KOSCIUSKO, a N. county of Indiana, drained by Tippecanoe river; area, 567 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 23,531. The surface is undulating and the soil mostly productive. It is diversified with several lakes and prairies. The Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne, and Chicago, and the Cincinnati, Wabash, and Michigan railroads pass through it. The chief productions in 1870 were 528,502 bushels of wheat, 276,820 of Indian corn, 73,591 of oats, 75,755 of potatoes, 86,430 lbs. of wool, 448,364 of butter, and 18,005 tons of hay. There were 7,964 horses, 6,504 milch cows, 7,740 other cattle, 29,909 sheep, and 19,443 swine; 6 manufactories of carriages, 2 of woollen goods, 7 flour mills, and 37 saw mills. Capital, Warsaw.

KOSCIUSKO, Mount. See AUSTRALIA, vol. ii., p. 129.

KOSCIUSZKO, Tadeusz (THADDEUS), a Polish patriot, born near Novogrudek, Lithuania, Feb. 12, 1746, died in Solothurn, Switzerland, Oct. 15, 1817. He was descended from a noble Lithuanian family, studied at the military academy of Warsaw, and was sent to the military school at Versailles to complete his studies at the expense of the state. On his return to Poland he rose to the rank of captain, but an unrequited passion for the daughter of the marshal of Lithuania induced him to leave his country. He embarked for America, where he received a commission as an officer of engineers, Oct. 18, 1776, and repaired to his post with the troops under Gates. He planned the encampment and post of the army on the range of hills called Bemis heights, near Saratoga, from which, after two well fought actions, Burgoyne found it impossible to dislodge the Americans. Kosciuszko was subsequently the principal engineer in executing the works at West Point, and became one of the adjutants of Washington, under whom he served with distinction. From Franklin he received the most marked expressions of esteem and commendation. Finally he was made a brigadier general, and was honored with the public thanks of congress, and with the badge of the Cincinnati. At the end of the war he returned to Poland, where he lived several years in retirement. In 1789, when the Polish army was reorganized, he was appointed a major general. He fought gallantly in defence of the constitution of May 3, 1791, under Prince Poniatowski against the Russians, and particularly in the battle of Zielence (June 18, 1792), and in that of Dubienka (July 17), where with but 4,000 men he kept at bay 15,000 Russians, and finally made his retreat without great loss. When King Stanislas submitted to the second partition of Poland, Kosciuszko resigned his commission and retired to Leipsic, where he received from the national assembly the citizenship of France. He was bent, however, on another effort for Poland. A rising of his countrymen was secretly planned, and Kosciuszko elected dictator and general-in-chief. Suddenly appearing at Cracow, March 24, 1794, he issued a manifesto against the Russians, and,

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with a hastily collected host, armed mostly with scythes, advanced to meet the enemy. At Raclawice (April 4) he routed with 5,000 men a Russian corps almost doubly strong, and returned in triumph to Cracow. He received reënforcements from some former Polish detachments, and, committing the conduct of government affairs to a national council organized by himself, moved forward in quest of the Russian army. His march was opposed by the king of Prussia at the head of 40,000 men, and Kosciuszko, whose force amounted to but 13,000, was defeated, June 6, 1794, at Szczekociny. Being unable to check the anarchy that existed everywhere in the land, Kosciuszko had laid down the dictatorship and now retired with his army to Warsaw, which city he defended with great success against the beleaguering Prussians and Russians. When the siege was raised, he reorganized his army, and went out to check the progress of the Russian forces under Suvaroff and Fersen, but was routed by their overwhelming numbers at Maciejowice, Oct. 10. Kosciuszko, falling covered with wounds from his horse, was captured by the Russians, and consigned to a prison in St. Petersburg. His imprisonment was rigorously continued during two years, until the death of Catharine, when the emperor Paul gave him his liberty, with many marks of esteem. The czar, on releasing his prisoner, offered him his own sword. have no need of a sword," said Kosciuszko; "I have no country to defend." No sooner had he crossed the Russian frontier than he sent back to the czar the patent of his pension, and every testimonial of Russian favor. Henceforth his life was passed in retirement. In 1797 he visited the United States, where he was received with great honor and distinction, and obtained from congress a grant of land, in addition to a pension which he had received since the close of the war. Taking up his abode thereafter in France, he lived chiefly at a country place near Fontainebleau, passing his time in agricultural pursuits. In 1806 Napoleon, about to invade Poland, desired to make use of the patriot; but Kosciuszko, under parole not to fight against Russia, refused to lend himself to his purpose. When the allies approached Paris in 1814, Kosciuszko observed a Polish regiment committing acts of pillage. Rushing forward, he upbraided the officers for their conduct. "Who is he who dares to speak thus?" they exclaimed. "I am Kosciuszko," he replied. The effect of his name upon the soldiers was electric. Throwing down their arms, they prostrated themselves at his feet, and supplicated his pardon. The emperor Alexander, who, in an audience subsequently, held him long in conversation, made him the most flattering promises. Kosciuszko repaired to Vienna, but after the battle of Waterloo he was strangely neglected, and soon left the seat of the great European congress. In 1816 he went to live in Switzer

