LIGIER, Pierre, a French actor, born in Bordeaux in 1797, died there, Sept. 28, 1872. A glazier by trade, he first performed in Paris at the Théâtre Français in 1819, under the auspices of Talma, being his last pupil. Subsequently he succeeded so well in the personation of Marino Falieri and other kindred parts, that in 1831 he was admitted to the association of the Théâtre Français. His most admirable representation was that of Richard III. He was the last exempler of the method of Talma, and despite his physical disadvantages he produced great tragical effects, especially in the delineation of fierce passions. LIGNE. I. Charles Joseph, prince de, an Austrian general, son of Claude Lamoral II., viceroy of Sicily, and descended on his mother's side from Mary, queen of Scots, born in Brussels in May, 1735, died in Vienna, Dec. 13, 1814. His father and grandfather, members of a princely house which was settled in Hainaut as early as the 11th century, had both been field marshals of Austria, and he entered his father's regiment as ensign in 1752. In 1756 he became a captain, and distinguished himself during the seven years' war. His bravery at the battle of Hochkirch in 1758 gained him the rank of colonel. He was made major general in 1765, and lieutenant general in 1771. In 1782 he was sent on diplomatic business to Russia, where Catharine II. loaded him with favors and gave him a large estate in the Crimea. In 1788 he was appointed general of artillery by Joseph II., and in the following year he had an important share in the taking of Belgrade by Laudon. He lost favor at court in consequence of his son's participation in the rebellion of the Low Countries against Austria in 1790; and although he obtained the rank of field marshal by regular promotion in 1808, he was never restored to active service. The last years of his life were passed chiefly in literary pursuits.. His works are nearly all included in his Mélanges militaires, littéraires et sentimentaires (34 vols. 12mo, Vienna and Dresden, 1795-1811), and in his Euvres posthumes (6 vols. 8vo, 1817). The former series Mme. de Staël abridged in two interesting volumes entitled Lettres et pensées (Paris, 1809). II. Eugène Lamoral, prince of Amblise and of Epinoy, a Belgian statesman, grandson of the preceding, born in Brussels, Jan. 28, 1804. After the revolution of 1830 his name was mentioned in connection with the throne of Belgium. In 1838 he represented his country at the coronation of Queen Victoria. He was ambassador to France from 1842 to 1848, and to Italy in 1848 and 1849. He became a member of the senate in 1851, subsequently its president, and in 1863 a minister of state, positions which he still held in 1874. LIGNITE. See BROWN COAL. LIGNUM VITÆ. See GUAIACUM. LIGNY, a village of Belgium, in the province and 13 m. W. N. W. of the city of Namur. It has given its name to the battle fought | there between Napoleon's army and the Prussians under Blücher, on June 16, 1815, two days before the battle of Waterloo, and almost simultaneously with the engagement on the neighboring spot of Quatre-Bras, in which the duke of Brunswick fell. A short time before the commencement of the action at Ligny, the duke of Wellington met Blücher there, and foretold his defeat. After a desperate resistance, the Prussians were driven with a heavy loss from their position; but Blücher maintained his communications with the English and made good his retreat, and no beaten army ever rallied quicker. LIGUORI, Alfonso Maria da, a saint of the Roman Catholic church, born at Marianella, near Naples, Sept. 26, 1696, died in Nocera, Aug. 1, 1787. He belonged to a noble family, and was bred to the profession of the law; but in 1722 he became a priest, and henceforth devoted himself to the instruction and reform of the more ignorant and vicious classes of the population, particularly in country places. To this end he founded at the hermitage of Santa Maria de la Scala in 1732 a congregation to which he gave the name of the Most Holy Redeemer. In 1762 Pope Clement XIII. raised Liguori to the see of Sant' Agata dei Goti, which he governed for 13 years, when at the age of 79, being deaf, almost blind, and afflicted with a painful malady, he resigned and retired to one of the houses of his congregation, where he ended his days. In theology he was a warm opponent of Jansenism and rigorism. He was remarkable for his profound contempt for all exterior show, for the extreme austerity of his life, his apostolic zeal, and activity in reforming abuses. He was highly esteemed by the kings of Naples, the bishops and cardinals of his time, and the popes. The veneration of the people for him, especially in his old age, was unbounded. He was canonized by Gregory XVI., May 26, 1839. His statue has been placed