rection of Bessel until his death in 1846, and life were published by Cramer, Denkwürdigkeicontains one of the finest meridian globes in ten der Gräfin Königsmark (2 vols., Leipsic, the world, prepared by Reichenbach. The first 1836), and a biography was written by Palmrector of the university was Georg Sabinus, | blad (6 vols., Leipsic, 1848-'53). the son-in-law of Melanchthon. It became celebrated as the place where the philosophy of Kant was first propounded. Besides Kant, the names of Hamann, Hippel, Herder, Fichte, Herbart, and Jacobi are associated with the institution. The new university buildings were completed in 1862. Königsberg, which had been fortified by detached forts since 1843, has now been made one of the strongest fortresses of Prussia. KÖNIGSHÜTTE, a town of Prussia, in the province of Silesia, formed in 1869 by the consolidation of the former domain of Königshütte, which in 1864 had only 1,144 inhabitants, and several adjacent domains, 100 m. S. E. of Breslau; pop. in 1871, 19,546. It is one of the chief centres of the mining industry in the eastern portion of Prussia, and is the seat of a mining board which is subordinate to the supreme mining board of Breslau. The produce of raw iron amounted in 1870 to about 1,000,000 cwt. About 3,000 workmen are employed in the government coal mines, which produce about 16,000,000 cwt. annually. KÖNIGSMARK. I. Philip Christopher, count of, a Swedish adventurer, born about 1650, killed July 1, 1694. While a colonel in the Swedish service he went to the court of Hanover in 1692. The prince elector (subsequently George I. of England) had married his cousin Sophia Dorothea, daughter of the duke of Celle, a princess celebrated for her beauty. Alienated from her husband by his gloomy and jealous character, Sophia was attracted by Königsmark, whom she had known when young, and availed herself of his offer to aid her to fly from the court of Hanover, where she was most unkindly treated, to France. Their interviews were watched, and one evening on quitting her he was assassinated by order of the elector. Dr. Doran, in his "Lives of the Queens of the House of Hanover," endeavors to exonerate the princess from a guilty love for the gallant Swede; but the fact of its existence is established by the letters which she exchanged with him, published by Palmblad (Leipsic, 1847). II. Maria Aurora, sister of the preceding, born probably in Stade about 1670, died in Quedlinburg, Feb. 16, 1728. She was an orphan, and went while yet a young girl to Dresden, hoping to recover by royal intervention her property, which was kept from her by Hamburg bankers. Augustus the Strong, the elector of Saxony and future king of Poland, made her his mistress, and by him she became mother of the celebrated Maurice of Saxony (Marshal Saxe). She was considered one of the most beautiful and accomplished women of her age. The last years of her life she spent in retirement as prioress of Quedlinburg. She left in manuscript a number of dramatic pieces and poems. The memorable incidents of her KÖNIGSTEIN, a town of Saxony, at the confluence of the Biela with the Elbe, 18 m. S. E. of Dresden; pop. about 3,000. It is noted for its picturesque situation opposite the fortress of Königstein, a formidable stronghold upon a mass of rock 800 ft. high, on the left bank of the Elbe. The fortress is accessible only through a strongly defended passage on the northwest. A well, cut in the solid rock to a depth of 600 ft., supplies the garrison with water, and casemates, likewise excavated, contain storehouses for provisions. By virtue of the military convention of Feb. 7, 1867, it was partly garrisoned by Prussians. According to the German constitution of 1871 the commander is appointed by the emperor, though the garrison now consists exclusively of Saxon soldiers. KOODOO. See ANTELOPE. KOOMASSIE, or Coomassie, a town of W. Africa, capital of Ashantee, about 105 m. N. by W. of Cape Coast Castle; pop. (previous to its destruction in 1874) about 15,000. Its site is on the declivity of a hill of ironstone, around whose base flows the Suabin, a sluggish stream, which in the rainy season transforms the neighborhood into a swamp. Beyond it a dense forest extends to the coast on the south and several days' journey to the north. The town occupied a parallelogram about a mile in length by half a mile in breadth, and was laid out in squares, with broad, straight, and well kept streets. The principal ones, which were shaded with fine banian trees, were bordered with picturesque houses and verandas in front and projecting roofs, each having a large public room opening directly on the street, and smaller private rooms behind. The walls were of wattle work plastered with clay, the lower part colored with red ochre, the upper with white clay and ornamented with arabesque designs. In the rear of these houses, which were the residences of the chief men, were other buildings arranged in quadrangles, the homes of the slaves and retainers. N. of the road leading to Juabin was the king's palace, a col'lection of buildings and courtyards covering an area of five acres and surrounded by a palisade of bamboo 8 ft. high. It served at once as the royal abode, harem, mausoleum, and military magazine. The king's private residence was a strongly built edifice of two stories, of quarried stone plastered with lime mortar, enclosing a quadrangle 24 by 20 ft. It had a flat roof, and was fitted with battlements and loopholes for musketry. Within the town and extending nearly into its centre was the grove into which were thrown the bodies of the victims of the annual sacrifices, numbering frequently hundreds at a time.