land, making his home at Solothurn, whence in the following year he sent a deed of manumission to all the serfs upon his Polish estate. His death was caused by a fall from his horse over a precipice. His remains were removed by the emperor Alexander to the cathedral church of Cracow, where they repose by the side of Poniatowski and Sobieski. Near Cracow there is a mound of earth 150 ft. high, which was raised to his memory by the people, earth being brought from every great battle field of Poland. From a fancied resemblance in shape to this tumulus, the loftiest known mountain in Australia has received the name of Mount Kosciusko.

KOSEGARTEN, Johann Gottfried Ludwig, a German orientalist, son of the poet Ludwig Theobul Kosegarten, born in Altenkirchen, Sept. 10, 1792, died in Greifswald, Aug. 18, 1860. He went to Paris in 1812 to study the oriental languages under Chézy and Sylvestre de Sacy. On his return to Germany in 1815 he was appointed to the chair of oriental literature at Greifswald, and in 1817 he accepted the same professorship at Jena, but returned in 1824 to Greifswald. Among his works are an edition of the Moallaka of the Arabian poet Amru ben Kelthum (Jena, 1819); German translations of the Indian poem Nala (1820), and of Tuti nameh, a collection of Persian tales, made in collaboration with Iken (Stuttgart, 1822); editions of the Arabian annals of Tabari (1831), of the collection of songs entitled Kitab al-Aghani (1840), and of Indian fables entitled Pantschatantra (Bonn, 1848); Die Geschichte der Unitersität Greifswald (Greifswald, 1856-'7); and several works on the history of Pomerania.

KOSEL, a fortified town of Prussia, in the province of Silesia, on the Oder, and at the mouth of the Plodnitz, 25 m. S. S. E. of Oppeln; pop. in 1871, 4,517. It has a castle, two churches, a synagogue, and considerable trade. From 1306 to 1359 it was the capital of a duchy.

KÖSLIN, a town of Prussia, in the province of Pomerania, 85 m. N. E. of Stettin; pop. in 1871, 13,360. It is the seat of a court of appeal, and has four churches, a gymnasium, and a normal school. On the public place is the statue of Frederick William I., who in 1718 rebuilt the town when the larger portion of it had been destroyed by a conflagration. A railway connects it with Stettin.

KOSLOV. See Kozlov.

KOSSUTH, a N. county of Iowa, drained by a branch of Des Moines river; area, 576 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 3,351. It has an undulating surface and a fertile soil. The Iowa and Dakota division of the Chicago, Milwaukee, and St. Paul railroad is in operation to the county seat. The chief productions in 1870 were 52,288 bushels of wheat, 65,137 of Indian corn, 67,825 of oats, 10,449 of potatoes, 86,131 lbs. of butter, and 7,442 tons of hay. There were 891 horses, 874 milch cows, 1,784 other cattle, 424 sheep, and 1,198 swine. Capital, Algona.

KOSSUTH, Lajos (Louis), a Hungarian patriot, born at Monok, county of Zemplén, April 27, 1802. His family, of Slavic descent, were Lutherans and noble. His father, a lawyer, gave his children a liberal education. Lajos, the only son, received his first classical instruction in the gymnasium of the Piarists at Ujhely, studied at Eperies, and passed through a legal and philosophical course at the college of Patak. The spirit which animated this last institution has almost always been one of opposition to the rule of Austria. Kossuth was well read in history, and spoke with almost equal fluency Magyar, Slovak, German, French, and Latin, the last of which was still in part the legal language of his country. Shortly after leaving college, he was appointed an assessor in the assembly of his native county, and soon became noted as a liberal, exceedingly popular with the lower classes, and was for some time manager of the estates of the countess Szapáry in Zemplén. In the diet of 1832-6 he was proxy of a magnate or member of the upper house, in which capacity he had a deliberative voice, but no vote, in the lower. This diet ranks among the more important assemblies of modern Hungary. Its debates, closely following the Polish tragedy of 1831, were watched with lively anxiety by the patriots, but their publication was hindered by severe restrictions. The opposition, at the suggestion of Kossuth, resorted to the extraordinary means of a written newspaper, the Országgyülési tudósítások (" Parliamentary Communications"). Extracts and comments were dictated by Kossuth to a large number of copyists, and widely circulated. After the close of the diet Kossuth endeavored to continue his activity by a lithographic paper, Törvényhatósági tudósítások (Municipal Communications"), edited in Pesth; but the government prohibited its publication. Kossuth resisted, putting himself under the protection of the county of Pesth. The government sent its prohibition to the latter. The assembly refused to obey, declaring all censorship unconstitutional. Numerous other counties supported Kossuth with equal zeal. He, with several other advocates of the popular cause, was seized in the night (May 2, 1837), tried for treason, and condemned to four years' imprisonment. A general outburst of indignation and an unprecedented agitation followed. The liberals carried the elections for the diet of 1839-'40, and answered the government propositions, the principal of which were demands for subsidies in money and men, with a demand for the liberation of the prisoners. The Thiers ministry in France threatened a general movement in Europe, which was then agitated by the Egyptian question, and the cabinet of Vienna was compelled to yield. Kossuth's liberation was hailed with loud demonstrations. The laws of 1840, enacted under the leadership of Deák, gave new vigor to the opposition. At this juncture Landerer, a publisher of Pesth, having received a license

