Lily Scale

Raising them from seed is slow, and is not often resorted to, save to obtain new varieties. A few species are increased by planting the bulblets borne upon the stem; in some the bulbs increase in number either by producing small ones at the base of the old bulb, or some inches distant, at the end of a rhizome. Layering the stem is sometimes practised, small bulbs being produced at the point of attachment of the leaf; this kind of layering takes place naturally when the bulb is planted sufficiently deep. (See LAYERING.) . Still another method of propagation is by means of the bulb scales, which are broken off from their attachment to the base of the bulb and placed in a pot or box of soil; this is done in autumn, and the earth containing the scales is kept all winter at a temperature of 50° or 60°; by spring each scale will have formed one or more minute bulbs at its base, when the boxes containing them are set out in the open ground; in two or three years the bulbs will be sufficiently large to flower.-The African lily, agapanthus umbellatus, from the Cape of Good Hope, is an old-fashioned house plant of the same family. It has long flat leaves and a stem 1 to 2 ft. high, bearing an umbel of large blue flowers; there is a form with handsomely striped leaves. It is not hardy, but is frequently turned out to bloom in the borders. Day lily is a name applied to plants of two genera of the lily family. One of the oldest inhabitants of the gardens is the tawny day lily, hemerocallis fulva; it has a tuberous root stock, and forms large clumps of long, linear, keeled leaves; the flower stems arise above the leaves and bear a few lily-shaped, yellowish copper-colored flowers, which remain open but for a day; in many places it has escaped from gardens and is naturalized along roadsides. H. flava is a more slender plant, with light yellow flowers, and there are several others cultivated. Funkia, a genus separated from hemerocallis, comprises plants with broad leaves with white or blue flowers, which are also called day lilies; F. subcordata, white, and F. ovata, blue, are the most common species. Lily of the Nile is one of the names for Richardia Africana, also called calla Ethiopica. (See CALLA.) Pond lily and water lily are common names for nuphar and nymphaa. (See WATER LILY.)

LILY, William, an English grammarian, born at Odiham, Hampshire, about 1466, died in London in February, 1523. He was educated at Oxford, spent five years at Rhodes studying Greek, and in 1509 established a classical school in London, and is said to have been the first Englishman that ever taught Greek in that country. When Dr. Colet founded St. Paul's school in 1510, he appointed Lily

its first master, and he held this office for 12 years. He died of the plague. The most important of his works is Brevissima Institutio, seu Ratio Grammatices Cognoscenda (4to, London, 1513), a book which, under the title of "Lily's Grammar," has probably passed through more editions than any other similar work. Dean Colet was the author of the English rudiments, Erasmus of the greater part of the Latin syntax, and Lily of the rest; and Cardinal Wolsey wrote the preface to the second edition.

LILYBEUM. See MARSALA.

LILY OF THE VALLEY (convallaria majalis), one of the most popular of the many plants which have the name lily attached to them, but which do not belong to the genus lilium. The generic name is the Latin lilium convallium slightly altered, and of which our common name is a translation. Though introduced into our gardens from Europe, the plant is found perfectly wild upon the higher Alleghanies, from Virginia southward. It belongs to the asparagus suborder of the lily family, which includes the lily-like plants having no bulb, and producing a berry-like fruit. The lily of the valley is a perennial with slender running root stocks, which produce large scaly buds; each bud sends up in May two oblong, parallel-veined leaves, the petioles of which are so rolled together as to appear like a stalk, and a single slender stem which bears small bell-shaped, nodding, fragrant, white flowers in a one-sided raceme; the perianth, or what passes for corolla, has six recurved lobes, and at its base are six stamens; the berry is fewseeded, and red when ripe. There is a variety with yellow-striped leaves, one with pinkish and another with double flowers, neither of

encroaching upon other plants. The lily of the valley is a useful plant for forcing for winter flowers, and for a few years has been the most fashionable of all floral ornaments. Many thousands of crowns or "pips," as florists call them, are imported annually, consisting of two or three inches of root stock terminated by a bud; these are planted in boxes of rich earth, and kept cool for a few weeks until roots have formed; they are then brought into heat; light is not essential until the flowers are about to open. These flowers, consisting of a single raceme and leaf, bring a higher price in proportion to size than any other winter flower; but a large proportion of the imported crowns fail to bloom.