-Koomassie had little trade and no manufactures of consequence, it being chiefly the place of residence of the sovereign and the nobles. It was founded about 1720. On Feb. 4, 1874, it was captured by the British under Gen. Sir Garnet Wolseley, and on the morning of the 6th the town was destroyed by fire, and the palace blown up; but it was soon after reoccupied by the natives, who immediately began to rebuild it. Within a few months The King's Palace in Koomassie. after its capture several volumes were published in London descriptive of the campaign, chiefly by newspaper correspondents: "The March to Coomassie," by G. A. Henty of the London "Standard;" "Coomassie and Magdala," by Henry M. Stanley of the "New York Herald," &c. (See GOLD COAST.) KOOR. See KUR. KOORDISTAN. See KURDISTAN. KOORILE ISLANDS. See KURILE ISLANDS. KOOSSO, Kosso, or Cusso, the Abyssinian name of the flowers and tops of Brayera anthelmintica, a small tree of the order rosacea, growing on the high table land of Abyssinia. These are brought to Europe in a dry, compressed, greenish yellow mass. This drug has been long used by the natives of the country whence it comes as a remedy for tapeworm, and it has been introduced into European practice. It appears to act principally as a poison to the parasite, though it sometimes produces nausea or even vomiting and diarrhoea. It is given in the form of powder mixed with warm water in the dose of half an ounce for an adult. The active principle has not been determined with certainty, though the drug contains among other substances a resin, a volatile oil, a crystallizable acid, and extractive matter. KOOTENAYS, a tribe of Indians in the northwest of the United States, with some bands in British Columbia. They form a distinct family, as shown by their language, from the Flatheads, with whom they have long been allied. They comprise the Kootenays and the Flatbows, and are known through the country as the Skalzi. They are gentle, amiable, honest, but cowardly, indolent, and indisposed to labor or to adopt civilized ideas. They live on fish, camash and other roots, grain, fruit, and berries, and are very poor. They roamed chiefly on the head waters of the Clark and McGilvray rivers, seldom hunted buffalo, but took elk, deer, Rocky mountain sheep, birds, and fish. They welcomed Father De Smet, and built a large chapel on the Tobacco Plain, but from their thriftless life have made little progress, except a few under Eneas, who reside somewhat permanently on Flathead lake. In 1872 there were 320 Kootenays in Montana, with the Flatheads and Pend d'Oreilles, sharing their vicissitudes and removal to Jocko; 400 in Idaho, 400 in British Columbia, and some in Washington territory. Those in Idaho, by executive order of June 14, 1867, were removed to a reservation of 250,000 acres set apart for them. KOPISCH, August, a German poet and painter, born in Breslau, May 26, 1799, died in Berlin, Feb. 3, 1853. While in Italy, in his early life, he was one of the discoverers of the blue grotto in the island of Capri. Among his most popular poems are the "Song of Noah" and other witty and humorous pieces. He also translated Dante. His Gesammelte Werke, edited by K. Bötticher, appeared in Berlin in 1856, in 5 vols. KOPITAR, Bartholomäus, a Slavic philologist, born at Repnje, Carniola, Aug. 23, 1780, died in Vienna, Aug. 11, 1844. He studied at Laybach, and became a private tutor. In 1807 he went to Vienna, where he found employment in the imperial library, of which he became first director shortly before his death, with the title of councillor. He was prominent among the scholars who have brought light into the more obscure parts of Slavic ethnology, philology, and literature. His works include Grammatik der slawischen Sprache in Krain, &c. (Laybach, 1808); Glagolita Clozianus (Vienna, 1836); and posthumous minor essays on Slavic philology, ethnology, history, and jurisprudence, edited by Miklosich (Vienna, 1857). KOPP, Joseph Eutych, a Swiss historian, born at Beromünster, Lucerne, in 1793, died Oct. 25, 1866. He was professor of Greek at Lucerne from 1819 to 1841, and afterward a member of the council of state and president of the board of education till 1845, when he was removed on account of his opposition to the restoration of the Jesuits. He has been called the Niebuhr of Switzerland. In his Urkunden zur Beleuchtung der Geschichte der eidgenössischen | KOPPARBERG (formerly FAHLUN), a län or gestade des Pontus (Vienna, 1823), Die dreigestaltete Hekate und ihre Rolle in den Mysterien (1823), and his articles in German periodicals on the antiquities and arts of Russia, furnished valuable materials for archæological researches. In 1827 