in St. Peter's, and he is one of the patron saints of Naples. He was raised to the rank of "doctor of the church" by Pius IX. in 1871. He left a number of theological and devotional works, including Theologia Moralis (Naples, 1755); Directorium Ordinandorum (Venice, 1758); Opera Dogmatica (1770); Istoria di tutte l'eresie con loro confutazione (3 vols. 8vo, 1773); Istruzione pratica per i confessori (3 vols. 12mo, Bassano, 1780); Homo Apostolicus Instructus in sua Vocatione (3 vols. 4to, Venice, 1782); and Le glorie di Maria (2 vols. 8vo, 1784). His complete works, translated into French, were published in Paris in 30 vols. 8vo (1834 et seq.). Many of his devotional works have been translated into English, and frequently republished. LIGURIA, in ancient geography, a district of northern Italy, which according to the divisions of Augustus was bounded N. by the Padus (Po), E. by the Macra (Magra), separating it from Etruria, S. by the Ligurian sea (gulf of Genoa), and W. by the Varus (Var) and the Maritime Alps, separating it from Transalpine Gaul. It thus embraced the whole modern province of Genoa, the territory of Nice, and some adjoining parts, a mountainous country traversed by the Alps and Apennines, whose most important products were cattle and timber. The inhabitants, called Ligyes by the Greeks and Ligures by the Romans, were a strong, active, and warlike people of uncertain origin, some identifying them with the Celts, others with the Iberians, and still others with the Siculi. In early times they were widespread, occupying among others the southern coasts of Gaul, and are even mentioned by Hesiod as one of three principal nations of the earth. Eratosthenes and Strabo call the whole west of the European continent Ligystice (Liguria). The Romans divided them into Transalpine and Cisalpine Ligurians, calling the inhabitants of the maritime range Alpini and those of the Apennines Montani. Their tribes on both sides of the Alps were numerous. Their country was first invaded by the Romans during the period which elapsed between the first and second Punic wars, but it was not till some years after the termination of the latter that the final and fierce struggle was commenced which terminated with their subjugation and the transplantation of some of their tribes to Samnium. Among the principal towns of Liguria under the Romans were Genua (Genoa), Nicæa (Nice), Polentia (Pollenza), Asta (Asti), and Dertona (Tortona). (For the Ligurian Republic, see GENOA.) LILAC, an ornamental flowering shrub, the name of which is said to have been introduced with the plant. It belongs to the genus syringa, of the olive family; the generic name is from the Greek for pipe or tube (ovpty), on account of the tubular form of the flowers, or according to some because the wood is used for pipe stems; this latter seems the more probable, as a century ago the lilac and the shrub now cultivated as the mock orange (Philadelphus coronarius) were both known in English gardens as pipe tree; it is singular that the botanical name for the lilac is retained as one of the popular names for Philadelphus, which is frequently called syringa. The lilac has opposite leaves. with scaly buds in the axils, but a terminal bud is rarely formed, so that each branch has a pair of buds at its tip The flowers, which appear in early spring, are in large pyramidal panicles, and are delightfully fragrant; the corolla has a long tube, with a salver-formed, four-lobed limb; stamens two, attached to the tube of the corolla; fruit a two-celled capsule, with one or two slightly winged seeds in each cell. The best known species is the common lilac (S. vulgaris), which was formerly supposed to be exclusively a native of Persia, but it is also found wild in eastern Europe; it was introduced into European gardens in 1597 by way of Constantinople. As commonly seen in old gardens, the lilac forms a dense thicket on account of the numerous suckers it produces, but if these are kept subdued it may be made to form a tree 20 ft. or more high, with a clear trunk; it is not regarded as a long-lived tree; it has been used to form hedges, but is objectionable from its tendency to spread. The suckers afford a means for readily propagating the plant, but new varieties are obtained by seed. The normal color of the flowers is a pale dull blue, with a slight admixture of red, known in the nomenclature of tints as lilac color; the varieties are white, red, violet, &c., and there are those with double flowers; among the finest varieties is that known as Charles X., with enormous panicles of the finest color. The Persian lilac (S. Persica) is a small slender shrub, from 3 to 6 ft. high, with lance-ovate leaves and looser clusters of flowers, of a paler color than the common; there is a white variety