sia, but though he refused the proposed means of evading all danger by an adoption of the Mohammedan religion, the Porte, encouraged by England and France, resisted all threats; and finally, at the intervention of the United States and England, he was allowed to depart with his family and friends. His wife had secretly escaped from Hungary, and his children, two sons and a daughter, had been allowed by Haynau to join him in Asia. On Sept. 1, 1851, he was liberated and set out to embark on the war steamer Mississippi, which had been despatched by the United States government, in accordance with a resolution of the senate, to convey him to America as the nation's guest. He had employed the days of his confinement in Asia in the study of military science, and in perfecting his knowledge of living languages. He was able to address the people of the West in French, English, German, and Italian; and when, after visiting Gibraltar and Lisbon, where he was treated with distinction, he finally reached Southampton, he was listened to with no less admiration than sympathy by the English. The same enthusiastic feeling followed him on his tour through the most populous cities of the kingdom, and subsequently through the United States, where he arrived Dec. 5, 1851, accompanied by his wife and Mr. and Mrs. Pulszky. He addressed deputations and meetings in New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington, and numerous other places, urging the acknowledgment of the claims of Hungary to independence, and the interference of the United States jointly with England in behalf of the principle of nonintervention, which would allow the nations of Europe fair play in a new struggle for liberty. His agitation received a fatal blow by the coup d'état of Louis Napoleon, the news of which reached America a fortnight after his arrival, and his call for contributions for a reopening of the struggle in Hungary had therefore a very small result, in spite of the general sympathy with the exile and his cause. At Washington he was received with distinctions which had never been bestowed on any foreigner except Lafayette. He returned to Europe in July, 1852, where for some time he acted in concert with Mazzini and Ledru-Rollin. Preparations for a rising in the spring of 1853, which rapidly consumed the contributions received in the United States, ended with the execution of Jubal, Noszlopi, and others in Hungary, and with the banishment of Kossuth's mother and sisters. His mother died soon after in Brussels; one of his sisters, Mme. Meszlényi, died some time after her arrival in the United States, and another, Mme. Zulyavsky, in 1860; and the only surviving one, Mme. Ruttkay, still resides there. After some participation in newspaper discussions, Kossuth delivered lectures on various topics, but especially on the history and affairs of Hungary, in England and Scotland. The preparations of Napoleon and Victor Emanuel for a war against Austria at the

beginning of 1859 once more rekindled his hope for the liberation of Hungary. He went to Paris, and subsequently to Italy, where he was received with great enthusiasm by the people, and introduced by Prince Napoleon to the emperor of the French, with whom he concerted a common plan of attacking Austria in its Hungarian possessions in case the war should be carried into the interior of Venetia. This was prevented by the peace of Villafranca. Kossuth, bitterly disappointed, returned to England, and the Hungarian legion, formed under Klapka in Sardinia, was dissolved. In 1862 he removed to Turin, where he has since resided, and where he successively lost his daughter and wife. During the war of 1866 he issued an address to the Hungarians, trying to rouse them to action, and subsequently repeatedly and strongly condemned the arrangement with Austria carried through under the lead of Deák. Declining several elections to the diet of Pesth, he has since remained in voluntary exile, occupied with scientific studies, and has published several papers, among them Farbenveränderung der Sterne (1871).-His collected writings have been published in the Europäische Bibliothek (Wurzen, 1860-'70). Of his speeches various collections have appeared in England, the United States, and Germany. See W. J. Wyatt, "Hungarian Celebrities" (London, 1872).

KOSTROMA. I. A central government of European Russia, bordering on the governments of Vologda, Viatka, Nizhegorod, Vladimir, and