appeared his Materialien zur Culturgeschichte Russlands. At this time he entered the service of the government, investigated the productiveness and hydrography of the provinces of southern Russia, and published several works on the results of his researches. His numerous travels through the empire gave him a thorough acquaintance with the various elements of the population, and he published in the following years several highly esteemed ethnological works, among them Ueber die Nationalität der Bewohner verschiedener Gouvernements, Ueber die Vertheilung einzelner Völkerstämme, and Ueber die Deutschen im Petersburger Gouvernement. The final result of these labors was a large ethnological chart of European Russia, published in 1851. His last important work is an exhaustive treatise on the ninth census, Deviataya reviza (St. Petersburg, 1857). He spent his last years on the estate of Karabagh, presented to him by the emperor. KORAN, or Alkoran (Arab. qurán, the reading, or that which ought to be read; hence, "the book "), the sacred book of the Mohammedans. It is their chief authority not only in matters of faith, but in all others, whether political, military, or ethical. Among its numerous designations, Furqan, that which distinguishes (between good and evil), Al-Kitab, the book, Al-Moshaf, the volume, and Al-D'ikr, the admonisher, are of most frequent occurrence. It consists of 114 surás or chapters, each bearing a title which either affords a key to the contents, or is merely a word contained in it used as a heading. Thus the second sura is headed "Cow," which word occurs only in the 63d verse, where it is said that Moses commanded the Israelites to sacrifice a cow. Twenty-nine suras commence with letters of the alphabet believed to bear a mystical signi KÖPPEN, Friedrich, a German philosopher, born in Lübeck, April 21, 1775, died in Erlangen, Sept. 5, 1858. He studied theology in Jena, but he attended also the lectures of Reinhold and Fichte, and after spending a year in Göttingen he published his first work, Abhandlung über Offenbarung, in Bezug auf Kant'sche und Fichte'sche Philosophie (Lübeck, 1797), which passed through several editions. Next appeared his polemical disquisition on Schelling's philosophical system, entitled Schelling's Lehre, oder das Ganze der Philosophie des absoluten Nichts (Hamburg, 1803). He adopted in general the opinions of Jacobi, and his subsequent works, Darstellung des Wesens der Philosophie (1810), Philosophie des Christenthums (1813-'15), Politik nach Platonischen Grundsätzen (1818), and Rechtslehre nach Plato-fication. With the exception of the ninth, each nischen Grundsätzen (1819), attempt to demonstrate the compatibility of critical philosophy and Christianity, basing faith and morality on personal consciousness. He preached in Bremen from 1804 to 1807, and was afterward professor in the university of Landshut until its dissolution in 1826, when he accepted a chair in Erlangen. In 1840 he published anonymously a Philosophie der Philosophie. KÖPPEN, Peter von, a Russian archæologist, born in Kharkov, Feb. 19, 1793, died at Karabagh, Crimea, June 4, 1864. He studied in the university of Kharkov, and devoted himself at once to researches on the history, ethnology, and material condition of the Russian empire. The first fruit of his labors was the Uebersicht der Quellen einer Literärgeschichte Russlands (St. Petersburg, 1818), which was followed in 1822 by a collection of Slavo-Russian antiquities and facsimiles of manuscripts. His Nord sura begins with the formula Bism-illahi errahmani er-rahimi, “In the name of the God of pity and mercy." The first sura, or the sentences that open the Koran, is the model prayer of the Mohammedans, and bears several titles, such as the Fatihat (exordium), "The Mother of the Koran," "The Pearl," The All-sufficient." The words are these: "Praise be to God, the lord of the world, the pitying and merciful, the sovereign judge in the day of retribution! Thou art he whom we adore! Thou art he whom we implore to help us! Lead us in the straight way; in the way which thou hast strewn with benefits, and which leadeth not into error!" The other suras are arranged almost entirely according to the number of verses they contain, the longest being the second, and the shortest the last. The suras are divided into ayats or verses. For the purpose of recitation in the mosques, the Koran is | divided into 30 adjzás or parts, and 60 asabs from that place a heavenly herald proclaimed or sections, each of four portions. As Mo- aloud, "I have established my commandments hammed continued his revelations during 23 and made them easy to my servants." The trayears amid many vicissitudes, there is often dition related by Omar represents Mohammed but little connection between the suras, or the as declaring that when he returned from the verses of each sura. According to the various heavens he alighted in the house of Khadijah, occasions on which they were delivered, some his wife, so soon that she had not even turned portions contain dogmas, others conversations herself from one side to the other. The trawith God, rules of conduct, arguments in de- ditions that the Koran was brought down from fence of doctrines, threats and promises, &c. heaven by the angel Gabriel, that it was writIt is generally believed that Mohammed was ten on the skin of the ram which Abraham wholly unacquainted with writing, and dicta- sacrificed instead of his son Isaac, that it was ted the passages of the Koran to amanuenses. bound in silk and ornamented with gold and The arrangement of the chapters and verses pearls, and similar ones, are believed in by very was made, according to the tradition of Ibn few, and form no part of the Mohammedan Abbas, during the lifetime of the prophet, and religion.