of this, and varieties in which the leaves are much cut and divided. Jósika's lilac (S. Josikaa) has wrinkled and darker foliage than the common, and bluish-purple flowers without odor, and blooms much later than any of the forms of S. vulgaris, to which species some are disposed to refer it. A Himalayan species, S. Emodi, is in cultivation, but not superior as an ornamental plant to the best forms of the common lilac. Another doubtful species, S. dubia, which has also received the name of S. Rothogamensis, is by some considered a hybrid between the common and the Persian. As ornamental garden shrubs all the lilacs are popular, and are hardy and easily managed." In France LILBURNE the lilac is largely used for forcing, the clusters | memorating the trial was subsequently struck, LILLE, or Lisle (originally L'Isle, the island; LILBURNE, John, an English agitator, born at Thickney Puncharden, Durham, in 1618, died in 1657. He was apprenticed at 12 years of age to a clothier in London, from whom as well as from his father he imbibed opinions in opposition to the existing hierarchy. In 1636 he went to Holland for the purpose of getting Dr. Bastwick's pamphlet against the bishops printed; and he subsequently privately circulated this publication, with others of a similar character, in England. Having been betrayed by an associate, he was arraigned before the court of the star chamber, and was condemned, in February, 1637, to receive 500 lashes, to be pilloried and confined in the Fleet prison, and to pay a fine of £500 and give security for his good behavior. His fearless bravery on this occasion when confronted with his judges gained him the name of "Free-born John." Four years later the house of commons declared the punishment illegal, barbarous, and tyrannical; and as a reparation he subsequently received from parliament £3,000 out of certain sequestered estates. Upon the establishment of a parliamentary army he enrolled himself as a volunteer, and fought at Edgehill and Brentford. At the latter place he was taken prisoner, and would have been executed as a rebel had not Essex, the parliamentary general, threatened retaliation on royalist prisoners. Disliking the Presbyterian tendencies of Essex, he obtained a commission as major of foot under the earl of Manchester, and subsequently, as lieutenant colonel of dragoons in Manchester's own regiment, fought at Marston Moor. For his intemperate language and publications against Prynne, Lenthal, and other Presbyterian leaders, he was committed to New-30 establishments for the purpose in active gate on a charge of seditious practices. On this occasion Marten interfered in his behalf. He took an active part in organizing the "Levellers," and his pamphlets appealing to the fanaticism of the soldiery were a leading cause of the disaffection which prevailed in the army in 1648-'9. He accused Cromwell and Ireton of a design to usurp the sovereignty; and for reading to a numerous assemblage at Winchester house a pamphlet entitled "England's New Chains," he was in March, 1649, committed by order of parliament to close custody in the tower, whence his political pamphlets issued without cessation. Various unsuccessful attempts were made to conciliate him. He was tried in October by a common jury, a special commission of members of parliament being appointed to determine his sentence, and was acquitted, the populace celebrating the event by bonfires all over London. A medal com operation. Flax is largely grown in the vicin- 1 King Philip the Fair. Afterward it alternate-tance are ornamented with fountains. It has ly gave its allegiance to France and the counts manufactories of linen, shoes, and earthenware, of Flanders until the end of the 14th century, distilleries, tanneries, dye works, and oil mills. when it passed into the possession of the house In the gardens of a former Dominican convent of Burgundy. In the latter part of the 15th is the first artesian well, sunk in the 12th cencentury it passed into that of Austria, and in tury; it is now nearly dry. In the church, the next century of Spain; but Louis XIV. re- which was founded in the 12th century, is a conquered it in 1667, and made it the capital curious wooden sculpture, called the Christ du of French Flanders. In 1708 Lille was taken Saint-Sang de Miracle, of the same period. by Prince Eugene and the duke of Marlborough, notwithstanding the heroic defence of Marshal Bouflers. It was restored to France by the peace of Utrecht in 1713. It was besieged in 1792 by the Austrians, who after a heavy bombardment, which destroyed many houses, were repulsed with great loss by the citizens. LILLEBONNE (Lat. Juliobona), a city of France, in the department of Seine-Inférieure, on the river Bolbec near its confluence with the Becquet, 19 