrance to the Tagus is defended by two forts, São Julião, and Bugio situated on the islet of Alcaçova, on which is also a lighthouse; and the bar at the mouth is the only one in Portugal which vessels can cross in all seasons and at all hours. Among the most ancient industries of the Lisbonese are those of the goldsmith and jeweller; while those of modern introduction include cotton and woollen spinning, and the manufacture of silk fabrics, sails, cordage, paper, chemicals, wax candles, and earthenware. Meats and fruits of various kinds are extensively preserved for export; there is a steam saw mill; and a spinning and weaving factory, some 7 m. from the city, on the opposite bank of the river, has recently achieved marked improvement in the manufacture of woollen and cotton stuffs. The imports mainly consist of cotton and woollen goods, anthracite coal, sugar, butter, raw metals, hides, and skins; the exports, of wine, olive oil, coffee, raw wax, bark, minerals (antimony, manganese, &c.), cotton fabrics, preserved meats and fruits, dried and green fruits, chemicals, and various other commodities. The total value of the exports in 1872 was $8,145,526 (wine, $1,335,376), and in 1873, $8,024,619 (wine, $1,836,680); of imports in 1872, $12,072,443, and in 1873, $12,497,728. The bank of Portugal, created in 1846, with a capital of about $12,000,000, is the principal establishment of its kind in the kingdom. The wealthiest merchants are for the most part English; but there are many French, Germans, Dutch, and Italians. Lisbon is directly connected by rail with Oporto and other important cities in the kingdom, and with Madrid.-Nothing is definitely known of the date of the foundation of Lisbon, though some native historians gravely ascribe it to Ulysses, whence the early name Olisipo. Julius Cæsar bestowed upon it the rights of a municipium, and called it Felicitas Julia. The Alani, Vandals, and Suevi seized it in 409; and the Moors, who captured it in 711, named it Lishbuna, and held it till 1147, when it was wrested from them by Count Affonso Henriques (afterward king as Alfonso I.). Lisbon was made an archbishopric in 1390, and a patriarchate in 1716 by Clement XI. In 1433 the seat of government was transferred hither from Coimbra. It reached the zenith of its importance at the beginning of the 16th century under Emanuel the Great, when the Portuguese were distinguished above all other nations for their maritime discovery and commercial enterprise. From 1580 to 1640, under Spanish rule, it was a provincial