LIMA, the capital of Peru and of the department and province of its own name, on the

Rimac river, 7 m. from Callao, its port on the Pacific; lat. 12° 2' S., lon. 77° 7' W.; pop. in 1868, 121,362, of whom 38,761 were foreigners. The city, which is triangular, stands on a plain in a valley sloping gradually to the sea; it is 500 ft. above Callao, but so gentle is the slope that the road appears absolutely level. To the west and south no eminence intercepts the view or breaks the winds; but 60 m. to the east rises the Cordillera in regular stages, while spurs trending shoreward from the Andes sweep close by the town N. and E., and afford it a complete shelter. The city is 2 m. long and 1 m. wide, and is divided by the Rio Rimac. The lower or southern and by far larger portion is surrounded by strong walls built in 1683. The streets average 34 ft. in width, cross at right angles, are for the most

part paved with cobblestone, and nearly all have sidewalks 5 ft. wide of flags imported from Europe. Open gutters run down many of the streets parallel to the river. The city is well lighted with gas. The walled portion has 12 gates, the most beautiful of which are those of Callao and Maravillas; the other portion, encircled by mountains, has two entrances, La Guia and La Piedra Liza. The river is crossed by a stone bridge of six arches, built in 1610, 500 ft. long and 190 ft. high. The houses, owing to the infrequency of rain, are flat-roofed, and often unsubstantially covered; most of them have only two stories, as earthquakes are common. The entrance is usually through a large gateway leading to a courtyard, which is generally embellished with fountains, statues, flowers, shrubs, and rare trees. The wooden lattices on the balconies have of late years given place to glazed windows; and the

exterior of the houses is now painted in colors at once more gay and less fantastic than formerly, while stone has superseded adobe in their construction. The Plaza Mayor, the most spacious of the 33 public squares of Lima, embraces an area of nine acres in the centre of the city. Marble seats and vases are placed here and there; there is a fountain in each of the four corners, and one in the centre surrounded by a gorgeous garden. This fountain is of bronze, 40 ft. high, with a stone basement ornamented with eight lions and as many griffins, and surmounted by a statue of Fame. The N. W. and S. W. sides are lined with stone columns and arcades dating from 1693, under the latter of which are brilliant shops, the chief dry-goods and fashion marts of the place, the upper part of the structures being occupied as dwellings. There are numerous beautiful public edifices, the most remarkable of which are

the cathedral, the archbishop's and the government palaces, and the town hall, all constructed by Francisco Pizarro, whose ashes repose beneath the grand altar of the first. The cathedral is of stone, 320 ft. long, and surmounted by two towers 133 ft. high. The interior is sumptuously ornamented, the decorations including a magnificent portrait of St. Veronica by Murillo. The edifice, which cost in the first place $594,000, was greatly damaged by the earthquake of 1746, and was rebuilt by the viceroy Count Superunda. There are 56 other ecclesiastical edifices, of which 15 are public chapels, five are parish churches, and the remainder are attached to convents and monasteries. San Pedro, one of the most splendid churches, founded in 1598, is of immense size, has 17 altars, and is decorated in good taste; while some others have services and ornaments in gold, silver, and diamonds and other gems of incalculable value. The total number of persons engaged in religious services in Lima is 1,800. Many monasteries and convents have recently been suppressed. The government palace, once the property and residence of Pizarro, is large but unsightly; it contains the president's dwelling, with the several government offices, and the national printing office. The mint, which dates from 1565, is provided with modern machinery. The Lima university, founded in 1551, is the oldest in America; the present building was erected in 1576, but for some years past no lectures have been given in its halls, and the university no longer holds the exclusive privilege of conferring degrees. The eight national colleges are: the colleges of law, theology, medicine, and obstetrics, the school of arts and trades, the naval and military, intermediate, and normal schools. There are also about 70 public and private schools, and an orphan school. The first establishment founded by the independent government, in 1822, was the public library, now containing about 40,000 volumes. There are numerous charitable institutions, many being sustained by foreigners. The two military establishments are St. Catharine's barracks and the powder manufactory, the latter with machinery brought from Europe. The general cemetery, outside the gate of Maravillas, is one of the finest on the continent. Chief among the public promenades is the Paseo de los Descalzos, laid out in delightful avenues and alleys, with a road for carriages and equestrians. The centre is occupied by an enclosed garden with gorgeous flowers, and set off with 100 iron urns on pedestals 6 ft. high, and 12 colossal marble statues, symbolizing the signs of the zodiac, resting on plinths of beautiful stone. The Alameda Nueva or del Acho, with three parallel alleys, one of which is for equestrians, has a fine marble statue of Columbus unveiling an Indian woman. Few American cities have a larger number of handsome statues than Lima. That of Bolivar in the Plaza de la Constitucion is a magnificent bronze equestrian