m. E. of Havre; pop. in 1866, 5,049. It occupies a fine site in a beautiful valley, but has a dull sombre appearance, the most of its buildings being clumsy structures of wood, with long monotonous fronts. Almost all its inhabitants belong to the working class, and are employed in its numerous cotton and linen factories and tanneries. The parish church has a fine tower and spire, built in the 15th century. On a commanding site, overlooking the valley, are the ruins of a strong castle, built by William the Conqueror, who called here the great council of his barons to decide upon the conquest of England. The massive outer walls are still standing, but the hall has been demolished by its present owner. Near by is a tall round tower, with walls 13 ft. thick, isolated by a deep fosse, which is crossed by a drawbridge. It was built probably by the Harcourts, who owned the castle until the revolution. But Lillebonne is chiefly noted for its Roman remains. Beneath the castle and partly cut out of the hill is the theatre, the best preserved example of its class in northern EuIt measures 300 ft. across the chord of the arc, and around the whole runs a vaulted passage 625 ft. long. The walls are faced with ashlar masonry of calcareous tufa, and banded together at irregular intervals with courses of red tiles. Among other remains are a Roman bath, a Gallo-Roman house, and many sepulchral monuments; and statues in marble and bronze, sculptures, mosaics, and numerous utensils of gold, bronze, iron, ivory, and glass, have been found here.-According to Ptolemy, Juliobona was the chief town of the Caleti or Caletes, an Armoric tribe occupying what is now the Pays de Caux, Caux being a corruption of Caleti. In the decline of the Roman empire it was ravaged by the barbarians, and it did not again acquire any prominence until the time of William the Conqueror. LILLERS, a town of France, in the department of Pas-de-Calais, on the Nave, 24 m. N. N. W. of Arras; pop. in 1866, 5,414. It is situated in a verdant plain, watered by beautiful streams, and all its houses of any impor rope. LILLO, George, an English dramatist, born in London in 1693, died there in 1739. He had been brought up a jeweller, and even after attaining literary celebrity still pursued his business. His first play, "Silvia," appeared in 1731, and met with little success; but his tragedy of "George Barnwell," produced in the same year, was acted at Drury Lane for 20 consecutive nights, and so fascinated Queen Caroline that she requested to be permitted to peruse the manuscript of it. In 1737 "Fatal Curiosity," generally considered his best tragedy, was introduced at the Haymarket theatre, and was at first coldly received; but owing to the exertions of Henry Fielding it subsequently became more popular. The dramatic works of Lillo, with a memoir of his life, were published in London in 1755, in 2 vols. 8vo. LILLY, or Lyly, John, an English author, born in Kent about 1553, died about 1600. He became a student in Magdalen college, Oxford, about 1570, received the degree of master in 1575, and was at that time a noted university wit. He soon after went to London, was reputed a rare wit and poet at the court of Elizabeth, and published his "Euphues, the Anatomy of Wit (1580), followed by "Euphues and his England" (1581), the elaborate, fanciful, and dainty style of which became the model of court conversation. (See EUPHUISM.) He enjoyed success also as a dramatic poet, producing eight plays, which, however, being designed for representation by children at court entertainments or private theatres, scarcely came into competition with the public drama. He was engaged in the Mar-Prelate controversy, and wrote "Pap with the Hatchet" (1589), a once famous pamphlet against the Martinists. A few modern critics, as Malone, Hazlitt, and Charles Lamb, have been enthusiastic admirers of his best pieces, as "Endymion" and the song on Cupid and Campaspe. His dramatic works, with a life and notes by F. W. Fairholt, were published in 1858 (2 vols., London). In LILLY, William, an English astrologer, born at Diseworth, Leicestershire, May 1, 1602, died at Walton-upon-Thames, June 9, 1681. 