-The compilation of the fragments of many Mohammedans believe that the other the Koran was not undertaken until after the divisions were also made under his supervision. death of Mohammed. Portions of it were scatThe style of the Koran is rather rhetorical than tered among his disciples, either written on poetic, and its contents are to a large ex- parchment, bones, stones, and palm leaves, or tent drawn from the ancient traditions of the merely committed to memory; and when in Arabs, the Hebrew Bible, the Christian New the ensuing contests with the rebellious people Testament, the Talmud and Midrash of the of Yemamah many of the Moslems were slain later Jews, the tenets of the Magi, and many who knew large portions of the Koran by heart, apocryphal writings, the so-called protevange- it was feared that much of it might be lost, and lia. These materials, of course, suffered many Omar caused the caliph Abu Bekr to collect all changes and perversions.-The Mohammedans he could. Said ibn Said was intrusted with believe that the revelations delivered to Mo- this work, and the copy of his compilation rehammed from time to time were of two kinds: mained in the possession of Abu Bekr. At first, those wherein were given the words de- the death of the latter the Koran was handed livered by the prophet; and secondly, those to Omar, who bequeathed it to his daughter in which was given the sense of what he after- Hafsah, a widow of the prophet. The Mosward communicated in his own words. Mo-lems continued to read and recite their Koran hammed's revelation, according to the Koran, as they could until about ten years later, when resulted from his being transported in a vis- the caliph Othman employed the same Said ibn ion from Mecca to Jerusalem, and thence to Said and several other Koreishites to write a heaven, where he "really beheld some of the number of copies of Hafsah's Koran, revising greatest signs of his Lord." This is all that it, and making additions to it wherever need-. the Mohammedan is bound to believe concern- ed. These copies were to constitute the final ing the revelation of the Koran; but the hadi- authority for the reading of the text, and in ses, or traditions, which contain long and won- order to avoid all further disputes Othman drous details of this vision, are also believed ordered the destruction of all other copies exin by many; and these consider Mohammed's cept Hafsah's; but hers was subsequently also journey to heaven as real, or as having been destroyed by the caliph of Medina. While performed by the prophet in the body. These thus a great injury was inflicted upon theotraditions are known as "the splitting or logical criticism, it was, politically speaking, a opening of the chest," and the "night jour-wise procedure to reduce the Koran, which ney." Leaving the minor variations of the story unnoticed, the hadises narrate that on the night of the celestial journey the roof of Mohammed's house in the city of Mecca was suddenly removed; the angel Gabriel descended and touched the heels of the prophet, who was lying on his back; when he awoke, the angel cut open his breast to below his navel; then a white animal, somewhat between a mule and an ass, called borak, was brought, and they rode to Jerusalem, where they performed certain rites; they ascended thereupon through the heavens, meeting Adam in the first, Jesus and John in the second, Joseph in the third, Aaron in the fourth, Edres in the fifth, Moses in the sixth, and Abraham in the seventh; then they were taken up to the "boundary tree," and then to God, who "revealed to me what he revealed." After they had passed had to serve also as a civil and criminal code, to a single reading. This revised text is the Koran which has descended to our day.-Criti cism has been greatly concerned in discovering wherein this last revision consisted. A careful reading of the present Koran shows that many passages are mere fragments, which were added without careful selection to other portions of it. It is not believed that the revisers excluded anything that belonged to the Koran except what was not sufficiently authenticated as forming a part of it. It is also not likely that they attempted a systematic arrangement of the suras, because each of them treats of a great number of subjects. A chronological order was also impossible, because accurate accounts of the older pieces were already wanting, and also because fragments of different periods had already been placed in permanent | der, Calcutta, 1829-'32; with an English ver- connection with other