statue, weighing 11 tons, mounted on a marble pedestal, with bassi-rilievi of the battles of Ayacucho and Junin. The principal places of amusement are the theatre, built in 1614; the circus of the Plaza de Acho, the largest arena for bull fights in the world, having accommodations for 9,000 spectators; and the Coliseo or cockpit. Bull fights are still in high favor in Lima, and the weekly performances are attended by vast crowds comprising all classes. Cock fights, despite frequent prohibitions, are still passionately persisted in; and, although those interested in the game are mostly of the lower orders, many amateurs from the better classes attend the fights each afternoon. The abattoir, outside the gate of Monserrate, a place for slaughtering sheep and cattle, was purchased by the government for $320,000 in 1855, and the proceeds are paid into the national treasury. The only public market of importance occupies a portion of the Concepcion convent.-The manufactures are very limited. In the environs are several potteries in which common ware is made. About 1860 a factory was established for the manufacture of paper by machinery from the pulp of the yuca plant, which abounds in Peru. There are also manufactories of aërated waters and of tallow and sperm candles; and an indifferent kind of glue is made in small quantity. The high price of all kinds of labor renders the competition of native with foreign manufactures impossible; hence, although the various trades are represented by some skilful artisans, these find little encouragement save from the poorer classes. Photography has attained rare perfection here as elsewhere in the tropics, the chief elements of success being the pure sky and bright sun. Printing has also made considerable progress within a few years; there are now (1874) in Lima, besides the national printing office, several other establishments where work is executed in the best modern style, in three of which, with steam presses, are printed daily papers having a comparatively large circulation. Four lines of railway lead from Lima to Callao, to Chancay, to Chorrillos, and to Oroya, the distances being 7, 60, 8, and 130 m. respectively; three others, to Huacho, Piura, and Pisco, are to be completed in 1876; and each has telegraph wires open to public service. Lima is the chief centre of the Peruvian commerce, which is carried on through the port of Callao.-The original elements of the population were Indians, whites, and Africans, the intermixture of which has produced a great variety of hybrids. Since the importation of Africans ceased (1793), the number of negroes has greatly decreased, and the race is now represented by a few aged individuals of unmixed blood. Since the abolition of slavery in 1855 large numbers of Chinese have been imported, most of whom, after recovering their liberty, either keep gaming houses or eating houses, or become money lenders. The Indians are for the most part

muleteers and domestics; the mestizos and other half-breeds are public vendors and mechanics. The Spanish natives are courteous, affable, and generous, though for the most part improvident. The men are often well educated, but intellectual culture is little attended to among the women, whose chief acquirements beyond reading and writing are needlework, music, dancing, and painting. The saya and manto, formerly so common, are now things of the past; the dress is mostly of black silk, and the only head cover is a long veil; but French fashions are now common, and among men universal.-Lima was founded on Jan. 6, 1535, by Francisco Pizarro, who, from the date (the festival of Epiphany, when the worship of Christ by the wise men or kings of the East is celebrated), named it Ciudad de los Reyes (City of Kings); but that name soon gave place to Lima, probably a Spanish corruption of Rimac. Pizarro was assassinated here on June 26, 1541. The city was elevated to a bishopric in the course of the same century, and five provincial councils were held there, the first of which was that of 1583. It has frequently been visited by earthquakes, the most disastrous being those of 1582, 1586, 1630, 1678, 1697, 1746, 1828, and 1868; that of 1746 proved fatal to the port. (See CALLAO.) On July 12, 1821, it was entered by the Chilian army under San Martin, who on the 28th was proclaimed protector of independent Peru; and on July 29, 1838, the inhabitants revolted against Gen. Santa Cruz. The yellow fever committed frightful ravages in Lima in 1854, the only disastrous epidemic recorded in its annals.