1620 he went to London and secured a position as footboy to a merchant, who afterward employed him as an accountant. His master dying in 1627, Lilly married the widow, with whom he received £1,000. He began the study of astrology in 1632, and soon practised with eminent success, and instructed many persons in the art. In 1644 he produced the first number of his almanac, Merlinus Anglicus Junior, which contained remarkable prognostications, was purchased with avidity, and was continued for many years. He was consulted both by the royalists and parliamentarians in the civil war. In 1651 he published "Monarchy or no Monarchy," containing several hieroglyphical figures, two of which were subsequently declared to have had reference to the plague and the great fire in London, and he was consequently summoned in 1666 before a committee of the house of commons. He afterward practised medicine in connection with his astrological science, till he was enfeebled by age. He published an autobiography (London, 1715), an "Introduction to Astrology" (new edition, with emendations and additions by Zadkiel, London, 1852), and other works. most showy eastern species is the Turk's-cap lily, L. superbum, which is not rare in rich moist ground as far south as Georgia; the stem is from 3 to 8 ft. high, sometimes producing only 3 or 4 flowers, but often as many as 30 or 40, in a large pyramidal raceme; the sepals are strongly revolute on the margin, of a fine orange or orange-red color, with abundant purple spots; this magnificent plant is well worthy of cultivation, and though it is seldom seen in our gardens, large quantities of bulbs are sent abroad to supply those of Europe. In the southernmost states L. superbum is replaced by L. Carolinianum, which differs from it in its broader leaves, and fewer flowers more variegated with yellow; some botanists regard it as only a variety of L. superbum. The most noticeable lily of the far west is L. Washingtonianum of the sierras, which bears numerons pendulous flowers, at first pure white, but afterward tinged with lilac, and of the most exquisite odor; this species has been brought into cultivation, as have L. Humboldtii, with yellow, dark-spotted flowers, and L. Bloomerianum, a recently discovered species, with stems 10 ft. high, and orange purple-spotted flowers. gardens, the oldest and best known is the white lily, L. candidum, which was brought from the Levant some three centuries ago, as Gerarde in 1596 speaks of it as an old garden plant; this is the lily of poets and painters, and has long been regarded as the emblem of purity; in beauty, grace, and fragrance it is not excelled by more recent introductions. A variety has flowers marked with purplish red, and another has its leaves striped with yellow; LILY, a word of ancient and uncertain origin, and one which has, according to Prior, been long used in some oriental languages for a flower in general. In common use it is often applied in combination to plants which are not botanically lilies, either to those of the same family, as the day lily (hemerocallis), or to plants widely separated in their botanical relationships, as water lily (nymphæa). The lily proper (lilium) is the type of a large family of monocotyledonous plants, the liliacea, as-Among the many exotic species cultivated in to the limits of which botanists are not agreed; some include the melanthacea, asparageæ, &c., while others keep these as distinct orders. The genus lilium includes plants with scaly bulbs, from which arise simple leafy stems, bearing at the top one to many large showy flowers; the stem leaves are alternate or whorled, short and sessile; some species bear small bulblets in the axils of the leaves, which when mature fall to the ground and take root. The flower consists of six petal-like divisions or sepals, which are distinct or partly united below, and spreading or recurved above, forming a funnel-shaped or bell-shaped perianth, each of the divisions having a honey-bearing furrow at the base; stamens six, the lower end of the long filaments slightly adhering to the base of the corolla; anthers linear, erect, at length versatile; pistil one, with a three-celled ovary, a long style, and a three-lobed stigma; fruit a three-celled dehiscent capsule, with two rows of flattened seeds, closely packed in each cell. Five native species of lily are found east of the Mississippi, and several are peculiar to the Pacific coast. The commonest of these is the wild yellow lily, L. Canadense, which is found in moist meadows from Canada to Georgia; the sepals are sessile, recurved above the middle, orange-colored, and spotted inside with dark brown. The orange-red lily, L. Philadelphicum, has darker-colored spotted flowers, grows in drier situations, and is readily distinguished from the preceding by having the sepals contracted below into a claw, and the flowers are more erect. The southern red lily, L. Catesbæi, has its sepals similarly narrowed below, and bears a solitary scarlet flower which is spotted within; this is found in pine barrens from Florida to Kentucky. The The Long-flowered Lily (Lilium longiflorum). what is called the double white is a curious but inelegant monstrosity. The other white lilies of the garden are of more recent introduction. L. longiflorum, from Japan, is from 15 to 20 in. high, with one to three funnelshaped flowers, 5 to 6 in. long and of exquisite |