portions of the Koran. For a proper understanding of the Koran a restoration to chronological order would be necessary, and this is apparently impossible. The Moslem traditions in regard to the time when Mohammed revealed a particular sura have to be admitted with great caution; and besides being frequently contradictory among themselves, they throw but little light on the suras which were given out before Mohammed's flight to Medina. The difference of the position which the prophet held before and after this event could not fail to become apparent in the general character of his sayings. The suras of the earlier epoch may be recog-ing as the opinions of a learned Mussulman. nized by their intense enthusiasm; they are generally short: Mohammed has visions of angels, of the day of retribution, and of God, and his animadversions on his enemies are replete with passion and anger. The later suras still contain some of the old fire, but their general tenor is calm and prosaic, and most of them seem to be little else than general army orders and portions of a civil and criminal code. A necessary consequence of the fragmentary composition of the Koran was frequent contradictions. Mohammedan divines have, however, surmounted the difficulties arising from these. When there are two contradictory laws on one and the same subject, they explain the one as being munsukh, and the other as nasikh. They say that such commandments were given under different circumstances, and that when one of the circumstances was wanting the commandment relating thereto was void, or munsukh; and that then the commandment became in force, or nasikh, 'which was intended to meet the altered circumstances. (For theological and sectarian interpretations of the text, see MOHAMMEDANISM. For the dialect in which the Koran is written, and the native literature to which it has given rise, see ARABIC LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE.) It is common in the Orient to ascribe every ancient manuscript of the Koran to the time and even the hand of one of the first caliphs, and several libraries boast of possessing the earliest copy written by Othman himself, while it is very doubtful whether he was personally engaged in the revision of the text. Thus it is said that there are manuscript Korans of the age of Othman and Ali at Constantinople, Damascus, and Cairo. It is believed that some portions of it now preserved at Copenhagen date from the first century of the hegira. Printed editions have been prepared by Pagninus Brixiensis (Venice, 1509 or 1518, burnt by order of Clement VIII.); Hinkelmann (Hamburg, 1694), the oldest now known; Mollah Usman Ismael (St. Petersburg, 1787), with valuable marginal notes; and G. Flügel (Leipsic, 1834), revised by Redslob (1837, 1842, and 1858). The following are editions of the original with versions: Muzih-i Koran, with a Hindustani interlinear version and notes, by Maulana Shah Abdel Ka KORAT, a neutral territory of Asia, governed by an independent prince, on the boundaries of Siam and Cambodia; pop. about 60,000. The people are chiefly engaged in making sugar and in copper mining. The capital, of the same name, 138 m. N. E. of Bangkok, has about 7,000 inhabitants. It is on an elevated plateau, accessible only by ascending a thickly wooded steep, called Dorg Phaja Fai, "forest of the king of fire," on account of its gloomy aspect and foul atmosphere. KORDOFAN, a country of E. Africa, subject to the khedive of Egypt, lying between lat. 12° 30′ and 15° 30' N., and lon. 29° and 32° E., bounded N. by Nubia and S. by the Deir mountains, and separated by strips of mostly desert land from the White Nile on the E. and Darfoor on the W.; pop. estimated at 400,000. The surface is in general level, but in the southwest and extreme north it is rather mountainous. There are no permanent rivers, but several small lakes exist in different parts of the country. The climate is very unhealthy in the rainy season, and in the dry intolerably hot; hurricanes are frequent. The soil is naturally fertile. In the wet season the earth is covered with a luxuriant vegetation, but during the drought everything is burned up. The population consists of negroes, Arabs, and emigrants from Dongola. This country was for a long period tributary to the empire of Sennaar; it was taken in the latter half of the 18th century by the king of Darfoor, and was conquered by Mehemet Ali about 1820, who was confirmed in the possession of it by a firman issued by the sultan, Feb. 13, 1841. Slavery was abolished there in 1857. Capital, Obeid, or El Obeid. KORNEGALLE, a town of Ceylon, 55 m. N. E. of Colombo, noted for its beautiful situation within the shade of a stupendous rock, for the remains of a city, once one of the capitals of Ceylon, and for an ancient temple where the footprint of Buddha is hollowed in the rock, in the same manner as on Adam's Peak, and to which pilgrims resort from the most distant part of the island. The place is surrounded by dense forests, and every cottage of the modern town has a garden. KÖRNER, Karl Theodor, a German poet, born in Dresden, Sept. 23, 1791, killed near Rosenberg, Mecklenburg, Aug. 26, 1813. His father |