LIMBO (Lat. limbus, border or edge), according to some of the scholastic theologians, one of the places into which departed spirits are received. St. Thomas Aquinas places hell in the centre of the earth; it is encircled first by purgatory, above which extend successively the limbus infantum and the limbus patrum. The former includes children dying before baptism, who according to different dogmatists pass thence to heaven or remain for damnation. The latter, which is also called the bosom of Abraham (sinus Abraha), includes the holy men of the old covenant, the patriarchs, and other pious ancients who died before the birth of Christ. According to the usual account, Christ opened this limbo when he went down into hell, liberated the souls detained there, and admitted them to the privileges of the blessed; and it has remained from that time closed and unoccupied. Dante describes the limbo in which he met with the distinguished spirits of pagan antiquity as the outermost circle of hell.

LIMBORCH, Philippus van, a Dutch theologian, nephew of Episcopius, born in Amsterdam, June 19, 1633, died there, April 30, 1712. In 1657 he became pastor of the congregation of Remonstrants at Gouda, and from 1668 till his death was professor of theology in the Remonstrant college at Amsterdam. As an Armini

an theologian he ranks next to Arminius and Episcopius, and was distinguished equally for learning and for liberality. Locke, who was his correspondent, dedicated to him his Epistola de Tolerantia. Limborch's principal work is his Theologia Christiana (4to, Amsterdam, 1686; English translation with additions, by William Jones, 2 vols. 8vo, London, 1702), which was the first and most complete exposition of Arminian doctrine, and was undertaken at the request of the Remonstrants. He also wrote, besides many minor works, De Veritate Religionis Christiana (4to, Gouda, 1687); Historia Inquisitionis (fol., Amsterdam, 1692; English translation by Samuel Chandler, 2 vols. 4to, London, 1731); and a commentary on the Acts and the Epistles to the Romans and Hebrews (fol., Rotterdam, 1711).

LIMBURG. I. A territory of Europe, formerly constituting a province of the Netherlands. Before its division in 1830 it extended between lat. 50° 42′ and 51° 45′ N., and lon. 4° 57' and 6° 15' E., and was bounded by the provinces of North Brabant, Gelderland, Rhenish Prussia, Liége, South Brabant, and Antwerp. It was a county at an early date. Among its rulers at the close of the 11th century was Count Henry, son-in-law of Frederick of Luxemburg, duke of Lower Lorraine. His son Henry inherited large estates in Luxemburg, was made duke of Lower Lorraine by the emperor Henry IV., and seems to have been the first titular duke of Limburg. He died in 1119. At the close of the 13th century one of his descendants ceded the province to Duke John I. of Brabant, and the battle of Woeringen (1288) confirmed the latter in his possession. Early in the 16th century it was a duchy, and included several districts now belonging to the province of Liége. The city of Maestricht was added to the duchy in 1530. By the treaty of Westphalia in 1648 Limburg was divided between Austria and the states general, the latter receiving the counties of Daelhem and Falkenberg. Under the French, Limburg with other territory constituted the departments of Ourthe and BasseMeuse. After the Belgian revolution of 1830 Limburg was divided between Holland and Belgium, but the boundaries were not definitely settled till 1839. II. The Dutch province, bounded by North Brabant, Gelderland, Rhenish Prussia, and Belgian Limburg, being partly separated from the latter by the Maas or Meuse; area, 851 sq. m.; pop. in 1872, 225,702, chiefly Roman Catholics. It is generally level, and the northwest portion contains many heaths and marshes. The most fertile soil is found in the valleys of the Maas, Roer, and other rivers; elsewhere the land is generally poor. Cereals, hemp, and flax are raised. Gin is the staple manufacture, and among the others are tobacco, soap, leather, paper, and glass. The principal towns are Maestricht, the capital, Venloo, Roermond, and Weert. From 1839 to 1866 Dutch Limburg belonged in a military sense to the German confederation, as a com